不同光度星系大尺度分布的交叉相关分析

在对不同光度星系大尺度分布进行空间两点相关函数分析的基础上,仍以CfA红移巡天资料为样本,对不同光度星系分布进行了交叉相关分析。结果表明,不同光度星系间的交叉相关函数仍可近似地以幂函数表示,说明不同光度星系在空间是一起成团的。但在较小尺度上((?)4—6Mpc),光度较高的星系间相关更强,而在更大一些尺度上光度较高的星系间相关减弱更快,甚至变得比与光度较低星系间的相关更弱。结合前面对自相关函数分析的结果可以看到,统计上看来,星系分布形成群和团。群或团中亮的星系形成更致密的分布而较暗的星系则在这些群和团中分布较弥散。此结果表明星系光度和其环境(密度)有关,从而从观测上为Biased星系形成理论提供了一个可能的证据。     

卫星星系的数目与中央星系性质关系的研究

卫星星系是研究星系形成的有力探针.近期的研究指出,中央星系是椭圆星系时,其卫星星系数目比旋涡星系多.为了探究这种差异,采用了新一代流体动力学模型(The Next Generation Illustris Simulations,简称TNG模拟)中TNG300-1的数据,选择了恒星质量范围为1010M⊙·h-1Mc1012M⊙·h-1的中央星系,同时根据星系的核球质量与星系的恒星质量的比值(B/T)将这个范围的中央星系划分为旋涡星系和椭圆星系.使用统计学的方法进行分析后发现:当控制暗晕质量分布,使得不同形态的中央星系所处的暗晕的质量分布完全相同时,卫星星系分布存在新的差异,即旋涡星系的卫星星系数目更多.这一结论和观测结果相反,产生这一差异的主要原因是:旋涡星系的卫星星系包含更多的冷气体,使得旋涡星系的卫星星系恒星形成效率更高.     

星系团Abell 85的光度函数

基于NASA/IPAC河外星系数据库(NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database,NED)和Sloan数字巡天(Sloan Digital Sky Survey,SDSS)第8次释放的数据(The Eighth Data Release,DR8),对星系团Abell 85(以下简称A85)的2倍动力学特征半径2r_(200)内的光度函数(Luminosity Function,LF)进行了研究.研究表明,A85的光度函数在Sloan巡天5个波段用Schechter函数均能拟合得很好.在u、g和z波段光度函数都显示出1个下凹.早型星系r波段的两个最佳拟合参数(r波段特征绝对星等和暗端的陡度)分别为M_r~*=-21.14_(-0.17)~(+0.17)mag,α=-0.83_(-0.14)~(+0.12),晚型星系为M_r~*=-21.98_(-0.98)~(+0.84)mag,α=-1.5_(-0.35)~(+0.24).早型星系的特征星等暗于晚型星系,而暗端比晚型星系要平坦得多.早型星系的光度函数在-20.5~-20.0 mag下凹.将1.5r_(200)范围内的星系按距离团中心的远近划分为3个环状区域,发现距离团中心越近,光度函数的暗端越陡,特征星等越亮.     

晚型星系金属丰度与自转速度的关系

星系物质化学组成的研究不仅对于理解有关星系形成和演化的各种物理过程具有重要意义，而且还可以对星系形成和演化的各种理论模型提供重要的约束。随着观测技术及理论工作水平的不断提高，利用星系的大量观测资料来系统地研究星系化学组成与星系宏观性质之间的关系将成为可能。星系金属丰度与光度之间的强相关性以及晚型星系金属丰度与自转速度的关系即是其中最有意义的内容之一。全面回顾了星系金属丰度与星系宏观观测性质间关系的研究历史，重点评述了晚型星系金属丰度与自转速度关系的最新研究进展，详细讨论了目前对此类关系的物理解释及其对星系形成和演化模型的影响。     

棒对星系核区恒星形成活动的影响

利用SDSS光谱,研究了IRAS卫星亮红外源星表中的盘状星系中的恒星形成性质,并着重探讨了棒对星系核区恒星形成活动的影响.利用星族合成的方法得到了每个样本星系核区的恒星组成性质、恒星形成活动的强度等信息,并比较了星系整体和核区恒星形成性质的差异.得到的结论:除去相互作用,样本中的棒星系显示出比非棒旋星系更强的核区恒星形成活动和更多的年轻星族成分.     

