复杂地表边界元-体积元波动方程数值模拟

复杂近地表引起来自深部构造的地震反射信号振幅和相位的异常变化,是影响复杂近地表地区地震资料品质的主要原因.本文采用边界元-体积元方法,通过求解含复杂地表的波动积分方程,来模拟地震波在复杂近地表构造中的传播.其中,边界元法模拟地形起伏和表层地质结构对地震波传播的影响;体积元法模拟起伏地表下非均质低降速层的影响.与其他数值...     

Probabilistic evaluation of liquefaction potential under earthquake loading

This paper presents a procedure to perform the risk analysis for ground failure by liquefaction. The first part of this study describes the differential equation of a smooth hysteretic model to characterize the behavior of the soil under random loading. The parameters of the proposed model to represent the experimental relationship are discussed. The second part of this study is to develop a method to calculate the probability that a specified volume of soil will liquefy at a given depth in the deposit. The liquefaction is defined as the result of cumulative damage caused by seismic loading. The fatigue life of soil can be determined on the basis of the N---S relationship and Miner's cumulative damage law. The rain-flow method is used to count the number of cycles of stress response of the soil deposit. Finally, the probability of liquefaction is obtained by integration over all the possible ground motion and the fragility curves of liquefaction potential. The sensitivity of the reliability against liquefaction to soil system parameters is also examined.     

CPT site characterization for seismic hazards in the New Madrid seismic zone

A series of cone penetration tests (CPTs) were conducted in the vicinity of the New Madrid seismic zone in central USA for quantifying seismic hazards, obtaining geotechnical soil properties, and conducting studies at liquefaction sites related to the 1811–1812 and prehistoric New Madrid earthquakes. The seismic piezocone provides four independent measurements for delineating the stratigraphy, liquefaction potential, and site amplification parameters. At the same location, two independent assessments of soil liquefaction susceptibility can be made using both the normalized tip resistance (q_c1N) and shear wave velocity (V_s1). In lieu of traditional deterministic approaches, the CPT data can be processed using probability curves to assess the level and likelihood of future liquefaction occurrence.     

The discrete wave number formulation of boundary integral equations and boundary element methods: A review with applications to the simulation of seismic wave propagation in complex geological structures

We review the application of the discrete wave number method to problems of scattering of seismic waves formulated in terms of boundary integral equation and boundary element methods. The approach is based on the representation of the diffracting surfaces and interfaces of the medium by surface distributions of sources or by boundary source elements, the radiation from which is equivalent to the scattered wave field produced by the diffracting boundaries. The Green's functions are evaluated by the discrete wave number method, and the boundary conditions yield a linear system of equations. The inversion of this system allows the calculation of the full wave field in the medium. We investigate the accuracy of the method and we present applications to the simulation of surface seismic surveys, to the diffraction of elastic waves by fractures, to regional crustal wave propagation and to topographic scattering.     

基于螺旋线上谱因式分解的地震波场隐式辛算法

均匀介质、复杂各向同性介质和各向异性介质中的地震波传播过程,可用统一形式的标量声波方程描述.考虑到在无损耗条件下,地震波方程描述了地震波场这一个无穷维的哈密顿体系随时间的演化过程,该过程为一个单参数连续辛变换,因而可以在其哈密顿形式表述下导出其辛格式.与显式辛算法相比,隐式辛格式对应的隐式辛几何算法具有无条件稳定的特点,可以允许较大的计算步长.但是由于隐式算法不可避免地面临高阶矩阵的求逆,其每一步的计算速度较慢.为实现矩阵快速求逆,文中采用了螺旋边界条件下谱因式分解的方法.在螺旋边界条件下,需要求逆的矩阵化为带状矩阵,而且其各列非零元素的位置和大小具有非常好的相似性,因而可以采用谱因式分解的方法实现快速LU分解.文中采用二阶精度的隐式蛙跳辛格式和谱因式分解方法,计算了常速度、层状介质和Marmousi模型中的波场.计算表明,隐式辛算法不失为波场计算的一种好方法.     

