古生代珊瑚研究与理论古生物学有关问题

本文首先介绍了理论古生物学的几个主要方面，包括：演化程式方面的种系渐变论，间断平衡论和间断渐变论，宏演化演化，新灾变论和均一论；分类学方面的分支系统学，进化系统学和数值分类学；生物古地理学方面的扩散模式和隔离分化模式；还有生物结晶学和生物矿物学，然后简要回顾了珊瑚的研究历史，讨论了古生代珊瑚骨骼形成的基本形式，骨骼结构的基本单元和组合方式，系统分类与演化阶段及全球生物古地理，最后提出了古生物学研究     

分支系统学及微板块假设——国外古生物学新动向之二

本文介绍古生物学新理论的另外二个方面:分类学方面的分支系统学及古生物地理学的新应用领域——微板块假设。 一、分支系统学Cladistics 或系谱系统学Phylogenetic Systematics Ⅰ.含义 这一名词顾名思义是主张严格地按照演化的系谱进行分类。Cladistics一词来自clade(分支)。分支是由一个单个祖先系列演发出的各系列的总和,犹如带有各桠枝的一段树枝,祖先系列是其主干,各后代系列是桠枝。分支系统学认为生物分类应当首先搞清各系列的亲缘关系,建立分支,作为分类基础,而排斥任何非亲缘关系的分类。分枝系统学的基本     

进化序列系统学——以二叠纪瓦岗珊瑚类为例

进化序列系统学是古生物学中研究物种间和类别间的系统发育关系为目的的学科, 包括研究物种或类别间的亲缘关系, 并确定它们形成的先后序列.表型-分支系统学是该系统学的基础.分支系统学的许多重要概念在该系统学中加入了时间的含义, 例如, 认为最亲近的姐妹种之间的时间间隔不会超过它们母种的生存期.姐妹群和性状镶嵌分析是进化序列研究的主要方法, 而理解性状镶嵌分布是关键.这些分析可由计算机程序实现.以二叠纪瓦岗珊瑚类作为研究进化序列系统学的实例, 该类在特提斯地区广泛分布.通过对瓦岗珊瑚类的特征分析确定了17个性状用于研究, 并且每一性状确定了几个变化状态.根据最广布的性状状态、化石记录和个体发生等原则分辨出近祖性状状态, 并根据性状在系统发育中的重要性确定性状分级.然后, 确定了姐妹群间的关系和物种间的进化序列.在姐妹群与进化序列分析相互检验中可发现性状退化、平行演化和多向分支等古生物学重要现象, 并分辨出物种的异常顺序.在检验生物地层学首次出现事件讨论中推测了一些化石首次出现的可能层位.      

三叠纪小嘴贝类（Rhynchonellids）的表型—分支系统学

表型一分支系统学在方法上吸取数学系统学和分支系统学的优点,避免它们的缺点,是一种综合方法。本文以三叠纪小嘴贝类的47属为材料进行表型一分支系统学的研究。在性状状态分析的基础上,以距离量作为参数对47属作聚类分析,其主要结果获得各属之间总体相似程度,同时提出了对于分支分析十分有用语的信息,尤其关于祖一裔关系的信息。以近裔共性作为分支分析研究亲缘关系的主要标准,结合其它标准作出分支图。这种分支关系只是分类的一个依据,要作出合理的分类还必须研究各类间的性状状态的差异量,以确定分类的阶元。     

20世纪古生物学的重大进展及21世纪战略重点

20世纪人类积累了大量的生物学、分类学和生物地层数据，这些数据的积累使用进化论和门德尔遗传学结合起来，如遗传学和物种起源、分类学和物种起源、演化的速率和模式、分支系统学等的运用使得古生物学在研究方法上有了新的进展。并提出了21世纪古生物学的战略重点。     

国外古生物学理论的新进展

本文将简述国外古生物学理论方面的进展,包括间断平衡论,分支系统学,古生态学各分支和古生物地理学生微板块假没中的应用。古生物学在其它方面的进展,特别是数学方法的广泛应用和微古生物学各领域的迅速发展,将不涉及。     

