河北蔚县大南沟晚更新世草原猛犸象(长鼻目|哺乳动物纲)

在泥河湾盆地真象化石十分常见。  近年来,在泥河湾层中新发现了世界上最早的草原猛犸象(Mammuthus trogontherii)化石,过去被归入古菱齿象的部分材料也被转移到该种;  但以往报道的材料都很零碎,并且时代也较早。本研究的发现于蔚县大南沟东陡壁附近的长鼻类下颌骨(完好下颌体带左右m3)亦可归入该种,主要依据如下特征: 喙突(或吻突)不发育、下颌联合部短、下颌体前缘陡直、具有舌侧神经孔、颊齿齿板中间突不发育和釉质环无菱形结构、下第三臼齿有×18个齿板、齿板较薄、齿板频率为6、釉质层较薄但褶皱不强烈等。蔚县大南沟的化石是迄今在我国所发现的材料最完好和地质时代最晚的草原猛犸象化石记录,距今约4.5万年。     

长春郊区红嘴子发现哺乳动物化石和旧石器

在红嘴子首次发现猛犸象等哺乳动物化石和石核、石片及刮削器等旧石器。其中刮削器为目前吉林省境内发现最好的两刃刮削器。旧石器和猛犸象等哺乳动物化石一起出土,表明其地质时代为晚更新世,文化时代为旧石器时代晚期。该发现证明早在1～4万年前长春地区就有古人类活动。为在该区寻找古人类化石和古文化遗存提供了佐证,对研究当地第四纪气候、古地理也有一定的意义。     

贵州涟江惠水段河流阶地特征与地貌演化研究

贵州涟江惠水段级次清晰的四级阶地是流域地貌阶段性演化的直观记录。笔者等利用差分GPS测量法精确厘定了涟江阶地的级序和高程,结合剖面观测发现从上游到下游,涟江惠水段阶地标高和级差逐渐降低,地貌面整体呈“收拢”趋势;阶地沉积物呈现砾石层厚度变小,砾石含量降低、砾径减小,砂质沉积占比增大趋势;阶地类型从基座阶地为主向堆积阶地为主演变。光释光（OSL）测年显示,T1阶地埋藏年龄31.2±2.0 ka BP到14.7±1.3 ka BP,T2阶地122.4±8.5 ka BP到66.9±3.8 ka BP,阶地年龄与贵州高原其他流域十分相近,具有同步演化特征。结合阶地时代和发育特征,认为贵州高原河流阶地是构造运动的产物。涟江四级阶地记录了在更新世以来四次构造抬升背景下,流域经过多期自北向南“削高补低”的地貌改造,逐步由构造洼地演变为山间盆地的地貌过程。     

中国第一架五氏水牛化石

介绍了我国第一架王氏水牛化石产地、骨架特征和埋藏特点。该化石埋藏在嫩江Ⅱ级阶地顶部的黄土状亚砂土中。为单一埋藏,无其他化石种属掺杂。属猛犸象－披毛犀动物群成员。根据前人用Ｃ１４年确定该动物群的繁盛时代,结合它与大理冰期形成于同一地质历史时期,确定其生存时代应力距今１－５万年,最早不超过大理冰期的下限７万年。提出了王氏水牛及其所属动物群是在冰期中冷暖交替环境中存在的新见解。     

香港更新世冲积层的坡洪积层

香港的的更新统主要为分布于河成阶地的总和层和坡积、洪积层。冲积层上部为晚理新世山下村组,由粉质砂层夹灰黑色有机质淤泥组成;下部为中更新世黄岗山组,由斑纹状红黄色粉质砂层夹砾石组成;光释光年龄距今１２６１００±１００００至１５７５００±３６３００ａ。坡积、洪积层由斑纹状粘土质粉砂夹全风化至高风化的中细砾石组成,所含少量巨砾的风化外壳厚达３０￣１００ｍｍ;光释光测年为距今１９６１００±１２６００ａ,证     

吉林中部呼兰群同位素年代学及其地质意义

呼兰群地层位于吉林省中部,包括黄莺屯组、小三个顶子组与北岔屯组,是一套中低级变质的变质岩系,其Rb-Sr全岩等时线年龄为(524±16)Ma和(357±23)Ma。呼兰群中部含有奥陶纪小型腹足类化石。黄莺屯组下段黑云母片麻岩和上段白云母片岩中变质矿物黑云母、白云母的40Ar39Ar计时年龄分别为(223 6±0 8)Ma和(229 2±4 6)Ma。呼兰群的40Ar39Ar计时年龄代表其变质年龄,变质作用是由古亚洲蒙古洋构造域中生代造山事件所引起。     

