基于褶皱几何参数统计规律的渗漏量评估方法

褶皱网络中褶皱的空间分布是水力通性分析及渗漏量评估的基础。褶皱的空间分布规律尚待研究。基于一个典型场地的场底褶皱网络,利用K-S检验方法分析了褶皱几何参数服从的概率分布类型,统计得到了褶皱几何参数相应的统计参数。提出了基于褶皱几何参数的统计规律随机生成褶皱网络,并对随机褶皱网络进行渗漏量评估,然后从随机分析得到的渗漏量中选择特征值来表征场地的渗漏量的方法。通过案例分析,研究了该方法的应用。结果表明：对典型场底褶皱网络的统计分析为确定类似场地中褶皱几何参数的概率分布类型和统计参数具有重要的参考价值。由随机生成的褶皱网络得到的渗漏量样本的均值可以作为特征值,用来保守地评估场地内实际的渗漏量。基于案例分析,在对褶皱几何参数统计规律积累了丰富的经验后,可以实现对待建场地的设计不再需要获取整个场地的航拍图像,从而为有褶皱场地渗漏量评估提供了新思路。     

地下水封洞库深部岩体结构面连通性研究

地下水封洞库工程是我国正在大力实施的战略石油储备重点工程,研究建库裂隙岩体的连通性是评价水封效果的关键。结合地下水封洞库工程的岩体特征,以钻孔电视成像技术为手段,通过分析影像中结构面位置、地质特征等,建立不同钻孔间结构面连通的条件,并分析了钻孔ZK11和ZK12,ZK12和ZK14的变质分异结构面的几何连通性;以洞库区钻孔地下水位的陡降与施工巷道开挖的相关关系,建立了巷道地下水排泄与钻孔水位下降的水力联系,分析了结构面的水力连通性;通过几何连通和水力连通的综合分析,确定了深部岩体结构面的连通性。研究结果表明,施工巷道开挖引起钻孔地下水位的显著下降,两者存在明显水力联系;变质分异结构面(J)在钻孔ZK12、ZK11和①号施工巷道0+379.424m处满足位置连通、结构面特征连通和水力连通,为连通性结构面;结构面(J′)在钻孔ZK12和ZK14处满足位置连通和结构面特征连通,不满足水力连通,为非连通性结构面。这对地下工程深部岩体结构面连通性的研究具有参考和借鉴价值。     

GCL与CCL复合衬垫的等效性分析

土工合成材料粘土衬垫(GCL)与土工膜(GM)形成的复合衬垫在垃圾填埋场中的应用日益广泛.我国规范中允许在特殊情况下用GCL代替压实粘土(CCL)做垃圾填埋场的衬垫,但是对于"特殊情况"没有明确说明.本文采用数值方法对复合衬垫中无机污染物的对流和扩散进行了计算,从衬垫底部污染物通量和累积量两个角度对GCL复合衬垫和CCL复合衬垫阻滞污染物运移的效果进行了比较,分析两种复合衬垫的等效性,并研究了GCL复合衬垫的适用范围.结果表明,当渗滤液水头较高时,GCL复合衬垫体现出其优势.     

有机污染物在完好复合衬垫中的迁移分析

在复合衬垫中,有机污染物除了在土工膜缺陷处发生迁移外,在完好土工膜中的迁移也是主要方式。考虑有机污染物在土工膜边界处的浓度跳跃现象,建立了有机污染物在完好复合衬垫中迁移的一维模型,得到了解析解。通过与有限差分解的比较,验证了解答的合理性。应用该解答分析了GCL复合衬垫和CCL复合衬垫防止有机污染物渗漏的效果。结果表明,CCL复合衬垫的效果较好,可以通过黏土改性和增加黏土厚度的方法来提高其有效性。有机污染物类型的选择对GCL复合衬垫的分析结果影响较大,而阻滞系数的变化对分析结果影响较小。     

特低渗岩性油藏间连通性表征研究 ——以鄂尔多斯盆地马岭地区长8油藏为例

分析各岩性油藏之间的连通性,可为油藏之间区域寻找新的油气富集区提供依据。以鄂尔多斯盆地马岭地区长8油藏为研究对象,根据砂体发育规模及夹层发育状况分析储层砂体连通性,通过原油全烃色谱分析判断油藏间流体连通性。运用动静结合的方法探讨了马岭地区长8段各个小油藏间的连通性,结果表明:研究区长8段储层砂体叠置样式包括:孤立式、接触式、切叠式,其中切叠式储层砂体间连通性较好;建立了基于夹层的发育状况下砂体连通概率公式,并计算了研究区长8段储层砂体连通概率;通过原油全烃色谱分析可将研究区长8油藏分为三个流体连通系统,每个系统内的小油藏之间相互连通,不同系统内的小油藏间连通性差;根据马岭地区最新的勘探评价成果验证了该方法的有效性,该方法对特低渗岩性油藏间的连通性分析及油气勘探部署具有一定的指导意义。     

