应力-渗流侵蚀耦合作用下粗糙裂隙渗流特性研究

在复杂应力和长期渗流侵蚀作用下岩体裂隙的表面形貌不断发生改变,导致岩体裂隙的渗流特性演化机理更加复杂。开展不同粗糙程度的石灰岩裂隙渗透试验,对比试验结果和渗透试验前后裂隙表面形貌特征,分析应力和渗流侵蚀耦合作用对粗糙裂隙表面形貌的改造影响,研究其渗流特性的演变规律。结果表明,在应力作用下粗糙程度不同的裂隙其渗流量随时间均呈现先快速减小,后趋于稳定的变化规律;不同粗糙度裂隙的等效水力隙宽和渗透率在试验初始时刻基近相等,随后均呈不断减小的趋势,但在应力和渗流侵蚀耦合作用下裂隙表面粗糙度越大,其等效水力隙宽和渗透率的下降幅值越大,试验结束时其稳定值越小;粗糙起伏程度小的裂隙,其渗流路径较均匀,流线平直,而粗糙起伏程度大的裂隙,表面出现沟槽流现象,渗流路径曲折延长;当裂隙表面粗糙凹凸体增多,与渗透水流的接触面积增大,应力和渗流侵蚀作用对裂隙表面形貌的溶蚀改造增强,使表面整体形态更粗糙起伏,而表面形态影响其渗流路径,致使裂隙表面沟槽流现象加剧,反过来影响裂隙渗流特性的演变规律。     

采动裂隙岩体压剪渗透规律试验研究

根据采动过程中裂隙岩体的应力变化,用法向载荷、剪切载荷和渗透水压分别模拟开采过程中采场的水平应力、垂向应力和水头压力,应用JAM-600型剪切-渗流耦合试验系统对裂隙岩体进行压剪-渗流藕合试验,探讨在恒定法向荷载(CNL)和法向刚度(CNS)条件下,裂隙岩体的法向载荷、裂隙粗糙度与渗透水压对试样的位移、应力和渗流性的影响规律,分析剪切位移大小和岩体裂隙的剪胀特性对裂隙岩体的剪切应力、法向位移、节理水力开度及渗透率影响规律。研究表明:剪切应力和水头压力对裂隙水力开度起促进作用,水平地应力对水力开度变化起抑制作用。随着剪切位移变化,水力开度可分为变小或持平、增大、稳定3个阶段。裂隙表面粗糙度越大,裂隙岩体的刚度越小,则水力开度最终稳定值越大。由于裂隙岩体的剪胀作用渗透率先变小后增大,剪切位移增大,渗透率增大;法向荷载增大,试件的渗透率越小;裂隙表面越粗糙,其渗透率越大,其研究结果可为岩体透水通道形成时的孕育、萌生和爆发的导渗灾变演化过程提供理论基础。     

裂隙岩体非线性渗流特性分析

开展了不同围压下的裂隙岩体渗流试验,提出了一种简单的裂隙隙宽测量方法,并研究了渗流过程裂隙的变形特征;基于Forchheimer非线性渗流方程,计算了非线性系数及渗透率,分析了围压与非线性系数及渗透率的关系。研究结果表明,随着围压增大,岩样的渗透率减小,非线性渗流系数增大;裂隙粗糙度越大,越容易引起非线性渗流;裂隙水力开度与力学开度随围压变化趋势一致,水力开度约为力学开度的5%。     

应力-渗流侵蚀耦合作用下粗糙裂隙渗流特性研究

在复杂应力和长期渗流侵蚀作用下岩体裂隙的表面形貌不断发生改变,导致岩体裂隙的渗流特性演化机理更加复杂。开展不同粗糙程度的石灰岩裂隙渗透试验,对比试验结果和渗透试验前后裂隙表面形貌特征,分析应力和渗流侵蚀耦合作用对粗糙裂隙表面形貌的改造影响,研究其渗流特性的演变规律。结果表明,在应力作用下粗糙程度不同的裂隙其渗流量随时间均呈现先快速减小,后趋于稳定的变化规律;不同粗糙度裂隙的等效水力隙宽和渗透率在试验初始时刻基近相等,随后均呈不断减小的趋势,但在应力和渗流侵蚀耦合作用下裂隙表面粗糙度越大,其等效水力隙宽和渗透率的下降幅值越大,试验结束时其稳定值越小;粗糙起伏程度小的裂隙,其渗流路径较均匀,流线平直,而粗糙起伏程度大的裂隙,表面出现沟槽流现象,渗流路径曲折延长;当裂隙表面粗糙凹凸体增多,与渗透水流的接触面积增大,应力和渗流侵蚀作用对裂隙表面形貌的溶蚀改造增强,使表面整体形态更粗糙起伏,而表面形态影响其渗流路径,致使裂隙表面沟槽流现象加剧,反过来影响裂隙渗流特性的演变规律。     