波浪作用下成层海床孔隙水压力响应的简化分析

采用不排水条件下孔隙水压力发展模式,作为Terzagh i一维固结方程中考虑波浪循环作用所引起的孔隙水压力源项,对于成层海床建立了推广的一维动力固结方程,运用数理方程中的分离变量法与G reen函数求解了成层海床在波浪作用下残余孔隙水压力的发展规律,进而对成层海床的液化势进行了评判。对比计算与分析表明,海床表层土的渗透性及其厚度对于海床的整体抗液化性能具有显著的影响,低渗透性的表层导致海床孔隙水压力的显著积累,此时表层置换法是防治液化的有效途径。     

基于流变体模型的波恩近似方程地震正演模拟

常规τ值法假设应力松弛时间与应变延迟时间近似相等, 造成了常Q模型拟合精度低. 本文利用精确的广义流变体模型Q值计算公式, 研究改进的τ值法求解常Q模型参数. 根据地震波散射理论, 推导了基于广义流变体模型的黏滞性介质一阶波恩近似方程, 结合位移-速度关系得到了含卷积完全匹配层边界条件的黏滞性介质应力-速度方程的一阶波恩近似表达式. 通过数值实验验证并对比了黏滞性介质中全波波动方程、 一阶波恩近似方程以及单程波波动方程的波场特征, 讨论了基于流变体模型的黏滞性介质一阶波恩近似方程对速度扰动和Q扰动的适应性, 以及对旅行时和振幅精度的影响.      

模拟地震波传播的三维逐元并行谱元法

高效地震波场正演模拟对于复杂模型中地震波传播与成像研究至关重要.本文在谱元法原理框架内,对已有逐元谱元法改进,提出一种新的逐元并行谱元法求解三维地震波运动方程,并得到地震波场.逐元并行谱元法的核心思想在于在单元上进行质量矩阵与解向量的乘积运算,并将此运算平均分配至每一个CPU计算核心,此处理有利提升谱元法的并行计算效率...     

Seismic characterization of the shore sand at Catania

In the framework of the Catania Project supported by GNDT (Gruppo Nazionale per la Difesa dai Terremoti) seismic measurements have been carried out in the shore sands of Catania to define their detailed shear wave velocity (V) profiles and attenuation properties (Q). The method used, FTAN, is based on the analysis of the dispersion curve extracted from signals generated by controlled sources. The computation of complete synthetic seismograms enables the estimation of the attenuation properties of the surface layers. Hereinafter we analyse the shear seismic characteristics of the shore sands as indicators of potential liquefaction phenomena.     

傅里叶有限差分法保幅叠前深度偏移方法

地震数据中饱含有丰富的走时信息和振幅信息. 为解决传统偏移方法中几何扩散和入射角变化引起的振幅误差问题,本文提出了一种实用的波动方程保幅地震偏移方法. 该方法从全声波方程出发进行单程波保幅分解,得到直观、高效率的直接面对地震波传播波场的压力分量进行延拓的保幅偏移单程波方程,进而推导出一个含有6项的傅里叶有限差分法保幅偏移的算子方程;修改边界条件和成像条件,使修改后的边界条件和成像方程中考虑振幅补偿,从而从三方面补偿几何扩散损失和入射角变化对振幅的影响. 脉冲响应测试、单炮记录的数值试验以及SEG/EAGE盐丘模型的叠前偏移结果表明,该方法不但可以使散射能量聚焦、归位,提高成像精度;而且可以输出正确反映地下反射系数的振幅信息,为后续的地震属性分析(如AVO/AVA)提供更真实的地震信息.     

Effect of travelling waves on stochastic seismic response and dynamic reliability of a long-span bridge on soft soil

It is generally known that the variability of earthquake ground motion is mainly in time and space. To investigate the impact of this variability on the seismic performance of a long-span flexible structure, we discuss the seismic dynamic responses of a real bridge subjected to stochastic seismic ground motion. We incorporate the effect of wave passage by means of the method of probability density evolution based on dynamic time-history analysis from the perspective of stochastic dynamics. First, we introduce the theory of probability density evolution and a category of stochastic seismic model. We then conduct a series of deterministic seismic dynamic analyses of the bridge to establish the probability density equation. Eventually, we obtain the probability information at the level of the probability density function of the seismic response by solving the probability-density evolution equation. The results show that the impact of travelling waves on a long-span structure is related to the characteristics of the earthquake ground motion and the structure, and that travelling waves increase the variability of the seismic response.     

