以双可区分度为准则的变形监测网非线性动态优化设计

在监测网设计阶段，不仅要考虑不同变形模型之间的可区分度，而且要研究变形与粗差的可区分度，即双可区分度，以利以后进行变形分析。文中导出了变形与粗差的可区分度，并以双可区分度为准则进行监测网非线性动态优化设计。同时给出了一个非线性直接优化算法，该算法避开了常规的台劳级数线性展开的方法，易于在计算机上实现。     

水准动态网优化设计的运动参数可区分度法

本文在分析了水准动态网的特点后，将水准动态网现有的优化设计方法──“高程精度”法、“运动参数精度”法和“灵敏度”法扩展到“运动参数可区分度”法，并导出了有关公式，给出了一个算例。     

水准动态网优化设计的运动参数可区分度法

本文在分析了水准动态网的特点后，将水准动态网现有的优化设计方法－“高程精度”法、“运动参数精度”法和“灵敏度”法扩展到“运动参数可区分度”法，并导出了有关公式，给出了一个算例。     

一、P20一般性问题

CH980001 单个备选假设的可区分/周世健(华东地质学院)…∥解放军测绘学院学报。-1997,14(4)。—235～240 在数据处理与分析,特别是变形分析中,需要进行变形模型的区分及模拟。Frstner设立多个备选假设,引入第三类错误,使用相关系数及可区分放大倍数来表示模型误差的可区分性。这种方法须把没有模型误差的函数模型作为零假设。作者把模型误差的函数模型直接作为零假设和备选假设(单个备选假设),对模型误差进行可区分度     

变形监测网的质量测度

对变形监测网络的质量测度－精度、灵敏度和可区分度进行了讨论，重点论述了它们之间的关系及应用的条件，并以算例加以论证。     

基准稳定性检验的统一模式及其应用和扩展

控制网基准稳定性的检验方法很多,本文在现有方法基础上,给出了一般平差检验模型,这个模型特色是在原平差模型中附加了待检验基准的参数和基准稳定性约束方程;导出了适用于各种情形的基准稳定性检验的统一模式,由此可方便地导出有关基准稳定性检验的实用公式。最后讨论了其在变形分析中的应用和扩展,并给出了一系列检验公式。     

控制网变形的可监测性与灵敏度

本文从模型误差假设检验的一般理论出发，导出变形模型的一个检验统计量，阐述了变形网可监测性与灵敏度的概念和原理，对测边和测角锁计算了可监测椭圆，并进行了分析。     

p-范分布母体的抽样分布

定义了Xp分布,tp分布及凡分布,导出了它们的分布密度函数。应用这些分布可对P一范分布子样进行假设检验等统计分析。     

基于条件方程的方差分量估计公式

著名的Helmert方差分量估计公式是基于间接观测平差模型导出的。基于条件观测平差模型导出了方差分量估计公式并给出了实际应用范例,且对两种模型的方差分量估计公式的等价性进行了理论证明。算例表明,文中的估计公式能正确地估计出各类观测值的方差因子。     

大角度三维基准转换的解析封闭解

传统大地测量应用中的基准转换往往涉及小角度旋转,可只考虑旋转角的一阶量采用线性化方法求解。现代空间测量技术成果应用的基准转换涉及大角度旋转,通过将旋转矩阵所有元素作为未知数并利用旋转矩阵正交条件采用附约束条件平差法迭代求解。本文以空间三维基准转换为例,采用多元模型的矩阵形式将多点坐标组成矩阵处理,并利用旋转矩阵的正交条件导出了大角度三维基准转换的解析分步解。同时引入两套公共点坐标误差对传统三维基准转换模型扩展,导出了同时顾及两套公共点坐标误差的大角度三维基准转换模型的解析解。试验表明:给出的大角度三维基准转换解析解能在实现与传统迭代解等效转换结果的同时,有效避免复杂耗时的迭代计算,提高计算效果。     

监测网的可区分测度

监测网的设计阶段，变形体的变形特性不是完全清楚的情况下，须考虑监测网的可区分测度．本文详细讨论了监测网的可区分问题，导出了有关的公式，并以算例加以分析和说明，最后论述了监测网设计的可区分准则．     

Land Use/Cover Mapping with Quad-polarization Radar and Derived Texture Measures near Wad Madani,Sudan

This study examines the relative utility of quad-polarization spaceborne radar and derived texture measures for classification of specific land cover categories at a site in east-central Sudan near the city of Wad Madani. Japanese Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) quad-polarization spaceborne radar data at 12.5 m spatial resolution were obtained for this study. Measures of variance texture were applied to the original PALSAR data over varied window sizes. Transformed divergence (TD) measures of separability were calculated in order to evaluate the best bands from the original and texture measures for classification. Results show that quad-polarization radar data and derived texture measures have high separability between different land cover classes, and therefore hold potential to attain high levels of classification accuracy. Specifically, when used individually the cross-polarization bands showed the highest separability, but when used in combination some mix of cross- and like-polarization bands had the highest separability.     