单裂隙粗砂岩渗流规律试验研究

以石嘴山矿西翼采区为研究背景,通过三轴应力作用下岩石单裂隙渗流试验、裂隙开度与有效压力关系试验和大尺度岩石表面粗糙度量测试验,结合渗流力学基本理论,揭示了三维应力下单裂隙粗砂岩渗流规律,建立了有效压力、裂隙开度与渗透系数的关系式,以期丰富裂隙岩体渗流的理论研究。     

考虑三维形貌特征粗糙裂隙加卸载渗流规律研究

裂隙岩体在天然地质因素和人工扰动作用下处于加卸载环境是普遍存在的,裂隙面的几何特征和加卸载环境对裂隙渗流特性的影响在实际工程中不可忽视。采用试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,利用热-流-固三场耦合渗流试验系统,开展了应力加卸载作用下不同粗糙度裂隙岩芯试件的渗透试验,自主开发程序将激光扫描裂隙面的三维形貌信息导入到ABAQUS软件,模拟应力作用下的粗糙裂隙渗流。试验和数值模拟一致表明,粗糙裂隙的宽度和渗透率都随载荷的增加而减小,随着载荷的增加,裂隙接触刚度增大,裂隙的宽度和渗透率对载荷变化的敏感性降低;由于点接触产生的塑性变形不可恢复,卸载阶段的裂隙宽度和渗透率增加幅度减小,且小于加载阶段同载荷条件下的宽度和渗透率;裂隙渗透率、宽度与粗糙度呈正相关关系,且粗糙度越大,接触应力分布越不均匀;裂隙内流场符合群岛流,粗糙度越大群岛流现象越明显。     

考虑三维形貌特征粗糙裂隙加卸载渗流规律研究EI北大核心CSCD

裂隙岩体在天然地质因素和人工扰动作用下处于加卸载环境是普遍存在的,裂隙面的几何特征和加卸载环境对裂隙渗流特性的影响在实际工程中不可忽视。采用试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,利用热-流-固三场耦合渗流试验系统,开展了应力加卸载作用下不同粗糙度裂隙岩芯试件的渗透试验,自主开发程序将激光扫描裂隙面的三维形貌信息导入到ABAQUS软件,模拟应力作用下的粗糙裂隙渗流。试验和数值模拟一致表明,粗糙裂隙的宽度和渗透率都随载荷的增加而减小,随着载荷的增加,裂隙接触刚度增大,裂隙的宽度和渗透率对载荷变化的敏感性降低;由于点接触产生的塑性变形不可恢复,卸载阶段的裂隙宽度和渗透率增加幅度减小,且小于加载阶段同载荷条件下的宽度和渗透率;裂隙渗透率、宽度与粗糙度呈正相关关系,且粗糙度越大,接触应力分布越不均匀;裂隙内流场符合群岛流,粗糙度越大群岛流现象越明显。     

矩形狭缝裂隙水流运动特征数值模拟研究

裂隙水流运动规律的研究对岩溶地区水资源合理开发利用以及裂隙岩体渗流理论发展具有重要意义。为探讨立方定律在矩形狭缝平行裂隙中的有效性以及裂隙水流运动特性,对不同尺寸的矩形狭缝平行裂隙水流运动进行数值模拟,基于模拟结果,利用极限流速和极限雷诺数的概念对立方定律在矩形狭缝裂隙中的有效性进行了验证,提出适用于矩形狭缝裂隙的修正立方定律。分析了矩形狭缝裂隙渗透系数随裂隙开度、宽度以及宽度与开度比值的变化,结果表明：裂隙开度越大,宽度越大,渗透系数越大,渗透系数随裂隙宽度与裂隙开度比值的增大而增大,二者之间呈指数关系。对裂隙水流流速分布剖面进行分析,结果表明：裂隙开度越大,流速分布越偏离泊肃叶分布,且离裂隙中心线越近,绝对偏差越大,相对偏差沿质点位置呈波动变化,变幅较小;流速越大,流速分布越偏离泊肃叶分布,在裂隙中心线处最大,离裂隙壁越近,偏差越小,而相对偏差随流速的变化幅度相对较小,表现为集中型;裂隙宽度越大,对流速分布影响越小。     