砂土液化引起大位移对地下管道影响的非线性分析

地下管线是生命线工程的主要部分,已经成为现代工农业生产和城镇生活的大动脉。已有震害调查表明,饱和砂土液化引起的地基大变形(侧向变形和沉降)是导致强震区生命线工程震害的主要原因。采用三维非线性有限差分分析方法来研究砂土液化引起的大位移对地下管道的破坏特征,分析砂土液化的斜坡变形特征、孔隙水的演化过程。结果表明,砂土液化引起的大位移对地下管道有破坏作用,导致管道变形规律与其斜坡的位移规律相同,地下管线的变形随着振动频率和幅值的增加其非线性增大。     

以剪切波速为宗量的一种砂土地震液化的不确定性判别法

利用基于剪切波速的砂土液化判别法，本文提出了一种可考虑剪切波速的随机性和液化及液化危害等级的模糊性的液化和液化危害等级的判别法。作者首先讨论了当剪切波速具有随机性时液化的发生概率，进而给出了确定场地液化和危害程度的发生概率。在此基础上，结合液化和液化危害程度（等级）的模糊性，利用模糊事件的概率分析方法，提出了可同时考虑随机性和模糊性的场地液化和液化危害性的发生概率的计算方法。     

Threshold seismic energy and liquefaction distance limit during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

Estimating the possible region of liquefaction occurrence during a strong earthquake is highly valuable for economy loss estimation, reconnaissance efforts and site investigations after the event. This study identified and compiled a large amount of liquefaction case histories from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China, to investigate the relationship between the attenuation of seismic wave energy and liquefaction distance limit during this earthquake. Firstly, we introduced the concept of energy absorption ratio, which is defined as the absorbed energy of soil divided by the imparted energy of seismic waves at a given site, and the relationship between the energy absorption ratio and the material damping ratio was established based on shear stress–strain loop of soil element and the seismic wave propagation process from the source to the site. Secondly, the threshold imparted seismic energy of liquefaction was obtained based on existing researches of absorbed energy required to trigger liquefaction of sandy soils and the ground motion attenuation characteristics of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, and the liquefaction distance limit of this earthquake was estimated according to the proposed magnitude–energy–distance relationship. Finally, the field liquefaction database of 209 sites of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was used to validate such an estimation, and the field observed threshold imparted seismic energy to cause liquefaction in recent major earthquakes worldwide was back-analyzed to check the predictability of the present method, and several possible mechanisms were discussed to explain the discrepancy between the field observations and the theoretical predictions. This study indicates that seismic energy attenuation and liquefaction distance limit are regional specific and earthquake dependent, and 382 J/m³ is the average level of threshold imparted seismic energy to cause liquefaction for loose saturated sandy soils, and the corresponding liquefaction distance limit is approximately 87.4 km in fault distance for a M_w?=?7.9 event in the Chengdu Plain. The proposed regional energy attenuation model and threshold imparted seismic energy may be considered as an approximate tool in evaluating the liquefaction hazard during potential earthquakes in this area.     

横向地震波冲击下建筑结构稳定性变化分析

高层EPS法分析横向地震波冲击下建筑结构稳定性变化时,未进行横向地震波随机过程数学模拟,获取的横向地震波与实测不符,提出一种新的横向地震波冲击下建筑结构稳定性变化分析方法,采用三角级数型非平稳随机过程模型函数,模拟横向地震波非平稳性特征,得到横向地震波模拟曲线,根据该曲线建立建筑结构稳定性动力运动方程,运用Hilber-Hughes-Taylor递推格式求解该方程的安全系数,安全系数越高建筑结构稳定性越强。为研究建筑结构在横向地震波反复荷载作用下的稳定性状态,运用弹塑性损伤模型模拟建筑结构核心筒墙体混凝土,得到用于分析建筑结构稳定性的最大、最小特征值。实验结果表明,所提方法能够分析建筑结构稳定性变化,横向地震波冲击前5 s对建筑结构稳定性影响最大。     