河水渗漏量影响因素的砂箱试验研究

利用模拟河水渗漏补给地下水的砂箱完成了在不考虑天然堵塞的情况下,不同渗透介质、不同河水深及不同地下水埋深的试验,本文总结归纳了河水渗漏量的影响因素。试验得出：河水深度越大,其渗漏量越大;河床及其周围透水介质的渗透性越好,则渗漏量越大;地下水与河水间的水头差越大,则渗漏量越大,但是存在极大值。极大值出现在河水与地下水脱节阶段,脱节后河水与地下水的水头变化不再影响河水渗漏量。     

基于复杂网络理论的页岩纳米孔隙连通性表征

页岩孔隙结构的表征是页岩气储层评价的基础性工作。钻取岩芯,采集鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠系延长组页岩。使用纳米CT观测10 μm3、20 μm3、30 μm3、39 μm3空间内页岩的孔隙结构,获取孔隙、喉道数量,以及连通性数据,重构孔隙结构三维模型。将孔隙结构抽象为球-棍物理模型,采用复杂网络理论建立关于孔隙结构连通性的结点-边数学模型。依据无标度网络的数学特性,使用Matlab软件生成10 μm3空间内孔隙连通性网络。引入网络连通熵的概念,用于计算不同空间范围内孔隙连通性网络的网络连通熵,评价孔隙结构的异质性。结果表明:10 μm3、20 μm3、39 μm3空间内孔隙连通性网络度分布符合幂律分布;30 μm3空间内孔隙连通性网络度分布符合指数分布;网络连通熵增加,孔隙和喉道网络的连通性减小。该方法可用于评价页岩孔隙的连通性,进而评价页岩气储层的孔渗特性。     

非连续裂隙网络水流计算机模拟

本文以湖北某地区为例,对工作区二迭及三迭系地层的基岩裂隙进行了统计分析,并对其裂隙网络及水流进行了计算机模拟。利用非连续介质方法就非连续裂隙网络的连通性、裂隙长度对网络导水能力的影响、裂隙网络的方向导水系数、网络内水头分布特征等问题进行了初步的探讨。     

洞庭湖区水系格局及连通性优化

江湖关系演变及强烈人类活动改变了洞庭湖区的水系格局与连通性,加剧了湖区水环境与水生态的恶化形势,开展水系格局与连通性研究是洞庭湖区水系综合整治和河湖生态修复的重要内容。基于景观生态学中网络连通度分析方法,建立了水系格局与连通性评价指标体系,包括河频率、河网密度、水系环度（α）、节点连接率（β）和网络连接度（γ）等,分析评价了洞庭湖不同片区现状及规划水系格局与连通性的差异以及合理性,提出了水系连通规划的优化方案。结果表明:现状洞庭湖区水系格局和连通性总体较好,但各个片区存在较大差异,湘-资水尾闾地区的现状水系格局和连通性良好,北部地区和松澧地区的现状水系格局与连通性较差。松澧地区水系规划方案改善了该地区的水系格局与连通性,但北部地区的规划方案并不合理。经过比选与优化,北部地区的α、β、γ指标比现状提高了13.2%、6.9%和4.7%,比原规划方案提高26.0%、9.4%和9.4%。     

Seepage characteristics and mechanical response of shield tunnels under localized leakage and exosmosisEI北大核心

针对有压盾构隧道中接缝水力劣化所引发的内外水力交互渗流问题,基于水力开度理论,通过数值和解析方法研究局部渗流下隧道衬砌与周围地层的渗流特性和力学响应。结果表明:基于镜像法推导的衬砌隧洞多点渗漏下渗流场解析解与数值解吻合良好,验证了给出的局部渗漏数值模型的有效性;局部外水内渗与内水外渗诱发的衬砌与地层共同作用存在较大差异,前者导致局部孔隙水压力降低引起土体挤压衬砌,衬砌轴力减小而弯矩增大从而产生衬砌外凸,后者则相反;多点局部渗漏对渗流场和衬砌响应的影响存在耦合作用,当内水压接近地层水头时可能出现外水内渗与内水外渗并存的特殊水力交互情况;地层渗透系数对局部渗漏行为的影响较大,复合地层下当局部渗漏发生于高渗透性地层时,其诱发的衬砌响应不显著,当渗漏处于下部低渗透性地层时,在地层交界面存在渗流折射现象,上部高渗透性地层起到补(排)水作用。     