X射线选射电噪活动星系核的多波段性质(英文)

基于被ROSAT全天区巡天观测和射电 4.85GHz巡天观测同时探测到的活动星系核的大样本 ,研究了X射线选的射电噪活动星系核的多波段性质 .通过分析该样本中的活动星系核的宽波段能量分布 ,确认了来自射电、光学和X射线波段的辐射光度之间的显著相关性 .这种相关性对于类星体、赛弗特、蝎虎座天体和射电星系是有区别的 .同时 ,探讨了从光学到X射线波段之间的谱指数与红移以及 50 0 0 和 4.85GHz处的单色光度的相关性     

星系形成的半解析模型研究进展

基于目前流行的冷暗物质等级成团理论的星系形成的半解析模型取得了很大进展．在引入一系列合理的关于重子物质物理过程的假设，如气体冷却、恒星形成率、超新星能量反馈以后，结合N体数值模拟，星系形成的半解析模型一方面能较成功地预言许多与观测符合的近邻星系的性质，如光度函数、星系的两点相关函数、Thlly-Fisher关系、星系团中椭圆星系的颜色一星等关系等；另一方面还能较成功地预言宇宙的恒星形成历史，以及一部分高红移星系的性质，如Lyman-Break星系的数目随红移的分布．但是最近一些观测表明，半解析模型在高红移预言的大质量星系较少，且红星系数目也较观测少．重点讨论半解析模型成功与不足之处，并指出解决这些问题可能的途径。     

早型旋涡星系M81 (NGC 3031)的形态学解构研究

利用星系解构软件GALFIT通过面亮度轮廓拟合对近邻早型旋涡星系M81 (NGC 3031)进行形态学解构,旨在探究M81星系的结构组成并对其进行形态学量化.通过6种解构模式,对M81进行了不同复杂程度的结构分解,其中最复杂的解构模式包含核球、盘、外旋臂、内旋臂、星系核5个子结构.研究结果显示, M81有一个Sérsic指数约为5.0的经典核球,其形态和光度在不同解构模式中均保持稳定; M81星系盘的Sérsic指数约为1.2,但它的形态参数和光度与是否分解内旋臂相关.不同子结构的组合对作为混合体的星系整体的形态有不可忽视的影响.星系解构的结果提供了不同解构模式适用性的建议:其中核球+盘+星系核的三成分解构适用于大样本星系的核-盘研究;而考虑旋臂的复杂解构则适合于对星系子结构的精确测量,如小样本(或个源)研究.基于Spitzer-The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) 4.5μm的单波段图像的形态学解构研究是后续一系列研究的开始,在此基础上未来将会对M81进行多波段解构,同时研究不同子结构的光谱能量分布和星族性质,并推断M81各子结构的形成历史和演化过程.     

暗蓝星系计数的过剩问题

人们在极暗蓝星等处观测到数目巨大的星系，远比星系的无演化模型预计的多。随后的观测和理论发展进一步丰富了对暗蓝星系过剩问题的研究。Ｂ，Ｋ波段的星等计数、红移计数、颜色计数、成闭性等的观测是这一问题的主要观测约束。     

X线选射电噪活动星系核的多波段性质

基于被ROSAT全天区巡天观测和射电4．85GHz巡天观测同时探测到的活动星系核的大样本,研究了X射线选的射电噪活动星系核的多波段性质．通过分析该样本中的活动星系核的宽波段能量分布,确认了来自射电、光学和X射线波段的辐射光度之间的显著相关性．这种相关性对于类星体、赛弗特、蝎虎座天体和射电星系是有区别的．同时,探讨了从光学到X射线波段之间的谱指数与红移以及5000A和4．85GHz处的单色光度的相关性．     

Dwarf galaxy rotation curves and the core problem of dark matter haloes

The standard cold dark matter (CDM) model has recently been challenged by the claim that dwarf galaxies have dark matter haloes with constant-density cores, whereas CDM predicts haloes with steeply cusped density distributions. Consequently, numerous alternative dark matter candidates have recently been proposed. In this paper we scrutinize the observational evidence for the incongruity between dwarf galaxies and the CDM model. To this end, we analyse the rotation curves of 20 late-type dwarf galaxies studied by Swaters. Taking the effects of beam smearing and adiabatic contraction into account, we fit mass models to these rotation curves with dark matter haloes with different cusp slopes, ranging from constant-density cores to r ⁻² cusps. Even though the effects of beam smearing are small for these data, the uncertainties in the stellar mass-to-light ratio and the limited spatial sampling of the halo's density distribution hamper a unique mass decomposition. Consequently, the rotation curves in our sample cannot be used to discriminate between dark haloes with constant-density cores and r ⁻¹ cusps. We show that the dwarf galaxies analysed here are consistent with CDM haloes in a ΛCDM cosmology, and that there is thus no need to abandon the idea that dark matter is cold and collisionless. However, the data are also consistent with any alternative dark matter model that produces dark matter haloes with central cusps less steep than r ^−1.5. In fact, we argue that based on existing H  i rotation curves alone, at best weak limits can be obtained on cosmological parameters and/or the nature of the dark matter. In order to make progress, rotation curves with higher spatial resolution and independent measurements of the mass-to-light ratio of the disc are required.     