岩体裂隙粗糙度表征及其对裂隙渗流特性的影响

岩体裂隙粗糙程度对裂隙渗流特性的影响显著。利用三维光学扫描系统获取岩体裂隙面点云数据,结合SURFER和GEOMAGIC STUDIO等软件计算裂隙面节理粗糙度系数JRC和表面粗糙比率R_s,建立JRC与R_s的定量关系,开展应力、渗流和化学耦合作用下石灰岩裂隙渗流试验,研究JRC和R_s对粗糙裂隙渗流特性的影响。结果表明：JRC与R_s呈对数函数关系,其平方根R²为0.912 8,该表征公式与裂隙渗流试验结果最大相对误差MRE、平均绝对误差MAE和均方根误差RMSE分别为6.93%、0.34和0.27。JRC与渗流量、稳定期渗透率分别呈二次函数和对数函数关系,R_s和各参数的拟合关系与JRC相同。JRC值越大,渗流量和渗透率越小,且三场耦合作用下裂隙面JRC和R_s值均有所增大。该表征方法可用于岩体裂隙面粗糙度估算,由裂隙面JRC值可预测该裂隙渗流量和稳定时刻渗透率。     

岩体裂隙中渗流场有限元随机模拟分析

采用有限元方法数值,模拟了开度随机分布裂隙中的渗流场问题。根据给定的裂隙开度均值和标准差,随机分布生成有限元模型中的单元裂隙开度,模型中的材料参数和单元属性用ANSYS中的APDL参数化语言赋值。根据有限元随机模拟断面的流量分布和稳态渗流问题的达西定律,计算在不同裂隙开度标准差条件下的等效导水系数,研究等效导水系数与裂隙粗糙度之间的关系。数值模拟结果表明,与光滑平直的裂隙相对比,在裂隙平均开度为常数、开度随机正态分布的条件下,表面粗糙裂隙的等效导水系数略有降低;对于裂隙平均开度为0.5 mm的裂隙模型,裂隙开度标准差从0.01 mm变化到 0.2 mm,其等效导水系数变化小于5 %。传统的渗流控制方程无法精确描述地下水在粗糙裂隙中的流动特征,因为在压力水头的定义中忽略了速度项。     

Friction Factor of Water Flow Through Rough Rock Fractures

Fluid flow through rock joints occurs in many rock engineering applications. As the fluid flows through rough-walled rock fractures, pressure head loss occurs due to friction drag of the wall and local aperture changes. In this study, the friction factor was experimentally investigated by performing flow tests through sandstone fractures with joint roughness coefficient ranging from 5.5 to 15.4 under changing normal stress from 0.5 to 3.5 MPa. According to the experimental results, the friction factor was formulated as a function of two-independent variables—Reynolds number and relative roughness. Relative roughness is defined as the ratio of maximum asperity height to equivalent hydraulic aperture. The experimental results show that the proposed predictor of the friction factor fits the data with a coefficient of determination R ² > 0.93. Sensitivity analyses indicate that in general, the proposed friction factor increases with the relative roughness of confined fractures. The large difference of friction factor induced by relative roughness occurs when the Reynolds number is lower than unity, especially for Re < 0.2. For Reynolds numbers greater than unity, the difference of friction factor induced by relative roughness is smaller. Inclusion of joint roughness in calculating the friction resistance to fluid flow in rough rock joints and the influence of normal stress to the joints is a major step towards more accurate predictions for fluid flow in underground joint networks. This study provides a significant improvement in fundamental understanding of fluid flow in the jointed strata.     

Correlations Developed for Estimation of Hydraulic Parameters of Rough Fractures Through the Simulation of JRC Flow Channels

The hydro-mechanical response of fractured rock masses is complex, due partly to the presence of fractures at different scales. Surface morphology has a significant influence on fluid flow behaviour of a fracture. Different empirical correlations and statistical models have been proposed to estimate the equivalent hydraulic aperture and determine the pressure drop along a fracture. However, the existing models suffer from not being adequately generalised to be applicable to a wide range of real fracture surfaces. To incorporate the effect of profile roughness in the hydro-mechanical behaviour of fractured rock masses, the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) is the most widely used empirical approach. However, the average JRC of two fracture walls in fluid flow analysis, as is a common practice, appears to be inappropriate. It will be shown how different combinations of pairs of JRCs could lead to a similar JRC value. Also, changing the position of the top and bottom walls of a fracture can significantly change the hydraulic response of the fracture while the average JRC is identical in both cases. In this paper, correlations are developed which are based on the simulation of JRCs using estimated fluid flow parameters of 2D fractures can be estimated. In order to widen the application range of the correlations, JRC flow channels were generated: these are 2D channels with their top and bottom walls being made from two of the JRC profiles. To estimate the JRC of linear profiles, a correlation developed between JRC and a newly developed Riemannian roughness parameter, D _R1, is proposed. Considering ten JRC profiles, a total of 100 JRC flow channels were generated. In order to only investigate the effect of surface roughness on fluid flow, the minimum closure between the top and bottom walls of JRC flow channels were considered to be constant. Three cases with minimum closures of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 cm were considered in this study. All JRC flow channels were subjected to fluid analysis using FLUENT software. Based on these results, correlations were developed between the geometrical and hydraulic properties of flow channels. Analysis of several real fractures demonstrated the applicability of these correlations.     

