粉砂地层盾构隧道开挖面稳定性离心试验及数值模拟

通过开展离心模型试验,对干粉砂及饱和粉砂中盾构隧道开挖面的失稳破坏特性和极限支护压力进行了研究。通过远程控制开挖面土体位移,获得了支护压力与开挖面位移间的关系曲线及开挖面达到主动极限平衡状态时的破坏模式。2组干砂离心模型试验结果表明,当隧道埋深与隧道直径比从0.5增大到1时,开挖面破坏模式从整体坍塌破坏转变为烟囱状,但极限支护压力变化较小。饱和砂土中的试验表明,开挖面水平方向破坏范围相比在相同埋深干砂中的范围扩大,极限支护压力显著增加。对开挖面破坏过程进行三维弹塑性有限元数值模拟,获得了开挖面极限支护压力和破坏机制,所得结果与试验吻合较好。进一步通过数值模拟,分析了土体强度参数、隧道埋深及渗流对极限支护压力的影响规律。结果表明,渗流条件下开挖面破坏区域及极限支护压力均大于无渗流情况,极限支护压力随内摩擦角增大而减小,随隧道埋深增大而减小。     

砂土地层中不同支护模式下盾构隧道开挖面稳定性研究

防止盾构隧道开挖面失稳的关键是合理设置不同盾构支护平衡模式下的支护压应力。在改进的筒仓楔形体模型计算方法得出的开挖面松动土体对刀盘压力呈近似呈抛物线分布的基础上,研究了气压支护模式、泥水支护模式和土压支护模式下,盾构隧道开挖面分别在地下水位以上和地下水位以下时开挖面的稳定性,研究结果表明:有效支护应力均匀分布时,除粘土开挖面下部失稳外,其余土体均为开挖面中下部失稳;有效支护压应力呈上小下大的梯形分布时,除软粘土开挖面下部失稳外,其余土体均为开挖面上部失稳;有效支护应力呈上大下小的梯形分布时,所有土体开挖面均为下部失稳;在气压、泥水和土压平衡支护模式下,开挖面在未到达筒仓楔形体模型所假设的开挖面整体失稳前,开挖面已经发生了局部失稳,采用筒仓楔形体模型确定的极限稳定支护力是不安全的。最后给出了开挖面松动土体对刀盘压应力公式中计算参数的无量纲化图,以方便实际工程运用。      

基于贝叶斯理论的土性参数空间变异性量化方法

岩土工程可靠度分析和设计中,合理地选取随机场参数和相关函数,并准确地描述土性参数空间变异性十分困难。基于贝叶斯理论,本文提出了一套量化砂土有效内摩擦角空间变异性的方法。该方法根据先验信息和静力触探试验锥尖阻力数据,确定砂土有效内摩擦角的随机场参数和相关函数。该方法合理地考虑了砂土有效内摩擦角与锥尖阻力间经验回归方程的不确定性。采用马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛模拟(Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulation,MCMCS)获取服从后验分布的随机场参数样本。利用MCMCS样本构建随机场参数的Gaussian Copula函数求解后验分布。估计备选相关函数的概率,选择概率最大的为最可能的相关函数。最后,采用美国德州农工大学国家岩土工程砂土试验场的CPT数据算例验证了文中所提方法的有效性。结果表明:文中所提方法可以正确、合理地利用间接测量的锥尖阻力数据确定砂土有效内摩擦角的随机场参数和相关函数,准确量化其空间变异性。对于美国德州农工大学国家岩土工程砂土试验场的砂土有效内摩擦角,建议选用二阶自回归函数作为其最可能的相关函数。     