武汉志留纪兰多维列世盔甲鱼类新材料

汉阳鱼作为湖北武汉地区古生代鱼类的代表,其真实形态一直未被确定下来,同时关于汉阳鱼目内部的系统发育学关系也只停留在其下两个属种的讨论上,并未对其开展详细的分析讨论.采用形态学和分支系统学的方法,对湖北武汉兰多维列世清水组上部的盔甲鱼类新材料进行了详细研究,建立了汉阳鱼科一新属新种:意外洪山鱼（Hongshanaspis inexpectatus gen.et sp.nov.),同时修订了汉阳鱼属的部分特征.新属以头甲呈宽大于长的梯形和横长的长条形中背孔等特征而归属于汉阳鱼科,同时又以头甲侧缘从眶孔往后逐渐由光滑变为锯齿状,椭圆形的背位眶孔,发育8对侧横管和细小粒状的突起纹饰等特征区别于汉阳鱼科其他属种.分支系统学显示,汉阳鱼目并未组成一个单系类群,其下的汉阳鱼科的属种也并未组成一个单系类群,而是一个多分支形式,但其下的修水鱼科的属种却组成了一个单系类群.相关的相标志表明,相比于锅顶山汉阳鱼,意外洪山鱼生活在水体更深的潮控三角洲环境中.      

层序地层学派生分支多

<正> 近几年来,层序地层学在应用和发展中产生了多个分支,这些分支有层序生物地层学、成岩层序地层学、高分辨率层序地层学、高频层序地层学、层序充填动力学等。     

地球系统科学时代的高分辨综合地层学

高分辨年代地层系统是地球系统科学研究的基础。高分辨综合地层学试图建立分辨率小于一个生物带的地层单元并使地层对比的误差小于一个生物带。本文将目前用于建立年代地层系统的方法划分为三类:生物地层学、现代地层学的不同分支学科和同位素年代地层学,讨论了不同地层学方法的优势和不足。任何一种地层学方法的分辨率都是有限的,综合地层学为实现地层高分辨划分和高精度对比提供一个有效的途径。生物地层建立可信的相对年代地层格架,现代地层学手段有助于实现高分辨划分和高精度对比,同位素年代地层学赋予生物地层界线和其他地层界线绝对年龄。三者结合共同构成了高分辨综合地层学。     

全息地层学原理与方法综述

全息地层学是以全球旋回地层学和高分辨率事件地层学为基础，综合生物地层学、磁性地层学、化学层学以及构造地层学等地层学各个分支的研究结果，以崭新的思路，全方位地开发和提取出沉积记录中所蕴涵的各类地层学信息，从而以极高的时间精度划分对比地层的综合性地层学。     

石珊瑚目的早期系统发育和系统分类研究

石珊瑚目是中新生代的重要造礁生物。直到中三叠世才大量出现多种石珊瑚化石,距二叠纪末生物大灭绝、古生代皱壁珊瑚和床板珊瑚灭亡14 Ma之久。石珊瑚的起源和早期系统发育,成为生物大灭绝及复苏的一个难题。文章目的是综述多学科研究石珊瑚早期系统发育的进展,以及多家系统分类,展望前景。研究方法有骨骼构造与微细构造及软体的对比,时空分布分析,寻找早期珊瑚化石及分子生物学等。研究结果主要有石珊瑚可能起源于只有软体的海葵类,发现早期石珊瑚化石,以及石珊瑚在300 Ma之前已演化为两支,但还有不少空白和争议。结论是为了查明石珊瑚的早期系统演化和分类,需要加强古生物与今生物学者多学科交叉的综合研究,努力寻找中间环节,填补研究空白。     

二纺蛛总科（蜘蛛目：新蛛下目）蜘蛛化石研究进展

二纺蛛总科包括5个现生科、5个化石科以及一些科级位置未定的化石物种,是蜘蛛目中较为古老的一个类群。目前已知最早的二纺蛛总科化石记录可以追溯到早侏罗世,但分子系统发育研究推测其起源时间为二叠纪。二纺蛛总科蜘蛛在中生代最为繁盛,化石物种相对较多,是蜘蛛化石类群的重要组成部分。而现生二纺蛛总科蜘蛛十分稀少,且主要分布在热带和亚热带地区。近年来的系统发育研究认为二纺蛛总科可能是复杂生殖器类的姐妹群,是蜘蛛演化研究的关键类群。因此,本文对二纺蛛总科分类系统的研究历史进行了回顾,总结了二纺蛛总科化石类群在不同地质历史时期的组成和分布,统计了二纺蛛总科蜘蛛化石的名录。目前,二纺蛛总科蜘蛛化石分类研究基础薄弱,部分化石类群的系统位置存疑,二纺蛛总科内部系统发育关系尚不清晰。在将来的研究中,需要利用多种技术手段获取化石材料的形态学信息,打好分类学基础;结合化石类群和现生类群进行系统发育分析;进而联系古地理、古生态、生物学行为等研究,全方位分析二纺蛛总科的自然演化历史。     

