天体自转四极引力辐射功率公式的近似改正

本文对于天体的几何形状、自转、内应力、内部运动和自引力等提出假设,计算得到天体自转四极引力辐射功率公式改正的明显表达式,并估算了脉冲星PSR1937+214的引力辐射功率。     

黑洞的搜寻和证认（Ⅱ）：脉冲星—黑洞（PSR—BH）双星系统的研究和搜寻

综述了脉冲星－黑洞系统的诞生率理论并指出近期发现该系统的可能性。通过综述和分析脉冲星－中子星系统的观测特性，特别是脉冲星精确守时性对精确确定双星轨道参量和验证引力理论的重要意义。     

引力波引起的脉冲星计时残差模拟与分析

为了能将引力波引起的脉冲星计时残差从总的脉冲星计时残差中分离出来,我们介绍了3种形式的引力波(单一持续的引力波、单一瞬时的引力波和随机引力波背景)及其对脉冲星计时残差的影响,并利用脉冲星计时处理软件Tempo2进行了模拟,对模拟得到的这三种引力波源引起的脉冲星计时残差进行了分析比较。该工作在脉冲星时间尺度的建立及其应用方面具有参考意义。     

脉冲星的光度、磁场和演化

中子星是恒星在核能源已经耗尽的情况下引力坍缩的产物。它仍然具有很高的温度 ,热能将以黑体辐射的形式辐射出去 ,但是这种能量通过各种冷却过程而耗散 ,不可能是脉冲星的主要能源。脉冲星的引力特别强 ,如果它是双星系统的成员 ,而且伴星不是致密星时 ,伴星的物质有可能被吸积到脉冲星上 ,被吸积物质的引力势能可以转化为别的能量形式 ,Ｘ射线脉冲双星就属于这种情形。但是大多数脉冲星不是双星系统 ,在约占脉冲星总数 5%的双星系统中 ,绝大多数的伴星都是白矮星或中子星 ,所以引力能不是脉冲星的主要能源。脉冲星的能量来自何方 ?地球有…     

脉冲星的视束宽分布和磁倾角的演化

本文根据脉冲星极冠模型,在脉冲星自转轴取向为随机分布的情况下,导出了磁倾角取不同值时的视束宽的条件分布密度公式。根据该公式和视束宽的实际分布密度数据,求出了按年龄划分的各组脉冲星的磁倾角分布密度。结果表明,小磁倾角的脉冲星居多(φ<30°的占73％),磁倾角有着明显地随年龄增长而减小的趋势。     

脉冲星计时技术及其应用

简述脉冲星发现和计时观测的概况。文中概述脉冲星计时的物理模型和计算用的各种钦件,特别是全球广泛应用的TEMPO2软件,并描述脉冲星计时阵的概念和国际脉冲星计时阵。对脉冲星计时观测应用:建立脉冲星时标、改进行星历表(包括外行星质量测定和海外天体的发现)、检测引力波、测定脉冲星的旋转和天体测量参数、脉冲星自主导航、相对论引力理论的验证等作了介绍。最后,对我国开展此项工作的情况给予简要描述,并提出若干建议。     

关于脉冲星的磁层结构

本文讨论有力场的脉冲星磁层结构。用极角展开的方法。可以得到轴对称脉冲星方程组的局部解。本文特别讨论了极轴附近和赤道面附近的区域。在脉冲星表面附近磁能密度比其他能量密度大,远离脉冲星表面处,引力势能和转动动能相对较大,这些因素会影响脉冲星磁层中的物质分布。分析表明,等离子体的转动可能是非刚性的,因而可能不存在一个闭场的共转区域。     

黑洞的搜寻和证认(II):脉冲星-黑洞(PSR-BH)双星系统的研究和搜寻

综述了脉冲星-黑洞（PSR－BH）系统的诞生率理论并指出近期发现该系统的可能性。通过综述和分析脉冲星-中子星（PSR－NS）系统的观测特性,特别是脉冲星精确守时性对精确确定双星轨道参量和验证引力理论的重要意义,推测了PSR－BH系统的可能性质,指出发现PSR-BH系统对黑洞的搜寻和最终证认的重要意义。最后简介目前搜寻PSR-BH系统的现状和我们搜寻短轨道周期脉冲双星的计划。     