盾构法施工中楔形体模型滑裂面倾角的研究

在盾构开挖面极限支护力的计算理论中,楔形体模型由于简单、直观而得到广泛的应用,但确定滑动面倾角 较为繁琐,尤其是在迎坡条件下的研究较少。在梯形楔形体模型的基础上,通过引入盾构隧道的纵坡坡度角θ,建立了迎坡条件下的盾构开挖面极限支护力计算模型,推导出开挖面极限支护力计算公式。对开挖面支护力计算值的数据分析发现,不考虑渗流力和黏聚力的影响时,滑动面倾角 仅受隧道线路纵向坡度角 的影响较大,而土的内摩擦角c、重度 、开挖面直径D、埋深H和地表附加应力q对其影响很小;考虑黏聚力c的影响时,c≤11 kPa时滑动面的倾角 随黏聚力的增大逐渐减小,且当黏聚力、内摩擦角和开挖面直径一定时,滑动面倾角 只在某一特定数值附近小幅度变化,同时当开挖面直径D>5 m时,滑动面倾角随开挖面直径的增大而增大;土的重度、地表附加应力和埋深对滑动面倾角的数值影响不大,计算滑动面倾角时可不考虑它们的影响。在分析研究基础上得到了滑动面倾角 的计算公式,简化了极限支护力的求解过程。     

浅埋圆形隧道开挖面稳定的可靠度分析

开挖面支护压力是影响隧道开挖面稳定的重要施工因素,也是进行隧道开挖稳定性可靠度分析的关键。采用FLAC3D软件计算开挖面的最小极限支护压力,结合响应面法计算浅埋圆形隧道开挖面稳定的可靠度指标卢,将土体粘聚力和内摩擦角作为随机变量,考虑土体粘聚力和内摩擦角之间的相关性。分析结果表明,不考虑参数相关性计算得到的可靠性指标偏于保守。通过计算验算点处的极限支护压力与原支护压力比较,证明响应面法在结合FLAC3D计算开挖面稳定的可靠度方面是足够准确的。     

砂土中盾构隧道开挖面失稳土体三维形状分析

合理确定盾构隧道开挖面前方失稳土体的形状是开挖面极限支护压力计算及开挖面失稳风险评估的基础和难点。建立模拟盾构隧道开挖面失稳过程的数值模型,利用Handy拱效应理论,依据Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,得出失稳土体破坏位置和形状的计算方法。研究结果表明,水平方向由于隧道左右两端的支承作用产生水平压力拱,使失稳土体存在一个极限边界,极限边界内垂直方向的土体移动产生悬链线形的最小主应力拱,失稳土体形状类似贝壳形。以南京地铁3号线浦珠路站－滨江路站区间盾构隧道工程作为算例,理论分析和数值模拟结果吻合较好。     

盾构隧道开挖面稳定的可靠度研究

目前,盾构隧道开挖面稳定性评价方法均是确定性方法。为了考虑土体参数的变异性,提出用可靠方法来评价其稳定程度。采用数值模拟方法,研究了隧道开挖面极限支护压力。基于BP神经网络预测大量给定地层参数工况下的开挖面极限支护压力,对其进行统计,得其概率分布特征。在理论分析的基础上,结合工程实际,探讨了盾构施工土压力的确定原理。建立了隧道开挖面稳定的极限状态方程,对其进行了可靠度分析。该研究除能够科学、合理地评价开挖面的稳定程度外,对于盾构施工过程中合理地设定开挖面支护压力也具有一定的参考作用。     

成都地铁卵石层中盾构施工开挖面稳定性研究

随着我国社会经济的发展,越来越多的城市开始规划和修建地铁,在此期间,部分城市在地铁建设中遇到了地质条件非常复杂的砂卵石土层,特别是正在建设中的成都地铁1、2号线,区间隧道几乎全部从卵石土层中穿越,根据设计,成都地铁1、2号线部分区间隧道采用加泥式土压平衡盾构法施工。利用土压平衡式盾构施工时,开挖面支护土压力控制是保证掘进顺利进行的关键,目前国内外在这方面的研究主要集中于砂土和黏性土,关于卵石土盾构隧道开挖面变形与破坏的研究很少。基于此,根据卵石土具有强烈离散特性的特点,利用颗粒离散元数值方法,对卵石土层土压平衡式盾构施工中开挖面支护应力不足引起开挖面的变形及破坏问题进行了分析研究,探讨了隧道开挖面变形及破坏问题。研究结果显示:（1）开挖面极限支护应力远小于土体原位静止土压力;（2）开挖面失稳后,开挖面前部的滑动块为一曲面体。这为卵石土地层中盾构开挖面控制压力的确定提供参考。     