二纺蛛总科（蜘蛛目：新蛛下目）蜘蛛化石研究进展

二纺蛛总科包括5个现生科、5个化石科以及一些科级位置未定的化石物种,是蜘蛛目中较为古老的一个类群。目前已知最早的二纺蛛总科化石记录可以追溯到早侏罗世,但分子系统发育研究推测其起源时间为二叠纪。二纺蛛总科蜘蛛在中生代最为繁盛,化石物种相对较多,是蜘蛛化石类群的重要组成部分。而现生二纺蛛总科蜘蛛十分稀少,且主要分布在热带和亚热带地区。近年来的系统发育研究认为二纺蛛总科可能是复杂生殖器类的姐妹群,是蜘蛛演化研究的关键类群。因此,本文对二纺蛛总科分类系统的研究历史进行了回顾,总结了二纺蛛总科化石类群在不同地质历史时期的组成和分布,统计了二纺蛛总科蜘蛛化石的名录。目前,二纺蛛总科蜘蛛化石分类研究基础薄弱,部分化石类群的系统位置存疑,二纺蛛总科内部系统发育关系尚不清晰。在将来的研究中,需要利用多种技术手段获取化石材料的形态学信息,打好分类学基础;结合化石类群和现生类群进行系统发育分析;进而联系古地理、古生态、生物学行为等研究,全方位分析二纺蛛总科的自然演化历史。     

On Evolutionary Sequence Systematics: Taking Permian Waagenophylloid Coral Fauna as an Example

INTRoDUCTIONEvolutionarysequencesystematicsisadisciplineinpale-ontologyandbiology,themainpurposeofwhichistostudyphylogeneticsystemoforganisms.Twojobsareincludedinthediscipline:(l)tounderstandkinshipamongspeciesortaxa,and(2)toshowtheirevolutionarysequence.Hennig(1966)definedtheconceptofphylogeneticrelationshipasthat:ThespeciesBandCcamefromasameancestor,butthespeciesAdidnotcomefromtheancestor,Therefore,there-lationshipbetweenspeciesBandCiscloserthanspeciesA.Thisdefinitioncontainsonlythef…     

Ancient dna from pleistocene fossils: Preservation, recovery, and utility of ancient genetic information for quaternary research

Until recently, recovery and analysis of genetic information encoded in ancient DNA sequences from Pleistocene fossils were impossible. Recent advances in molecular biology offered technical tools to obtain ancient DNA sequences from well-preserved Quaternary fossils and opened the possibilities to directly study genetic changes in fossil species to address various biological and paleontological questions. Ancient DNA studies involving Pleistocene fossil material and ancient DNA degradation and preservation in Quaternary deposits are reviewed. The molecular technology applied to isolate, amplify, and sequence ancient DNA is also presented. Authentication of ancient DNA sequences and technical problems associated with modern and ancient DNA contamination are discussed. As illustrated in recent studies on ancient DNA from proboscideans, it is apparent that fossil DNA sequence data can shed light on many aspects of Quaternary research such as systematics and phylogeny. conservation biology, evolutionary theory, molecular taphonomy, and forensic sciences. Improvement of molecular techniques and a better understanding of DNA degradation during fossilization are likely to build on current strengths and to overcome existing problems, making fossil DNA data a unique source of information for Quaternary scientists.     

Depositional setting and vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Triassic Dockum Group of Texas

Triassic strata of the Dockum Group in Texas comprise two major upward-fining alluvial-lacustrine depositional sequences. The two sequences are represented by the (1) Santa Rosa-Tecovas, and (2) Trujillo-Cooper Canyon Formations. The second sequence is much thicker than the first, and occupies a greater geographic part of the Dockum basin. Each sequence of alluvial and lacustrine sediment accumulation is characterized by sediment derivation from a different source terrain. The unconformable relationship between the two depositional sequences, the change in mineralogical composition and presumed source areas between these units, differences in paleocurrent orientation between units, and evidence for intervening episodes of local deformation indicate that the sequences are of tectonic origin. These strata are not the product of a single sediment dispersal system, such as the centripetally-drained lacustrine delta complex previously envisioned for the Dockum basin. Both Dockum sequences are comprised largely of two typical alluvial facies associations; stream channel facies, and overbank flood-plain facies, that are similar to those described in nearly all fluvial deposits. In addition, the Dockum Group contains a peculiar lacustrine facies that accumulated in local flood-plain depressions, and probably resulted from subsidence over areas of subsurface salt dissolution. Vertebrate fossil assemblages are found in all three Dockum facies associations. Five fossiliferous sites in the Dockum are discussed in the context of these three depositional settings. The Dockum tetrapod diversity is reviewed in a hierarchical phylogeny with remarks on the history of collection, stratigraphic distribution of genera, and their taxonomic status. The stratigraphic ranges of tetrapod taxa do not support the recently proposed successive Otischalkian, Adamanian, Revueltian, and Apachean biochrons within the Dockum Group. Instead, a few index fossils provide a broad framework for correlation of Late Triassic nonmarine strata of the Dockum with the Carnian and Norian Alpine marine stages.     