Connectivity of a network of random discontinuities

Discontinuities such as fractures or cracks are common in geo-materials. Connectivity is a comprehensive parameter that includes the influence of length, orientation and density of the discontinuities. The main objectives of this paper are to define connectivity based on the statistical geometrical parameters of a network of random discontinuities and to quantify the hydraulic properties of the network using connectivity. An analytical method is first proposed to evaluate connectivity through the density of degree of freedom (DDOF). The analytically estimated DDOF is verified using numerical analysis. DDOF increases with the increases in the mean length, relative orientation and density of the random discontinuity network. Connectivity becomes better and the permeability becomes larger with increasing DDOF. The representative element volume (REV) of a random discontinuity network can be estimated based on connectivity. When a discontinuity network is poorly connected, a REV does not exist when the size of the discontinuity network is smaller than 10 times of the mean length of the discontinuities. When a discontinuity network is normally connected, a REV exists when the REV size is smaller than 10 times of the mean length of the discontinuities. When the discontinuity network is highly connected, the REV size is only 2–4 times of the mean length of the discontinuities. The results indicate that DDOF is a good indicator to quantify the connectivity of a random discontinuity network and the relationship between connectivity and permeability.     

Modeling the connectivity and intersection of hydraulically loaded cracks with in situ fractures in rock

The interaction of an advancing hydraulically loaded crack and in situ fracture network can yield highly complex patterns. We model the connectivity of cells in a finite element domain and in a fracture network by a simplicial complex data structure. The complete adjacency information between cells is determined by one level down facet and one level up cofacet neighborhood information. Combined with a disjoint set data structure, explicit algorithms are derived to efficiently track network connectivity and load transfer between independent fracture sets. We also propose an approach to regularize the application of hydraulic load to newly intersected in situ cracks to smoothen the transition of pressure on intersected cracks from ambient to hydraulic pressure and to avoid the sudden loading of the entire length of these cracks. Numerical results demonstrate the performance of crack connectivity and load transfer models and the effect of regularization model. The results show that as the angle between an incoming hydraulically loaded crack and an in situ crack increases, the effect of in situ crack shifts from slight realignment to diversion/offsetting of the loaded crack. As the angle difference approaches the normal angle, the loaded crack tends to penetrate through the in situ crack. The proposed schemes are also used for transient simulation of 2D reservoirs with multiple perforations surrounded by in situ cracks with and without a bias in the distribution of their orientation. It was shown that from 2 perforations with angles closer to in situ cracks at low loading rates to all perforations at higher loading rates can result in active hydraulic crack propagation. The h‐adaptive method of asynchronous space‐time discontinuous Galerkin method is used to exactly track complex fracture patterns in these dynamic fracture simulations.     

Blended head analyses to reduce uncertainty in packer testing in fractured-rock boreholes

Open boreholes in fractured rock often cross-connect fractures with differing hydraulic head and the head differences between these fractures cause vertical flow in the water column. This cross-connection has potential to bias transmissivity (T) values obtained from straddle packer tests. This study demonstrates how measurements of the blended head in the open-hole segments above and below the straddle-packer test interval can be used to correct packer tests for cross-connection effects. A pressure response observed in the open-hole segment above and/or below the packers isolating a test interval during a hydraulic test indicates short-circuiting of water from the injection interval through the vertically connected fracture network to the open-hole segments, resulting in the overestimation of T. A method is presented using blended head concepts to minimize this error using a trial-and-error procedure to determine the short-circuiting flow rate to account for the head conditions in the open-hole segments during each hydraulic test. Observed differences between the measured head and the calculated blended head in the open-hole segments above and below the test interval are attributed to cross-connection effects around the 1-m-long packers. The head and corrected T values determined from packer tests are used to estimate the flow in and out of the open hole at each of the intervals tested for assessing the cross-connection effects under open borehole conditions. Understanding open-hole flow dynamics gives insight about the potential for vertical cross connection of chemical constituents caused by the open hole.     