考虑渗流的盾构隧道开挖面稳定性分析

通过工程实例,应用VB6.0与FLAC3D软件集成可视化系统,考虑水的渗流效应和不考虑水的渗流效应两种情况,对盾构隧道开挖面的稳定性进行分析。根据稳定性理论,确定开挖面支护压力在进行微小变化时,中心点水平位移发生突变时的支护压力为极限支护压力,得到了两种情况下开挖面的极限支护压力、应力场、位移场和塑性区的变化。结果表明:开挖面失稳的极限支护压力等于作用于开挖面有效支护压力和渗透力的总和,考虑渗流的开挖面极限支护压力大于不考虑渗流的极限支护压力,渗流力构成了总支护力的主要部分;由于孔隙水压力的影响,考虑渗流效应的隧道开挖面应力小于不考虑渗流效应时的应力,其位移和塑性区却大于不考虑渗流作用的位移和塑性区;考虑渗流情况下开挖面的稳定性比不考虑渗流情况要差。同时与实测资料比较,验证了软件系统的合理和有效性,为设计和施工时开挖面支护压力的施加提供了一定的指导依据。     

柔性支护黏性土基坑非极限被动土压力研究

经典的Rankine和Coulomb土压力计算理论均建立在土体达到极限平衡状态的基础上,并不适用于位移需要严格控制的基坑工程。以柔性支护的黏性土基坑边坡为研究对象,考虑边坡土拱效应、非极限状态下柔性支护结构与土体间内摩擦角以及黏聚力发挥值、土体内摩擦角以及黏聚力发挥值的影响,从黏性土应力莫尔圆出发,采用微层分析法建立静力平衡,搜索边坡土体潜在滑动面,推导柔性支护黏性土基坑的非极限被动土压力计算式。通过实例计算对比分析了本文计算理论与经典Rankine计算理论,推导公式计算得到的被动土压力小于Rankine计算值19%,合力作用位置低于Rankine计算值,作用位置距桩底距离较Rankine计算值小1.5%,计算得到的潜在滑动面为一水平倾角随深度逐渐减小的曲面,潜在滑动面范围小于Rankine极限状态滑动面。     

Probabilistic evaluation of tunnel face stability in spatially random soils using sparse polynomial chaos expansion with global sensitivity analysis

The sparse polynomial chaos expansion is employed to perform a probabilistic analysis of the tunnel face stability in the spatially random soils. A shield tunnel under compressed air is considered which implies that the applied pressure is uniformly distributed on the tunnel face. Two sets of failure mechanisms in the context of the limit analysis theory with respect to the frictional and the purely cohesive soils are used to calculate the required face pressure. In the case of the frictional soils, the cohesion and the friction angle are modeled as two anisotropic cross-correlated lognormal random fields; for the purely cohesive soils, the cohesion and the unit weight are modeled as two anisotropic independent lognormal random fields. The influences of the spatial variability and of the cross-correlation between the cohesion and the friction angle on the probability density function of the required face pressure, on the sensitivity index and on the failure probability are discussed. The obtained results show that the spatial variability has an important influence on the probability density function as well as the failure probability, but it has a negligible impact on the Sobol’s index.     

