连续光源火焰原子吸收光谱法测定井水中钙铁钾镁钠

1仪器及工作条件Contr AA 300连续光源火焰原子吸收光谱仪(FAAS,德国耶拿分析仪器股份公司),配有SFS 6分段流动注射和AS 52 s自动进样器,用于直接测定井水中的Ca、Fe、K、Mg和Na。仪器工作条件见表1;元素测量条件见表2。表1仪器工作条件元素测λ量/n波m长火类型焰(燃流L/气量h)助燃燃气气/比燃(宽m烧m度头)燃θ角/烧(度°头)燃(高m烧度m头)Ca 239.8559 Air/C2H260 0.130 50 0 7Fe 248.3270 Air/C2H265 0.135 50 0 8K 404.4140 Air/C2H260 0.130 50 0 8Mg 202     

连续光源火焰原子吸收光谱法测定井水中钙铁钾镁钠

Contr AA 300连续光源火焰原子吸收光谱仪（FAAS,德国耶拿分析仪器股份公司）,配有SFS6分段流动注射和AS52S自动进样器,用于直接测定井水中的Ca、Fe、K、Mg和Na。仪器工作条件见表1;元素测量条件见表2。     

贵州威宁窑上组沉积物物源特征及沉积控制因素分析

根据威宁草海第四纪窑上组沉积物主量元素和REE特征,探讨沉积物物源特征、气候演变情况、沉积物堆积控制因素。结果表明:Al、Mg、Ca、K、Na和Ti的含量变化在剖面上一致,它们的相关系数很高(0.522~0.985)。Fe含量和Mn含量呈正相关形式,与Al、Mg、Ca、K、Na和Ti呈负相关。Fe2O3含量在土黄色粘土的铁质层很高(42.86%~50.57%)。样品中REE球粒陨石标准化配分模式与贵州土壤、贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳配分模式很相似,与峨眉山玄武岩配分模式不一致,但其含量略低于贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳的含量;沉积物主要来源于碳酸盐岩,且碳酸盐岩强烈风化成土作用使REE超常富集,在剖面上呈现高ΣREE(平均219.38μg/g)。通过Mg/Ca、MgO/Al2O3、(CaO+K2O+Na2O)/Al2O3、(Fe2O3+Al2O3)/(MgO+CaO)、(K+Na+Ca+Mg)/(Fe+Mn)、(Al+Fe+Mn)/(K+Ca+Mg)和(MgO+Na2O+CaO)/Al2O3等气候指标研究,表明在草海窑上期为湖泊沉积时期,气候经历了由温暖湿润向冷干的转变。同时,认为物源性质、构造运动、气候等共同控制该区沉积物形成。     

CE-1伽马能谱测量中4种月球岩石的能谱特征分析

从CE-1 γ能谱测量获得的数据出发,对原始数据进行处理,将原始谱线按每5°×5°网格内平均而获得月表上的γ能谱数据。选取了12条不同位置分别代表玄武岩、斜长岩、富镁岩和KREEP岩的能谱曲线进行分析,发现同一岩性的谱线具有相似性。通过对每种岩性选择的一条谱线进行分析可知,不同的岩性能谱曲线有一定的差别,表现为不同岩性在元素特征能谱峰的变化不同,玄武岩的能谱曲线特征峰主要的元素为Th、K、Si、Ca、C、Fe和Ti;斜长岩的能谱曲线特征峰主要元素为U、Ca、C、Mg、Al和Mn。KREEP岩的能谱曲线特征峰主要为K、Th、U、Si、Ca和Fe,而低C和Al;富镁岩能谱曲线表现为低U、Si、Ca和Cl而高K、Mg、Th和Fe含量特征。文中给出了能较好区分不同岩性的元素特征峰能量,可为月表γ能谱的定量分析奠定基础。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定卤水中锂钠钾钙镁硼硫氯

建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定碳酸盐型、硫酸盐型、氯化物型三种类型卤水中Li、Na、K、Ca、Mg、B、S、Cl等高低含量元素的分析方法。选择仪器最佳的工作条件为射频功率1400W,炬管位置位于-3,载气流量0.60 L/min。确定了各元素测定谱线,使用ICP-AES的双向观测模式、轴向观测模式测定Li、Ca、B、S、Cl以及低含量的K、Mg,径向观测模式测定高含量的Na、K、Mg,可确保卤水中不同含量的元素同时检出。Li、Na、K、Ca、Mg、B、S的检测下限为0.07～3.00 mg/L,Cl的测定下限为165mg/L。方法精密度(RSD,n=10)均小于5%,回收率为92.4%～109.7%。其中Na、K、Mg、S、Cl测定结果与传统方法测定结果基本吻合。     

汉江上游庹家湾剖面化学风化特征及其意义

通过对庹家湾黄土剖面元素的分析,揭示汉江上游地区黄土中常量元素的地球化学行为及对气候变化的响应。用X-Ray荧光光谱仪、MS-2型磁化率仪分别测量了庹家湾剖面元素含量及磁化率值,实验结果显示:庹家湾剖面的风成黄土化学成分以SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃为主,三者含量分别为355.83 g/kg、79.62 g/kg、62.64 g/kg;以Ti为参比,Na、Ca、Mg、Si、K表现为迁移淋失,Fe、Al元素相对富集,元素的活动性及其迁移序列为Na > Ca > Mg > Si > K > Al > Fe;Fe和Al元素含量曲线及CIA曲线在228~260 cm（L₁~S₁）和294~370 cm（L₁~S₂）深度处出现明显的峰值,并与磁化率曲线呈现出高度一致性,指示该层化学风化程度明显高于典型黄土,接近于古土壤（S₀）,OSL年龄在27.5~21.5 ka B.P.之间。庹家湾剖面常量元素在剖面的变化,表明在汉江上游地区晚更新世末期的气候并非是持续干燥寒冷,而是存在一定的气候波动,在27.5~21.5 ka B.P.期间风化成壤作用较为明显,气候相对温暖湿润。     