高阶引力理论及其在星系旋转 曲线中应用的可能性

介绍了建立高阶引力理论（该理论用以修正爱因斯坦广义相对论）的物理背景,并讨论了暗物质问题。对几种主要高阶引力理论及其解作了评述,并尝试在不必假定暗物质存在的情况下,用高阶引力理论解决有关星系旋转曲线的困难。但令人遗憾的是,至今还没有一个理论取得完全的成功。指出了解决这一问题面临的困难,并建议寻找新的高阶引力理论。     

IERS1996规范中地球引力势模型和测量模型的改进

简要而系统地介绍ＩＥＲＳ１９９６规范采用的地球引力势模型和各种测量模型,着重叙述了其与ＩＥＲＳ１９９２标准相比所作的改进。规范用ＪＧＭ－３地球引力势模型取代ＧＥＭ－Ｔ３模型,在计算地球潮汐形变产生的附加势时展开到３阶,并考虑了地幔的滞弹效应。在测站位移的计算中,规范引入了３倍洛夫数,计及地幔的滞弹性,引入了计算冰后期回弹的ＩＣＥ－４Ｇ模型,列出了改正ＶＬＢＩ观测中天线形变改正的公式。关于地球自转和     

Wobble radiation from pulsars

We derive the post-Newtonian multipole ‘wobble” radiation formula taking into account self-gravity, internal stress and internal motion by means of the general multipole-moment formula of Epstein and Wagoner. Applying our formula to the Crab and Vela pulsars, we find the power to be 1.8 times that of the quadrupole radiation. The excess comes mainly from the self-gravity of the source. Thus, it is important to include the self-gravity and to use the antipole-moment formula when considering gravitational radiation from astrophysical sources.     

On gravitational radiation from binary systems

We discuss gravitational radiation from a neutral mass particle within a bound orbit in the background Schwarzschild metric. We compare the power loss of gravitational radiation according to this formalism with the heuristic quadrupole radiation formula as applied to a binary system. There are evidence and compelling reasons to believe that the quadrupole formula is valid even in a fairly strong gravitational field, although its fully consistent analytical derivation is not yet known. In particular, we emphasize that the application of the quadrupole formula to the binary pulsar system PSR 1913+16 as well as other binary pulsars, which are weakly bound by gravity, is well justified.     

An approximate correction to the quadrupole radiation of rotating stars

On the basis of reasonable assumptions regarding the geometric shape, rotation, internal motion and self-gravity of rotating stars, an explicit expression for the correction to the quadrupole radiation is derived. For the pulsar PSR 1937 + 214, the correction amounts to +60%.     

Calculation of the perihelion advance of planets in a field approach to gravitation

It is shown that, when taking into account the self-gravity of field energy of a gravitational field, one obtains a modified field equation for the intensity of gravitational field, the solution of which, when inserted in Kepler's problem, furnishes a formula for the perihelion precession of planets which (except of a fitting numerical factor) is identical with Einstein's. In Appendix 1 we point out the significance of an analogous equation in electrodynamics, and in Appendix 2 we shall try to construct a field model within the relativistic field theory which justifies the previous perihelion-shift calculation.     

iVINE – Ionization in the parallel tree/sph code VINE: first results on the observed age-spread around O-stars