Probabilistic modelling of auto-correlation characteristics of heterogeneous slopes

Spatial variability of soil materials has long been recognised as an important factor influencing the reliability of geo-structures. This study stochastically investigates the influence of spatial variability of shear strength on the stability of heterogeneous slopes, focusing on the auto-correlation function, auto-correlation distance and cross-correlation between soil parameters. The finite element method is merged with the random field theory to probabilistically evaluate factor of safety and probability of failure via Monte-Carlo simulations. The simulation procedure is explained in detail with suggestions on improving efficiency of the Monte-Carlo process. A simple procedure to create cross-correlation between random variables, which allows direct comparison of the influence of each strength variable, is discussed. The results show that the auto-correlation distance and cross-correlation can significantly influence slope stability, while the choice of auto-correlation function only has a minor effect. An equation relating the probability of failure with the auto-correlation distance is suggested in light of the analyses performed in this work and other results from the literature.     

裂隙黄土边坡三维稳定性极限分析

黄土边坡中竖直裂隙的发育往往会对边坡稳定产生影响。相对于平面应变机制,建立三维破坏机制下边坡稳定性分析方法更能接近实际边坡失稳情况。基于塑性极限分析上限法,考虑预先存在竖直裂隙的三维黄土边坡不同破坏机制（坡面破坏、坡脚破坏和坡底破坏）,建立能量平衡方程及其无量纲临界高度值γH/c表达式,采用随机搜索法得到了临界高度的上限解。分析了约束宽度、边坡坡度、内摩擦角以及裂隙深度对三维竖直裂隙黄土边坡临界高度值的影响。结果表明：对于坡脚破坏机制,临界高度值随着裂隙深度的增加而减小,减小至临界裂隙深度 (δ /H)_min后,裂隙深度的增加不再影响临界高度值;临界裂隙深度随着坡度β 的增大而增大,随着内摩擦角φ 的增大而减小。当约束宽度B/H<0.8时,大多数破坏机制为坡面破坏。当约束宽度B/H=0.8、内摩擦角φ =10° 及约束宽度B/H=0.6、内摩擦角φ =15° 时,边坡的破坏从坡面破坏机制逐渐过渡到坡脚破坏机制。存在竖直裂隙的黄土边坡比完整边坡具有更小的临界高度,约束宽度及内摩擦角会对三维黄土边坡破坏机制产生影响。     

土体参数不确定性对软土隧洞掌子面稳定影响分析

岩土体参数取值对于工程设计意义较大,为更好地评估土体参数不确定性对软土隧洞掌子面稳定的影响,采用Monte-Carlo随机模拟方法,分析了土体参数变异性及样本容量水平对掌子面稳定特性的影响,提出了掌子面设计安全系数的确定方法.结合工程实例评估了设计安全系数的合理性,分析结果表明,样本容量较大时,土体参数的不确定性对软土...     

超前支护下隧道掌子面稳定性极限上限分析

软弱围岩隧道施工中,常采用超前支护确保隧道施工的安全。为了评价超前支护下隧道稳定性,建立了超前支护作用下截锥体、对数螺旋线共同破坏模型,基于极限分析上限法和综合强度折减法并考虑初期支护未支护段的影响,推导出了隧道稳定安全系数的目标函数,并利用Matlab编制程序求解该函数以此判断隧道稳定性。与模型试验结果和已有理论研究成果对比分析,验证了计算方法的合理性,同时分析了影响隧道稳定安全系数的各个因素。研究结果表明：围岩黏聚力、内摩擦角的增加,掌子面锚杆、拱部超前支护的施作对提高围岩稳定性有显著的作用,而初期支护未支护段长度、开挖高度的增加不利于围岩的稳定;在围岩内摩擦角较小时,分台阶开挖降低开挖高度提高隧道稳定性的效果更好;在围岩内摩擦角较大时,掌子面锚杆加固强度的增加对隧道稳定性提高的作用更显著。最后给出了超前支护的施工设计建议图,可为工程中初步确定超前支护参数和施工方法提供参考。     

Time dependent deformations during tunnelling and stability of tunnel faces in fine-grained soils under groundwater