倾斜地层地震液化和滑移的有限元分析

应用饱和多孔介质动力学分析倾斜地层的土壤动力线性反应、液化和液化滑移问题，地下水位上的地层简化为单相介质层，饱和夹砂层看作是两相介质，水是可压缩的，采用双曲线非线性本构关系，考虑了砂土的剪胀性、刚度退化、滞回特性和土水相对运动等因素。基于土力学模型，建立了适用于分析非自由场地液化的动力方程组，基于是否考虑发生渗流问题，同时建立了两种离散形式：一种是以土骨架位移和水位移为未知量的矩阵方程，另一种是以土骨架位移、水位移和孔隙水压力为未知量的矩阵方程，初步分析了适用于多孔介质波动模拟的离散模型的人工边界问题，形成的方法将有助于问题的解决。     

Coupled dynamic elastic–plastic analysis of earth structures

A fully coupled finite element code based on mixture theory is developed. Prévost's multi-surface constitutive model is tailored to three-dimensional loads and used to predict effective stresses. A new viscous boundary is implemented to avoid wave reflections towards the structure. In contrast to traditional methods, this boundary is able to absorb the two dilatational waves and the shear wave.Two soil deposits and two dams, with different slopes, composed by loose and dense sands have been subjected to the Pacoima accelerogram. Results show how the liquefaction propagates in the soil deposits and earth dams. The importance of the coupling between dilatancy–contractancy and filtration is highlighted by a parametric investigation. Phenomena such as liquefaction and cyclic mobility are reproduced, indicating the robustness of the constitutive model and finite element simulations. As an outcome of the parametric analysis, the seismic stability of dams cannot be improved by decreasing the upstream or downstream slopes.     

非规则测区三维地震偏移的边界吸收层法

对不规则测区的地震资料直接进行三维偏移不仅可减少计算量,而且可提高偏移剖面的质量. 本文在单程波方程中增加了一项简单的阻尼因子,其作用如同在实际不规则测区的外部有一个薄吸收层. 因为波穿越这个薄层时,波场值迅速衰减,所以偏移时把吸收层外边界处的波场值取为零所产生的反射非常微弱. 又因为不规则测区零边界条件偏移程序极易编制,所以就可以实现对不规则测区的地震资料直接进行三维偏移. 通过对实际地震资料的处理,说明了该方法的有效性.     

Evaluation for Earthquake Liquefaction of Loess Sites

ugh the sinusoid loading dynamic triaxial test, the liquefaction property of saturated loess and sand selected from a civil airport of Lanzhou, Gansu is examined. Based on the laboratory results, a comprehensive assessment on the earthquake liquefaction potential of the loess and sand is given, using the liquefaction resistance shear stress method and the results of seismic hazard assessment. It is found that under the effect of ground motion with exceedance probability of 10% within 50 years, the loess in the study is more susceptible to liquefaction than sand.     

Earthquake site effect modeling in the Granada basin using a 3-D indirect boundary element method

In this work, we develop the indirect boundary element method (IBEM) to simulate the seismic site response in a realistic, large-scale 3-D sedimentary basin. Most previous applications of boundary element method have used full-space Green’s functions for wave propagation between element points. We use half-space Green’s functions, which include the seismic wavefield interactions at the free surface and require only the boundary elements of the basin interface. In this way, the size of the matrix equation for solution in the IBEM can be reduced to approximately a quarter of that using full-space Green’s functions. The site response modeling of the Granada basin in southern Spain using the IBEM shows that the basin-induced scattering waves were identified as propagating back and forth inside the basin. The scattered waves also generate surface waves that are weakly propagated outside of the basin. The wave propagation inside and outside of the basin shows different patterns. We observe that the scattered wave is locally amplified, and its propagation direction deviates from that of the incident waves propagation direction. Therefore, the computed seismic response in the basin could provide us with good estimates of the seismic motion.