We present a three-dimensional, fully parallelized, efficient implementation of ionizing ultraviolet (UV) radiation for smoothed particle hydrodynamics ( sph ) including self-gravity. Our method is based on the sph / tree code vine . We therefore call it iVINE (for Ionization + VINE). This approach allows detailed high-resolution studies of the effects of ionizing radiation from, for example, young massive stars on their turbulent parental molecular clouds. In this paper, we describe the concept and the numerical implementation of the radiative transfer for a plane-parallel geometry and we discuss several test cases demonstrating the efficiency and accuracy of the new method. As a first application, we study the radiatively driven implosion of marginally stable molecular clouds at various distances of a strong UV source and show that they are driven into gravitational collapse. The resulting cores are very compact and dense exactly as it is observed in clustered environments. Our simulations indicate that the time of triggered collapse depends on the distance of the core from the UV source. Clouds closer to the source collapse several 10⁵ yr earlier than more distant clouds. This effect can explain the observed age spread in OB associations where stars closer to the source are found to be younger. We discuss possible uncertainties in the observational derivation of shock front velocities due to early stripping of protostellar envelopes by ionizing radiation.     

Quadrupolar gravitational radiation as a test-bed for f(R)-gravity

The debate concerning the viability of f(R)-gravity as a natural extension of General Relativity could be realistically addressed by using results coming from binary pulsars like PSR 1913 + 16. To this end, we develop a quadrupolar approach to the gravitational radiation for a class of analytic f(R)-models. We show that experimental results are compatible with a consistent range of f(R)-models. This means that f(R)-gravity is not ruled out by the observations and gravitational radiation (in strong field regime) could be a test-bed for such theories.     

Orbital Decay of a Binary System Consisting of Spin-Down Neutron Stars

{W}e consider the gravitational radiation from two time variable mass stars, orbiting around each other under the influence of gravity. The total rates of the variation of the energy, angular momentum, semimajor axis, eccentricity and orbital period are obtained. The results could be important for the understanding of general relativistic effects in the case of the variation of the gravitational mass due to spinning down of the compact stars, which sensitively depends on the equations of state. The cases of the binary systems PSR 1913+16 and PSR 1534+12 are analyzed in detail, and, for different equations of state of nuclear matter, the corrections to the orbital decay due to gravitational radiation and to the spinning down of the pulsars are calculated. The results show that a future significant improvement in the observational techniques could lead to the observation of the specific general relativistic effect of mass variation of pulsars due to spinning down, via the study of orbital decay, even in slowly rotating binary systems.     

A new way to conserve total energy for Eulerian hydrodynamic simulations with self-gravity

We propose a new method to conserve the total energy to round-off error in grid-based codes for hydrodynamic simulations with self-gravity. A formula for the energy flux due to the work done by the self-gravitational force is given, so the change in total energy can be written in conservative form. Numerical experiments with the code Athena show that the total energy is indeed conserved with our new algorithm and the new algorithm is second order accurate. We have performed a set of tests that show the numerical errors in the traditional, non-conservative algorithm can affect the dynamics of the system. The new algorithm only requires one extra solution of the Poisson equation, as compared to the traditional algorithm which includes self-gravity as a source term. If the Poisson solver takes a negligible fraction of the total simulation time, such as when FFTs are used, the new algorithm is almost as efficient as the original method. This new algorithm is useful in Eulerian hydrodynamic simulations with self-gravity, especially when results are sensitive to small energy errors, as for radiation pressure dominated flow.     

A new technique for timing the double pulsar system

In 2004, McLaughlin et al. discovered a phenomenon in the radio emission of PSR J0737−3039B (B) that resembles drifting subpulses. The repeat rate of the subpulses is equal to the spin frequency of PSR J0737−3039A (A); this led to the suggestion that they are caused by incidence upon B's magnetosphere of electromagnetic radiation from A. Here, we describe a geometrical model which predicts the delay of B's subpulses relative to A's radio pulses. We show that measuring these delays is equivalent to tracking A's rotation from the point of view of a hypothetical observer located near B. This has three main astrophysical applications: (i) to determine the sense of rotation of A relative to its orbital plane, (ii) to estimate where in B's magnetosphere the radio subpulses are modulated and (iii) to provide an independent estimate of the mass ratio of A and B. The latter might improve existing tests of gravitational theories using this system.