Galaxy–dark matter correlations applied to galaxy–galaxy lensing: predictions from the semi-analytic galaxy formation models

We use semi-analytic models of galaxy formation combined with high-resolution N -body simulations to make predictions for galaxy–dark matter correlations and apply them to galaxy–galaxy lensing. We analyse cross-power spectra between the dark matter and different galaxy samples selected by luminosity, colour or star formation rate. We compare the predictions with the recent detection by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We show that the correlation amplitude and the mean tangential shear depend strongly on the luminosity of the sample on scales below 1  h ⁻¹ Mpc, reflecting the correlation between the galaxy luminosity and the halo mass. The cross-correlation cannot, however, be used to infer the halo profile directly because different halo masses dominate on different scales and because not all galaxies are at the centres of the corresponding haloes. We compute the redshift evolution of the cross-correlation amplitude and compare it with those of galaxies and dark matter. We also compute the galaxy–dark matter correlation coefficient and show that it is close to unity on scales above 1  h ⁻¹ Mpc for all considered galaxy types. This would allow one to extract the bias and the dark matter power spectrum on large scales from the galaxy and galaxy–dark matter correlations.     

Clustering Property of Wolf-Rayet Galaxies in the SDSS

We have analysed, for the first time, the clustering properties of Wolf-Rayet (W-R) galaxies, using a large sample of 846 W-R galaxies selected from the Data Release 4 (DR4) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We compute the cross-correlation function between W- R galaxies and a reference sample of galaxies drawn from the DR4. We compare the function to the results for control samples of non-W-R star-forming galaxies that are matched closely in redshift, luminosity, concentration, 4000-A break strength and specific star formation rate (SSFR). On scales larger than a few Mpc, W-R galaxies have almost the same clustering amplitude as the control samples, indicating that W-R galaxies and non-W-R control galax- ies populate dark matter haloes of similar masses. On scales between 0.1-1 h-1 Mpc, W-R galaxies are less clustered than the control samples, and the size of the difference depends on the SSFR. Based on both observational and theoretical considerations, we speculate that this negative bias can be interpreted by W-R galaxies residing preferentially at the centers of their dark matter haloes. We examine the distribution of W-R galaxies more closely using the SDSS galaxy group catalogue of Yang et al., and find that ～82% of our W-R galaxies are the central galaxies of groups, compared to ～74% for the corresponding control galaxies. We find that W-R galaxies are hosted, on average, by dark matter haloes of masses of 1012,3 M☉, compared to 1012,1 M? For centrally-located W-R galaxies and 1012,7 M☉ For satellite ones. We would like to point out that this finding, which provides a direct observational support to our conjecture, is really very crude due to the small number of W-R galaxies and the incom- pleteness of the group catalogue, and needs more work in future with larger samples.     

Merger histories in warm dark matter structure formation scenarios

Observations on galactic scales seem to be in contradiction with recent high-resolution N -body simulations. This so-called cold dark matter (CDM) crisis has been addressed in several ways, ranging from a change in fundamental physics by introducing self-interacting cold dark matter particles to a tuning of complex astrophysical processes such as global and/or local feedback. All these efforts attempt to soften density profiles and reduce the abundance of satellites in simulated galaxy haloes. In this paper, we explore a different approach that consists of filtering the dark matter power spectrum on small scales, thereby altering the formation history of low-mass objects. The physical motivation for damping these fluctuations lies in the possibility that the dark matter particles have a different nature, i.e. are warm (WDM) rather than cold. We show that this leads to some interesting new results in terms of the merger history and large-scale distribution of low-mass haloes, compared with the standard CDM scenario. However, WDM does not appear to be the ultimate solution, in the sense that it is not able to fully solve the CDM crisis, even though one of the main drawbacks, namely the abundance of satellites, can be remedied. Indeed, the cuspiness of the halo profiles still persists, at all redshifts, and for all haloes and sub-haloes that we investigated. Despite the persistence of the cuspiness problem of DM haloes, WDM seems to be still worth taking seriously, as it alleviates the problems of over-abundant sub-structures in galactic haloes and possibly the lack of angular momentum of simulated disc galaxies. WDM also lessens the need to invoke strong feedback to solve these problems, and may provide a natural explanation of the clustering properties and ages of dwarfs.     