松嫩平原西部碱尘气溶胶的元素特征分析

碱尘暴期间松嫩平原西部碱尘气溶胶的主要元素质量浓度排序为Na、Al、Fe、Ca、Mg、K、Ti、Ba、Zn,与当地盐碱化土壤的元素组成吻合,而与沙尘、城市气溶胶的元素组成有差别。风力对碱尘气溶胶元素组成有明显的影响,当风速在8.0~17.1 m/s时,元素组成的质量浓度排序为Na、Ca、Al、Fe、Mg、K、Ba、Ti、Zn。Na元素质量浓度的激增是碱尘暴元素组分的一大特征,明显富集元素为Na和B;相对于当地背景大气气溶胶的富集情况,Zn、Cu、Ba、B的富集因子值在碱尘暴期间明显降低;在各种天气情况下,B、Cu均具有较高的富集因子。碱尘中Ti元素的富集因子值均小于1,而Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Sr、V的富集因子值为1~4。两个采样点的Ca、Na、Al、Fe、Mg、Ti、Zn的富集因子近似,表明该区碱尘的主要元素具有特定的一致性;而B、Ba、Cu、V的富集因子相差较大,可以作为区分不同碱尘源的标志性元素。     

二连盆地卫镜岩体风化作用地球化学特征研究

二连盆地的卫镜岩体被认为是二连盆地努和廷铀矿床的重要铀源,文章对卫镜岩体在风化条件下元素的活动性进行了分析,结果表明:风化样品的化学风化指数CIA值介于58.67～60.07,反映寒冷、干燥气候条件下低等化学风化程度。在半风化过程中,斜长石最先风化分解,Ca、 Na流失,钾长石相对稳定;在地表强风化条件下,钾长石风化分解明显,且原生含磷矿物分解释放P而淋失;黏土矿物的吸附作用导致Mg、 Ca在地表强风化条件下富集;Fe₂O₃^T、 FeO含量降低明显,更可能与磁铁矿和黄铁矿的氧化淋滤有关。H、 LOI、 S和C在强风化样品中含量明显降低,暗示风化条件为干燥氧化气候条件,卫镜岩体花岗岩风化过程中Ca、 K、 Mg、 Fe、 C、 S等元素容易迁移,P、 Mn、Na次之,而Ti、 Al属于稳定元素。铁族元素Cr、 Ni、 Ti及REE等微量元素保持稳定,Nb、 Ta、 Zr、Hf、 Th、 Y等高场强元素以及部分大离子亲石元素Pb、 Rb、 Be、 Li、 Sb一定程度富集,U、 V、 Sr明显迁出,且Zr/Hf、 Nb/Ta...     

再论A型花岗岩：对一种残余源模式的评价

0 绪言“A型”花岗岩这一术语是由Loiselle和Wones(1979)引入,用于描述沿大陆裂谷带产生(非造山)而具有弱碱性地球化学特点的花岗岩。一般将它解释为结晶于低水逸度条件下。与其它类型花岗岩相比,A型花岗岩具有高Fe/Mg、(Kq+Na)/Al、K/Na比值和高F、Zr、Nb、Ga及稀土元素(REE)和Y及Zn;具低Mg、Ca、Al、Cr、和Ni值(见Collins等,1982和Whalen等,1987)。因而A型花岗岩富集亲石元素而亏损那些I型、M型和S型花岗岩(解释为源于火成地壳、地幔和沉积源)有亲缘关系的耐熔(refractory)元素。Clemens等(1986)发现A     

广东三水盆地古近系心组生油层的元素地球化学特征

沉积物的元素地球化学特征是对沉积盆地水体环境以及古气候条件变化的响应。本文根据元素（Al、Fe、Mg、Ca、K、Na、P、V、Ni、Co、Cr、Cu、Zn、Sr、Ba、Cd、Li、Mn、Pb、Ti）的含量及其比值（Al/Ti、Fe/Mn、Sr/Ba、Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca、Na/Ca、V/Cr、Ni/Co、Ni/V）的变化，对三水盆地古近系心组红岗段生油层的沉积条件进行了系统分析。心组红岗段下部（亚段A）表现为较稳定的地球化学特征。各元素丰度及其比值指示这一时期陆源输入持续较高、且物源组成变化不大。由于海水入侵的影响，湖盆水体盐度相对较高，底部水体以弱氧化条件为主，O₂-H₂S界面位于水/沉积物界面附近。红岗段中上部（亚段B、C）的元素地球化学特征变化较为频繁且幅度很大，反映古气候和湖盆沉积条件的迅速变迁。在潮湿气候条件下，沉积物的地球化学特征表现为以Al、Ti为代表的外源元素含量及其比值较高，而Mg、Ca等盆内化学沉积元素含量较低。古氧气指标指示底部水体为还原环境，有利于有机质保存。因而，相应于较高的有机碳含量。在间歇性干旱时期，陆源输入减少，外源元素含量及其比值显著降低。随着蒸发作用的加强，水体盐度加大，内源元素丰度以及Mg/Ca、Sr/Ba、Sr/Ca和Na/Ca比值大幅度上升。底部水体为氧化环境，O₂-H₂S界面多位于水/沉积物界面或沉积物中。上述两种气候条件在红岗段中上部沉积时期交替出现。红岗段沉积后期由于淡水的长期输入，湖水出现逐渐淡化趋势。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案（1999/30/EC）,对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10 μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提出了具体测定要求。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.