东昆仑地区万保沟群的解体及早寒武世地层的新发现

通过1∶5万区调工作,初步查明原万保沟群4个组间均以断层(韧性剪切带)为界面,在空间上呈条带状构造岩片态势展布。经填图发现该群实际上仅由火山岩组和碳酸盐岩组构成。并在火山岩组和碳酸盐岩组中分别获得了(1441±230)MaSm-Nd全岩等时线年龄和叠层石化石,确定其时代为中—新元古代;在地质填图中发现该群原上、下碎屑岩组属同物异名现象,笔者及前人获得了早寒武世微古植物化石及小壳动物群化石。据此,对原万保沟群进行了解体,解体后的万保沟群仅由火山岩组和碳酸盐岩组构成,重新厘定为万保沟群,并在群内新建两个正式组级构造地(岩)层单位,即温泉沟组和青办食宿站组。而将原上、下碎屑岩组依据古生物化石、岩石组合特征,重新厘定其时代为早寒武世,并新建立沙松乌拉组。     

桂北地区新元古代地层凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

提要：桂西北变质基底四堡群及上覆地层丹洲群之间存在着角度不整合,而丹洲群与南华纪地层之间为平行不整合,说明它们是隶属三个构造域的产物。其地层时代的定位影响着整个江南古陆变质基底地层的对比,也制约着华南地区沉积盖层的地质关系。根据丹洲群合桐组凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄(801±3) Ma、拱洞组锆石U-Pb年龄(786±6) Ma、南华系长安组的底界年龄(778±5) Ma和大塘坡组年龄(661±7) Ma,结合从桂北地区四堡群顶部沉积地层中凝灰砂岩获得的锆石U-Pb年龄(842±13) Ma和侵入四堡群火成岩锆石U-Pb年龄(834±4) Ma,将四堡群变质砂板岩明确定为形成于820 Ma之下的地层。该年龄对南华纪地层的区域对比和构造演化都有着重要意义。     

百色盆地右江阶地特征及演化研究

百色盆地位于广西壮族自治区西部,右江穿过盆地中间流向南东。笔者在前人研究的基础上,通过野外地质调查,得出了百色盆地西部地区普遍发育Ⅰ-Ⅲ级阶地,其中Ⅲ级阶地遭受断裂活动改造破坏,呈阶梯状台地,在百色市东富联村可见Ⅳ级阶地发育。总结了百色盆地右江阶地各级阶地特征,并通过TL热释光测年,得出了Ⅱ级阶地河流阶地底部堆积物的年龄为距今(16.736±1.422)×104～(17.712±1.506)×104a,Ⅲ级阶地河流阶地堆积物的年龄为距今(21.097±1.793)×104～(29.365±2.496)×104a。     

冀东青龙地区新太古代朱杖子群和单塔子群形成时代：锆石SHRIMP U Pb定年

本文报道了冀东青龙地区新太古代朱杖子群和单塔子群变质岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果。朱杖子群底部张家沟组砾岩中的TTG砾石、花岗岩砾石和基质的岩浆锆石207Pb/206Pb加权平均年龄分别为2515±9 Ma (MSWD=1.9)、2510±10 Ma (MSWD=1.6)和2512±7 Ma (MSWD=1.0),朱杖子群底部张家沟组黑云斜长片麻岩碎屑锆石207Pb/206Pb加权平均年龄为2540±6 Ma (MSWD=1.6),朱杖子群桲罗台组变质酸性火山岩岩浆锆石207Pb/206Pb加权平均年龄为2516±8 Ma (MSWD=1.1),单塔子群鲁杖子组黑云变粒岩碎屑锆石207Pb/206Pb加权平均年龄为2504±7 Ma (MSWD=1.8),另有一个数据点的207Pb/206Pb年龄为3.04 Ga。根据本文定年结果和前人资料,获得主要结论如下：朱杖子群和单塔子群形成于新太古代晚期,很可能为岛弧环境的产物; 朱杖子群与下伏单塔子群之间虽存在角度不整合关系,但时间间断不长,朱杖子群底部张家沟组砾岩不具有底砾岩性质;③绿片岩相—角闪岩相的朱杖子群和单塔子群与角闪岩相—麻粒岩相的遵化深变质绿岩带—三屯营—太平寨—迁安岩浆杂岩区变质程度差异很大,但形成时代相同,是后期构造作用把它们置于同一地壳平面。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.