The effects of photoionization on galaxy formation – I. Model and results at z=0

We develop a coupled model for the evolution of the global properties of the intergalactic medium (IGM) and the formation of galaxies, in the presence of a photoionizing background due to stars and quasars. We use this model to predict the thermodynamic history of the IGM when photoionized by galaxies forming in a cold dark matter (CDM) universe. The evolution of the galaxies is calculated using a semi-analytical model, including a detailed treatment of the effects of tidal stripping and dynamical friction on satellite galaxies orbiting inside larger dark matter haloes. We include in the model the negative feedback on galaxy formation from the photoionizing background. Photoionization inhibits galaxy formation in low-mass dark matter haloes in two ways: (i) heating of the IGM and inhibition of the collapse of gas into dark haloes by the IGM pressure, and (ii) reduction in the rate of radiative cooling of gas within haloes. The result of our method is a self-consistent model of galaxy formation and the IGM. The IGM is reheated twice (during reionization of H  i and He  ii ), and we find that the star formation rate per unit volume is slightly suppressed after each episode of reheating. We find that galaxies brighter than L _★ are mostly unaffected by reionization, while the abundance of faint galaxies is significantly reduced, leading to present-day galaxy luminosity functions with shallow faint-end slopes, in good agreement with recent observational data. Reionization also affects other properties of these faint galaxies, in a readily understandable way.     

Dark matter in elliptical galaxies – I. Is the total mass density profile of the NFW form or even steeper?

Elliptical galaxies are modelled as Sérsic luminosity distributions with density profiles (DPs) for the total mass adopted from the DPs of haloes within dissipationless ΛCDM (cold dark matter) N -body simulations. Ellipticals turn out to be inconsistent with cuspy low-concentration NFW models representing the total mass distribution, neither are they consistent with a steeper −1.5 inner slope, nor with the shallower models proposed by Navarro et al., nor with NFW models 10 times more concentrated than predicted, as deduced from several X-ray observations – the mass models, extrapolated inwards, lead to local mass-to-light ratios that are smaller than the stellar value inside an effective radius ( R _e), and to central aperture velocity dispersions that are much smaller than observed. This conclusion remains true as long as there is no sharp steepening (slope < −2) of the dark matter DPs just inside 0.01 virial radii.
The very low total mass and velocity dispersion produced within R _e by an NFW-like total mass profile suggests that the stellar component should dominate the dark matter component out to at least R _e. It should then be difficult to kinematically constrain the inner slope of the DP of ellipticals. The high-concentration parameters deduced from X-ray observations appear to be a consequence of fitting an NFW model to the total mass DP made up of a stellar component that dominates inside and a dark matter component that dominates outwards.
An appendix gives the virial mass dependence of the concentration parameter, central density and total mass of the Navarro et al. model. In a second appendix are given single integral expressions for the velocity dispersions averaged along the line of sight, in circular apertures and in thin slits, for general luminosity density and mass distributions, with isotropic orbits.     

The cosmological dependence of galactic specific angular momenta

Hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation in spatially flat cold dark matter (CDM) cosmologies with and without a cosmological constant (Λ) are described. A simple star formation algorithm is employed and radiative cooling is allowed only after redshift z =1 so that enough hot gas is available to form large, rapidly rotating stellar discs if angular momentum is approximately conserved during collapse. The specific angular momenta of the final galaxies are found to be sensitive to the assumed background cosmology. This dependence arises from the different angular momenta contained in the haloes at the epoch when the gas begins to collapse and the inhomogeneity of the subsequent halo evolution. In the Λ-dominated cosmology, the ratio of stellar specific angular momentum to that of the dark matter halo (measured at the virial radius) has a median value of ∼0.24 at z =0. The corresponding quantity for the Λ=0 cosmology is over three times lower. It is concluded that the observed frequency and angular momenta of disc galaxies pose significant problems for spatially flat CDM models with Λ=0 but may be consistent with a Λ-dominated CDM universe.     

The sizes of minivoids in the local Universe: an argument in favour of a warm dark matter model?

Using high-resolution simulations within the cold dark matter (CDM) and warm dark matter (WDM) models, we study the evolution of small-scale structure in the local volume, a sphere of 8-Mpc radius around the Local Group. We compare the observed spectrum of minivoids in the local volume with the spectrum of minivoids determined from the simulations. We show that the ΛWDM model can easily explain both the observed spectrum of minivoids and the presence of low-mass galaxies observed in the local volume, provided that all haloes with circular velocities greater than 20 km s⁻¹ host galaxies. On the contrary, within the ΛCDM model the distribution of the simulated minivoids reflects the observed one if haloes with maximal circular velocities larger than  35 km s⁻¹  host galaxies. This assumption is in contradiction with observations of galaxies with circular velocities as low as 20 km s⁻¹ in our local Universe. A potential problem of the ΛWDM model could be the late formation of the haloes in which the gas can be efficiently photoevaporated. Thus, star formation is suppressed and low-mass haloes might not host any galaxy at all.