动态平差模型下形变与粗差的可区分性研究

从形变监测数据处理中常用的动态平差模型出发，推导出了研究形变与粗差可区分性的公式，给出在形变模型统计检验的同时统计检验粗差的方法与步骤，对垂直形变监测网的可区分性作了详细讨论和实例分析，得出几点结论．     

变形模型可区分度量

在监测网设计阶段，变形体的变形特性一般不是完全清楚。因此，设计的监测方案应当能有效地和足够灵敏地区分几种可能的模型。本文研究了模型的可区分度量，所用的方法具有思路明确、清晰等特点，特别适用于在设计阶段设置指标。文中通过一个模拟网的分析和讨论，说明采用模型可区分度量作为设计准则的必要性。分析的结果还和Forstner法所得的结果进行初步的比较。     

动态平差概括模型与假设检验

建立了包括各种静态平差模型和线性动态平差模型的动态平差概括模型，推导了其主要求解公式。对动态平差概括模型下的形变检验和形变与粗差的可区分性检验作了公式推导和理论分析，丰富了形变监测数据处理理论。     

A heuristic multi-criteria classification approach incorporating data quality information for choropleth mapping

ABSTRACT

Despite conceptual and technology advancements in cartography over the decades, choropleth map design and classification fail to address a fundamental issue: estimates that are statistically indifferent may be assigned to different classes on maps or vice versa. Recently, the class separability concept was introduced as a map classification criterion to evaluate the likelihood that estimates in two classes are statistical different. Unfortunately, choropleth maps created according to the separability criterion usually have highly unbalanced classes. To produce reasonably separable but more balanced classes, we propose a heuristic classification approach to consider not just the class separability criterion but also other classification criteria such as evenness and intra-class variability. A geovisual-analytic package was developed to support the heuristic mapping process to evaluate the trade-off between relevant criteria and to select the most preferable classification. Class break values can be adjusted to improve the performance of a classification.     

Multiple statistical approaches for the discrimination of mangrove species of Rhizophoraceae using transformed field and laboratory hyperspectral data

This study aims at discriminating eight mangrove species of Rhizophoraceae family of Indian east coast using field and laboratory spectra in spectral range (350–2500 nm). Parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses were applied on spectral data in four spectral modes: (i) reflectance (ii) continuum removed, (iii) additive inverse and (iv) continuum removed additive inverse. We introduced continuum removal of inverse spectra to utilize the advantage of continuum removal in reflectance region. Non-parametric test gave better separability than parametric test. Principal component analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis were applied for feature reduction and to identify optimal wavelengths for species discrimination. To quantify the separability, Jeffries–Matusita distance measure was derived. Green (550 nm), red edge (680–720 nm) and water absorption region (1470 and 1850 nm) were found to be optimal wavelengths for species discrimination. The continuum removal of additive inverse spectra gave better separability than the continuum removed spectra.     

Improving the Abel transform inversion using bending angles from FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC

The FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellite constellation has become an important tool toward providing global remote sensing data for sounding of the atmosphere of the earth and the ionosphere in particular. In this study, the electron density profiles are derived using the Abel transform inversion. Some drawbacks of this transform in LEO GPS sounding can be overcome by considering the separability concept: horizontal gradients of vertical total electron content (VTEC) information are incorporated by the inversion method, providing more accurate electron density determinations. The novelty presented in this paper with respect to previous works is the use of the phase change between the GPS transmitter and the LEO receiver as the main observable instead of the ionospheric combination of carrier phase observables for the implementation of separability in the inversion process. Some of the characteristics of the method when applied to the excess phase are discussed. The results obtained show the equivalence of both approaches but the method exposed in this work has the potentiality to be applied to the neutral atmosphere. Recent FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC data have been processed with both the classical Abel inversion and the separability approach and evaluated versus colocated ionosonde data.     

Improvement of the separability of a survey scheme for monitoring crustal deformations in the area of an active fault

 Monitoring of the crustal movements along a tectonic fault is of particular importance in the study of the mechanism of an earthquake. There are several techniques to gauge crustal deformations, including terrestrial survey methods, space-positioning techniques and permanently installed geotechnical instruments. Each technique or method has its own advantages and limitations. Integration of the various techniques into a monitoring scheme is recommended. It is discussed how a proper integrated system can significantly improve the separability of a monitoring scheme at little additional expense. Separability is the ability of a monitoring scheme to distinguish among potential deformation models, and can be used for the optimum design of monitoring schemes. Discussion concentrates on the separability between a dislocation model and a rigid movement model in the area of an active fault. The addition of a few strain observations to a conventional terrestrial survey scheme can better distinguish between the above-mentioned models. A simulated example is presented to demonstrate the idea. Received: 4 November 1997 / Accepted: 9 July 2001