华南奥斯坦(Orsten)型保存化石的研究进展及展望

奥斯坦(Orsten)型保存化石是一类个体微小却三维保存软躯体的、表皮次生磷酸盐化的以节肢动物为主的化石。和澄江生物群化石不同的是,奥斯坦型保存化石无明显受垂向挤压变形,是一种特殊的保存方式。奥斯坦型保存化石呈现出精美的生物活体时的形态特征,对研究节肢动物的生长模式、系统分类及个体发育提供了重要的形态证据。二十多年来,中国的古生物学家锲而不舍地在寒武纪地层里找寻这类化石。中国的南方是世界奥斯坦型化石重要的产出地之一,其潜在的化石资源有待深入研究,研究前景具有挑战性。     

Antiquity and long-term morphological stasis in a group of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): Description of the oldest Octavius species from Cretaceous Burmese amber and a review of the “Euaesthetine subgroup” fossil record

The Staphylinine group of rove beetle subfamilies is a significant animal radiation, and one subordinate monophyletic clade – the ‘Euaesthetine subgroup’ – includes around 3000 species in subfamilies Euaesthetinae and Steninae and has a fossil record dating to the Early Cretaceous. Detailed morphological study of a new well-preserved Cretaceous Burmese amber fossil revealed strong evidence consistent with its taxonomic placement in the euaesthetine genus Octavius. We thus describe Octavius electrospinosus sp. nov., the first Cretaceous record of the genus and of the tribe Euaesthetini. Previously, the oldest records of Octavius and Euaesthetini were from the Eocene (Baltic amber) and discovery of O. electrospinosus sp. nov. therefore nearly doubles the minimum lineage age of Octavius, increasing it by 50 million years. We also briefly review the known Euaesthetine subgroup fossil record and tabulate summary data for all previously described fossils. All are placed in extant genera, and have visible diagnostic generic-level characters including some putative synapomorphies as judged by recent phylogenetic work. Including O. electrospinosus sp. nov., there are now four known Cretaceous species, all of which belong to either Octavius, Nordenskioldia, or Stenus. To explain the long-term morphological stasis in this group of rove beetles, we suggest that the continuous presence of mesic habitats may have buffered these lineages from strong selection for morphological change. Considering the fossils along with phylogenetic hypotheses we suggest the Euaesthetine subgroup originated in the Late Jurassic– Early Cretaceous and the Staphylinine group in the Early Jurassic. We emphasize the derived status of Cretaceous fossils in assessing possible divergence times and the significance of the pre-Cretaceous taphonomic bias for restricting more robust estimates. Further detailed morphological study of available fossils in a phylogenetic framework is badly needed to clarify the phylogenetic positions of these taxa.     

New lacewings (Insecta,Neuroptera, Osmylidae,Nymphidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber and Crato Formation in Brazil

One new osmylid genus and species, Burmaleon magnificus, and one new nymphid genus and species Rafaelnymphes cratoensis are described, respectively based on inclusions in the Cretaceous Burmese amber and on a compression fossil from the Crato Formation in Brazil. The nymphid Araripenymphes seldeni, from the Crato Formation, is redescribed on the basis of a new specimen, showing possible sexual dimorphism in wing coloration, a feature extremely rare among the Neuroptera. In a recently published phylogenetic analysis of the family, the attribution to the fossil taxa (versus rejection) of the larval characters proper to the modern nymphids, has a crucial impact on the resolution of the phylogeny. The compression fossils currently attributed to the Nymphidae should be revised because their wing venation alone is not really sufficient for an accurate family attribution to Nymphidae rather than to another family of Neuroptera (viz. Osmylidae).