The measures required for driving a tunnel below the groundwater table depend on the permeability of the soil. In coarse-grained, highly permeable soils additional measures, for example compressed-air support combined with a reduction of the permeability of the soil, e.g. induced by grouting, are necessary. Compared to this, it is possible to do without such measures in fine-grained, cohesive soils because of the increased short-term stability of the tunnel face under undrained conditions. In this publication the results of 3-dimensional finite-element calculations are presented to show the influence of the permeability of the soil and also the rate of the tunnel driving on the deformations around the tunnel as well as on the ground surface. The calculated deformations can furthermore be considered as an indicator for the time dependent stability of the tunnel face due to a higher redistribution of stresses and by that an enlargement of the plasticized zone. Usually the stability of the tunnel face is reduced by the presence of water because of the flow of water towards the tunnel. In low permeable soils undrained conditions prevail immediately after an excavation step. In this case relatively high stability-ratios may occur. The stability of the tunnel face will be reduced with increasing time until reaching the lower boundary of possible values, possibly leading to failure. If calculations are done under the assumption of drained conditions, the real stability of the tunnel face during construction may substantially exceed that of the calculated one. On the other hand, if calculations are done for undrained conditions, the effective stability may lie on the unsafe side [10]. There is therefore a big demand to optimize the method of investigating deformations around the tunnel, so as to ensure a safe tunnel excavation on the one hand and to guarantee a cost-effective process on the other. In this paper the tunnelling process is modelled by a step-by-step excavation under atmospheric conditions. The soil is described by a material model which distinguishes between primary and unload-reload stress paths and also accounts for stress-dependent stiffness parameters. The failure criterion is described by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion that considers cohesion, friction angle and angle of dilatancy.     

角钢插入式基础抗拔破坏机理研究

通过对角钢插入式基础抗拔试验,分析了角钢与混凝土之间的黏结性能及应力分布特点,探讨了角钢插入式基础抗拔破坏的影响因素,重点研究了插入式基础角钢与混凝土之间的摩擦系数的变化规律,给出了一个比较符合实际且又方便设计的平均摩擦系数。     

基于统一强度理论深埋圆形隧道围岩的剪胀分析

基于连续介质理论中岩体的剪胀角与围压和塑性剪切应变密切相关,隧洞周边岩体的应力状态因开挖卸荷而发生应力重分布,迫使其围压由原地应力逐渐衰减,塑性剪切应变不断增加,引起剪胀效应呈非线性变化。首先,基于统一强度理论和非关联流动法则,将潜在塑性区围岩按等围压释放划分为若干同心圆,提出了考虑中间主应力和非线性剪胀性的有限差分法,计算应变软化围岩的力学问题,并以实例验证其正确性。其次,通过参数分析,研究塑性区内岩体的剪胀角受中间主应力、临界软化系数和支护力的影响规律。研究结果表明,中间主应力主要影响剪胀角的峰值,随着中间主应力效应增加,剪胀峰值增加;临界软化系数主要影响剪胀角的变化率,随着临界软化系数的增加,剪胀角变化缓慢;中间主应力和临界软化系数共同影响塑性区剪胀角的变化;随着支护力的增加,洞壁处的剪胀角增加;双剪强度理论计算的位移值较小,应谨慎采用,同时采用Mohr-Coulomb强度准则时可以适当考虑围岩的承载潜力。     

Response of Vertically Loaded Pile in Clay: A Probabilistic Study

This study presents the response of a vertically loaded pile in undrained clay considering spatially distributed undrained shear strength. The probabilistic study is performed considering undrained shear strength as random variable and the analysis is conducted using random field theory. The inherent soil variability is considered as source of variability and the field is modeled as two dimensional non-Gaussian homogeneous random field. Random field is simulated using Cholesky decomposition technique within the finite difference program and Monte Carlo simulation approach is considered for the probabilistic analysis. The influence of variance and spatial correlation of undrained shear strength on the ultimate capacity as summation of ultimate skin friction and end bearing resistance of pile are examined. It is observed that the coefficient of variation and spatial correlation distance are the most important parameters that affect the pile ultimate capacity.