褶皱土工膜+针刺钠基膨润土防水毯复合衬里的剪切试验研究

防渗工程中土工膜的褶皱现象普遍存在,然而目前关于土工膜界面剪切特性的研究大都忽略了褶皱的影响。以糙面土工膜（GM）和针刺钠基膨润土防水毯（GCL）组成的复合衬里为研究对象,利用水化变形试验证实两步水化法能有效地加速含褶皱GM+GCL复合衬里的水化步骤,使用大尺寸温控水浴直剪仪对含褶皱GM+GCL复合衬里的剪切特性进行了试验研究。通过将含褶皱GM+GCL复合衬里的剪切特性与无褶皱复合衬里进行对比分析,揭露了GM褶皱对复合衬里剪切特性的影响机制。GM褶皱的存在使得GM+GCL复合衬里的剪切应力-位移曲线产生较大差异,并使得低压下复合衬里的抗剪强度明显降低。GM褶皱使复合衬里产生明显的渐进破坏效应,复合衬里内部能出现多种破坏模式共存的现象。     

The role of in situ stress in determining hydraulic connectivity in a fractured rock aquifer (Australia)

Fracture network connectivity is a spatially variable property that is difficult to quantify from standard hydrogeological datasets. This critical property is related to the distributions of fracture density, orientation, dimensions, intersections, apertures and roughness. These features that determine the inherent connectivity of a fracture network can be modified by secondary processes including weathering, uplift and unloading and other mechanisms that lead to fracture deformation in response to in situ stress. This study focussed on a fractured rock aquifer in the Clare Valley, South Australia, and found that fracture network connectivity could be discriminated from several geological, geophysical and hydrogeological field datasets at various scales including single well and local- to regional-scale data. Representative hydromechanical models of the field site were not only consistent with field observations but also highlighted the strong influence of in situ stress in determining the distribution of fracture hydraulic apertures and the formation of hydraulic chokes that impede fluid flow. The results of this multi-disciplinary investigation support the notion that the hydraulic conductivity of a fracture network is limited to the least hydraulically conductive interconnected fractures, which imposes a physical limit on the bulk hydraulic conductivity of a fractured rock aquifer.     

Analysis of fracture network connectivity using percolation theory

Connectivity aspects of fracture networks are analyzed in terms of percolation theory. These aspects are of fundamental importance in characterization, exploitation, and management of fractured formations. General connectivity and power law relationships are determined that characterize the density of fractures and average number of intersections per fracture necessary to ensure network connectivity, the likelihood of a fractured formation being hydraulically connected, and the probability that any specific fracture is connected to the conducting portion of the network. Monte Carlo experiments with a two-dimensional fracture network model confirm the percolation theory predictions. These relationships may prove useful in formulating theoretically tractable approximations of fracture nerworks that capture the essential system properties.     

Use of geospatial information system based tool for renovation and rehabilitation of water distribution systems

Normally, decision makers use number of pipe broken in specific sections of water distribution systems to determine the pipes to be replaced. This index cannot solely evaluate hydraulic and quality parameters of the system and effects of pipe renovation on the system performance. In this study, a methodology is presented to manage the rehabilitation and replacement of water distribution network using hydraulic and geospatial information systems models. A preprocessor subroutine is developed to link geospatial information systems and hydraulic software. Hydraulic parameters together with the attribute data of pipes are used to determine the required renovation schemes based on several criteria. The proposed indices consist of pipe breaks and leakage analyses, hydraulic and quality performance and mechanical reliability of the network. A novel approach is also introduced to calculate leakage values throughout the network. Results of a real case study by the developed model introduced replacement of 4 km 40 mm galvanized pipes instead of 11 km 100 mm asbestos-cement pipes from conventional method. It is observed that the suggested geographic information system based model produces more realistic results with less cost for renovation schemes in comparison with conventional method which just consider number of bursts as a key criterion.     

灵璧石的研究

本文对灵璧石的涵义作了厘定，并运用地质科技理论与手段，对其＂黑、响、瘦、透、漏、皱＂诸特点的构成机理加以分析研究，进而提出了对其开发利用的设想。     

某水库坝基渗透稳定性研究

某拟建高为22 m的混凝土重力坝坐落于第四系冰水堆积层之上。在大坝上下游水头差的作用下,产生库水渗漏。库水的大量漏失,不但可能使大坝蓄水达不到设计高程而影响工程效益,而且,水流的渗透作用还会导致地基岩（土）体的恶化,产生渗透破坏,影响大坝本身的安全。在现场调查基础上,用数值模拟方法评价了该水库在库内设置175 m长铺盖条件下的渗漏问题,计算了水库的渗流量、大坝基底的水力坡度。因其量值较大,必须在渗流出口处采取反滤层等工程措施,给相关部门提供设计依据和决策参考。