船舶的微生物腐蚀与防护技术*

海洋环境中的微生物腐蚀已被公认为是海洋工程金属构筑物的腐蚀破坏的重要形式。航行在海洋中的船舶不仅受到海水腐蚀的影响,各个部件还会受到微生物腐蚀的影响。严重的微生物腐蚀会导致管路阻塞、部件失效和腐蚀穿孔,不仅影响船舶设备正常运行,也严重威胁船舶安全。本文系统分析了船舶微生物腐蚀发生的位点和危害、不同位点的腐蚀微生物群落结构特征、船舶材料的微生物腐蚀以及不同防护技术的适用范围,并在此基础上提出对船舶微生物腐蚀研究工作的建议。     

海洋生物膜的形成及其对金属腐蚀的影响

为了揭示海洋生物膜形成对金属腐蚀的影响,描述了在不锈钢上形成的海水生物膜,制备了伏安微电极,并测量生物膜中氧化还原化学成分如溶解氧、过氧化氢、锰和硫在不同位置的垂直分布。结果表明,生物膜中存在溶解氧的垂直浓度梯度。在溶解氧浓度小于10μmol／L条件下,生物膜中的某些位置出现过氧化氢和锰离子,在无氧条件下,生物膜中有硫化物出现,这些化学成分表明生物膜中确实有锰氧化还原菌或者硫酸盐还原菌的活动迹象。生物膜在固体表面的分布是不均匀的,浓差电池或者生物极化作用的存在意味着生物膜的形成可能加速金属基体表面的局部腐蚀过程。     

钢筋混凝土的腐蚀与防护

对混凝土和钢筋的腐蚀原因进行了分析，并提出了相应的防护措施．     

关于船舶优先权和抵押权的比较研究

文章从以下几方面比较研究了＜＜１９９３年船舶优先要权和抵押权国际公约＞＞与我国＜＜海商法＞＞的有关规定，船舶优先权的性质、船舶优先权项目，其他船舶优先公，船舶抵押权、船舶留置权、关于航旗的暂行更换，认为，我国＜＜海商法＞＞内容与１９９３年公约内容是接轨的，我国应该尽早签署，加入公约。     

船舶雷电防护技术研究

为了能够科学合理地为大型复杂的船体进行雷电防护设计,文章依据雷电形成的过程及特点,分析总结船舶遭受雷电危害可能存在两方面的原因:一种是船舶直接接闪雷电流;另一方面是雷电没有直接击中船舶,而是雷击电磁脉冲对船舶造成的间接影响。最后文章从船舶本身的特殊性出发,提出安装接闪器、引下线和泄流装置的方法防止雷电对船舶造成的直接危害,提出采取等电位连接、屏蔽、接地和安装电涌保护器的方法减少船舶遭受雷电的间接影响,并考虑船舶所处工作大环境提出防护建议。只有合理地采用各种防护措施才能最大限度地避免船舶遭受雷电干扰。     

船舶磁防护与电场防护耦合性分析

根据船舶电磁场综合防护需求,对磁场防护和电场防护的耦合性进行了研究,总结了 11 种电磁场产生来源,分析了不同电磁场源产生的磁场和电场的耦合关系。 基于磁场和电场耦合性分析数学模型, 仿真分析了磁场和电场耦合特性,指出了需结合多种控制措施实现船舶磁场和电场的综合防护。     

基于CFD船舶操纵性预报方法研究

基于CFD技术和重叠网格技术完成了黏性流场中KVLCC2船模的操纵性水动力导数的数值计算。为保证计算的精确性,进行了网格的收敛性分析,给出了合适的网格划分方法;通过数值模拟斜航运动、纯横荡运动和纯艏摇运动计算出的水动力与相应条件下的试验值对比,计算结果与试验值吻合良好,计算出的水动力导数准确度较高。基于MMG分离建模方法建立KVLCC2船模的操纵性数学模型,利用龙格-库塔算法求解微分方程组,对船舶操纵运动进行仿真。回转试验和Z形操舵试验的仿真结果与试验结果对比,其回转直径和轨迹都非常吻合,表明采用的船舶操纵性预报是可行的。     

广州渔业船舶检验管理部门发展战略SWOT分析

SWOT分析法自形成以来,广泛应用于战略研究与竞争分析,成为战略管理和竞争情报的重要分析工具,分析直观、使用简单是它的主要优点。广州渔业船舶检验管理部门作为渔业执法部门之一,是政府系统的组成部分,在国家大力完善政府机构建设期间,任何一个机关部门都不可避免地参与变革的洗礼,在大浪淘沙的机构精简变革中,未雨绸缪,提前准备才能立于不败之地。对广州渔检行业进行SWOT分析,能对广州渔检未来的发展有一个清醒、客观的认识。     

Risk Based Optimal Inspection and Repair Planning for Ship Structures Subjected to Corrosion Deterioration

A framework of risk based inspection and repair planning was presented to optimize for the ship structures subjected to corrosion deterioration. The planning problem was formulated as an optimization problem where the expected lifetime costs were minimized with a eonstraint on the minimum aceeptable rehability index. The safety margins were established for the inspection events, the repair events and the failure events for ship struetures. Moreover, the formulae were derived to calculate failure probabihties and repair probabilities. Based on them, a component subjected to corrosion is investigated for illustration of the process of selecting the optimal inspection and repair strategy. Furthermore, some sensitivity studies were provided. The results show that the optimal inspection instants should take place before the reliability index reaches the minimum acceptable reliability index. The optimal target failure probability is 10^-3. In addition, a balance can be achieved between the risk cost and total expected inspection and repair costs by means of the risk-based optimal inspection and repair method, which is very effective in selecting the optimal inspection and repair strategy.     