Micro- and macro-behaviour of fluid flow through rock fractures: an experimental study

Microscopic and macroscopic behaviour of fluid flow through rough-walled rock fractures was experimentally investigated. Advanced microfluidic technology was introduced to examine the microscopic viscous and inertial effects of water flow through rock fractures in the vicinity of voids under different flow velocities, while the macroscopic behaviour of fracture flow was investigated by carrying out triaxial flow tests through fractured sandstone under confining stresses ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 MPa. The flow tests show that the microscopic inertial forces increase with the flow velocity with significant effects on the local flow pattern near the voids. With the increase in flow velocity, the deviation of the flow trajectories is reduced but small eddies appear inside the cavities. The results of the macroscopic flow tests show that the linear Darcy flow occurs for mated rock fractures due to small aperture, while a nonlinear deviation of the flow occurs at relatively high Reynolds numbers in non-mated rock fracture (Re?>?32). The microscopic experiments suggest that the pressure loss consumed by the eddies inside cavities could contribute to the nonlinear fluid flow behaviour through rock joints. It is found that such nonlinear flow behaviour is best matched with the quadratic-termed Forchheimer equation.     

粗糙裂隙水、气两相流相对渗透系数模型与数值分析

粗糙裂隙水、气两相流相对渗透系数是岩体工程多相渗流以及水力耦合分析的重要参数。从粗糙裂隙的细观结构出发，基于毛细吸持理论和立方定理，提出了粗糙裂隙水、气两相流相对渗透系数模型。通过与具有不同空间分布的粗糙裂隙水、气两相流试验数据对比分析，验证了模型的准确性。为进一步验证理论模型对不同粗糙程度裂隙的适用性，基于SRAM与Invasion Percolation模型，提出了粗糙裂隙的开度分布生成以及水、气两相流数值分析方法，计算结果表明理论模型与数值数据基本吻合一致，且优于X模型、V-C模型以及Corey模型。     

A pore-scale numerical model for non-Darcy fluid flow through rough-walled fractures

This paper aims at developing a pore-scale numerical model for non-Darcy fluid flow through rough-walled fractures. A simple general relationship between the local hydraulic conductivity and the flow velocity is proposed. A new governing equation for non-Darcy fluid flow through rough-walled fractures is then derived by introducing this relationship into the Reynolds equation. Based on the non-linear finite element method, a self-developed code is used to simulate the non-Darcy fluid flow through fractures. It is found that the macroscopic results obtained by the numerical simulation agree well with the experimental results. Furthermore, some interesting experimental observations can be reproduced.     

Modified governing equation and numerical simulation of seepage flow in a single fracture with three-dimensional roughness

Roughness and tortuosity influence groundwater flow through a fracture. Steady flow through a single fracture can be described primitively by the well-known Cubic Law and Reynolds equation with the assumption that the fracture is made of smooth parallel plates. However, ignoring the roughness and tortuosity of the fracture will lead to inaccurate estimations of the flow rate. To obtain a more accurate flow rate through a rough fracture, this paper has derived a modified governing equation, taking into account the three-dimensional effect of the roughness. The equation modifies the Reynolds equation by adding correction coefficients to the terms of the flow rates, which are relative to the roughness angles in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. Experiments of steady seepage flow through sawtooth fractures were conducted. The accuracy of the modified equation has been verified by comparing the experimental data and the theoretical computational data. Furthermore, three-dimensional numerical models were established to simulate the steady flow in rough fractures with the triangular, sinusoidal surfaces and the typical joint roughness coefficient (JRC) profiles. The simulation results were compared with the calculation results of the modified equation and the current equations. The comparison indicates that the flow rate calculated by the modified equation is the closest to the numerical result.     