Cost-Benefit Assessment of Inspection and Repair Planning for Ship Structures Considering Corrosion Model Uncertainty

Owing to high costs and unnecessary inspections necessitated by the traditional inspection planning for ship structures, the risk-based inspection and repair planning should be investigated for the most cost-effective inspection. This paper aims to propose a cost-benefit assessment model of risk-based inspection and repair planning for ship structures subjected to corrosion deterioration. Then, the benefit-cost ratio is taken to be an index for the selection of the optimal inspection and repair strategy. The planning problem is formulated as an optimization problem where the benefit-cost ratio for the expected lifetime is maximized with a constraint on the minimum acceptalbe reliability index. To account for the effect of corrosion model uncertainty on the cost-benefit assessment, two corrosion models, namgly, Paik＇ s model and Guedes Soares＇ model, are adopted for analysis. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the proposed method. Sensitivity studies are also providet. The results indicate that the proposed method of risk-based cost-benefit analysis can effectively integrate the economy with reliability of the inspection and repair planning. A balance can be achieved between the risk cost and total expected inspection and repair costs with the proposed method, which is very. effective in selecting the optimal inspection and repair strategy. It is pointed out that the corrosion model uncertainty and parametric uncertaintg have a significant impact on the cost-benefit assessment of inspection and repair planning.     

SYF1-1型海洋金属防腐装置

SYFl—1型海洋金属防腐装置是一种用于潮汐发电设备、海洋石油平台、输送海水管道、船舶等海洋金属防腐的装置。文中对该装置的工作原理、组成、主要技术性能、特点以及实现方法作了概要描述。     

承船厢吊耳的局部应力分析研究

承船厢是升船机系统中的一个重要结构物,该结构物中的关键结构吊耳是否有足够的强度,应力分布是否合理将直接影响升船机系统工作的可靠性。在对吊耳进行光弹性试验基础上,对吊耳的光弹性模型进行有限元分析,通过结果的分析比较,确定承船厢吊耳的局部结构的计算可靠程度     

减弱船磁效应对海洋地磁测量精度影响的方法研究

船磁效应一直是影响海洋地磁测量精度的一个重要因素。传统船磁模型只取磁方位角为变量,改正后测线数据存在系统差和船磁影响的起伏变化,给不断累积的地磁数据拼接带来困难。磁正西北和北东方向的测线网受船的感应磁性变化的影响最小,东西向测线之间船磁影响差异最小,而磁南北向测线之间正好相反,据此可从测线布设方案着手减弱船磁效应影响。完备的船磁模型可以兼顾考虑测线航向、地磁总场、磁倾角和拖缆长度的变化,通过不同拖缆长度的主、副测线网交点差平差或三点各两种不同拖缆长度的方位测量,实现地磁异常分离和完备船磁效应的改正。实例说明固定船磁,甚至负的垂直分量,会使船磁效应随纬度出现可观变化,需要完备船磁模型的解算和改正才能解决这个问题。     

Study on the New Methods of Ship Object Detection Based on GNSS Reflection

This paper presents a study on the new methods of ship object detection based on GPS-R correlation power spectra. Both the principle and the algorithms for recognition are given in detail. The architecture of Doppler Delay Mapping Receiver (DDMR), signal-processing chain, and correlation power spectra discriminant of the reflected signals from the ship object are discussed. Real-time data collection campaigns were done near the sea at Sanya with the Doppler delay mapping receiver mounted on an airplane. Some preliminary experiment results show that the DDMR could work well and can be used in ship object detecting.     

氯离子侵蚀对钢筋混凝土构件抗力影响的研究

氯化物是钢筋混凝土结构在使用寿命期内可能遇到的一种最危险的侵蚀介质,混凝土中钢筋表面的氯离子浓度超过一定的限值,钢筋就可能会发生锈蚀,锈蚀的钢筋会导致混凝土构件的承载力下降.通过分析国内外研究者所做的大量工作,讨论了氯离子侵入引起的锈蚀钢筋混凝土构件的抗力计算方法,为氯化物环境条件下混凝土结构的耐久性评估提供参考.     

沿海地区混凝土结构的钢筋锈蚀与防护

由Cl^-引发的钢筋锈蚀是导致沿海地区混凝土结构破坏的主要因素。论述了Cl^-的侵入过程及其去钝机理,分析了钢筋的电化学锈蚀机理和锈蚀破坏的四个阶段,介绍了保护钢筋的基本措施与附加措施。