低应力与覆水环境下单裂隙粉砂质泥岩渗流特性

为探究不同外部环境因素影响下浅层粉砂质泥岩边坡裂隙渗流特性,采用自主研发的岩体裂隙渗流试验装置,对含6种不同裂隙面粗糙度（JRC）的粉砂质泥岩裂隙试样进行渗流试验,研究了不同低围压和覆水深度下粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗流特性。结果表明：不同覆水深度及JRC下围压与粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗透系数均呈反相关,两者之间关系可用幂函数表征,且渗透系数的降低过程可分为快速降低（围压为0～30 kPa）和缓慢降低（围压为30～50 kPa）两个阶段,CT扫描结果验证了围压增大使得粉砂质泥岩裂隙开度减小是渗透系数随围压增大而减小的主要原因。随围压的增大或覆水深度的减小,不同JRC粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗透系数的离散程度逐渐减小。当围压增至最大,同时覆水深度最小时,JRC对裂隙渗透系数的影响将会被消除。不同围压下,粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗透系数与覆水深度呈正相关,且两者关系可用指数函数表征。推导出了粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗流非线性Izabsh模型,该模型能较好地反映低应力及低流速下粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗流量与压力梯度之间的非线性变化关系,但随围压的增大,该模型的相关性有一定程度的减小。     

Parametric study of factors affecting fluid flow through a fracture

Understanding the flow behavior through fractures is critically important in a wide variety of applications. In many situations, the fluid flow can be highly irregular and non-linear in nature. Numerical simulation can be employed to simulate such conditions which are difficult to replicate in laboratory experiments. Therefore, a parametric study has been conducted on the fluid flow through micro-fracture over a large range of inlet pressure, fluid density, fluid viscosity, temperature, joint roughness coefficient (JRC), and fracture using finite element analysis. Irregular fracture profiles were created using Barton’s joint roughness coefficient. The Navier-Stokes (NS) equation was used to simulate the flow of water in those micro-fractures. The result showed that the fracture, fluid, and ambient conditions have a wide and varied effect on the fluid flow behavior. The interrelationship between these parameters was also studied. The model simulation provided result in the form of velocity and pressure drop profile, which can be used to determine the behavior of flow under different condition. The volumetric flow was calculated for each condition and has been plotted against the corresponding parameter to study the interrelationship.     

Linear flow behaviour of matched joints – case study on standard JRC profiles

Roughness on rock joints produces a variable aperture across the joints and increases the flow path length. These conditions should be taken into account for a good approximation from cubic law. In this paper, the concept of local true aperture and tortuosity is applied to assumed joints where surfaces are matched to each other and correspond with standard Joint Roughness Coefficient (JRC) profiles. Furthermore, the hydraulic behaviour of JRC profiles is studied by a new laboratory experiment setup. The analytical approach provides new insights into the effects of roughness on hydraulic properties of rock joints. The results indicate that for a constant mechanical aperture, both the minimum local aperture and hydraulic aperture decrease with increasing JRC. Furthermore, tortuosity and standard deviation of local true aperture increase with JRC increment. The trend obtained between different parameters and JRC shows an obvious fluctuation for JRC lower than 10. On one hand, the results of this study along with a critical review of previous studies demonstrate that JRC profiles cannot present a precise roughness increment when JRC is less than 10. A new laboratory setup was designed to study the flow behaviour of JRC profiles. The results obtained from laboratory experiments under linear flow conditions validate the accuracy of the applied analytical method.     

Influence of three-dimensional roughness of rock fracture on seepage characteristics based on the digital image technology

Digital image processing technology can objectively reflect the surface roughness of coal and rock mass fractures and turn physical properties such as fluctuation height to physical data of the rock fracture surface to be used for numerical analyses; thus, it can effectively be applied to the seepage flow analysis of rock fractures. First, clear digital images of the fracture surface height are obtained under the same camera conditions, and then characteristic function values specific to various structure are normalized. Subsequently, the fluctuation height distribution of the rock surface is restored according to the measured fluctuation heights of local points. Finally, according to the surface fluctuation of fractures, invasive restructuring is carried out for three-dimensional fractures in the same coordinate system. Obtained physical parameters on the three-dimensional fractures of the rock are inputted into the COMSOL Multiphysics software to obtain the characteristic three-dimensional model of the rock fracture surface. The numerical analysis results are compared with experimental data on fracture seepage obtained from a seepage coupling true triaxial test system, and the relevance between the simulated result and the physical experiment is higher than 90%, which confirms that the integration of the digital image technology and the numerical analysis method can effectively simulate seepage in rough fractures. The hydraulic gradient of rough fractures and seepage velocity are also consistent with Forchheimer flow characteristics.