辽河盆地大民屯凹陷流体压力特征

大民屯凹陷是辽河断陷内4个下第三系凹陷之一。在综合利用钻井、试井及地震等资料的基础上，系统研究并论述了大民屯凹陷流体压力特征。基于57口井的声波测井资料，凹陷内泥岩压力特征可区分为正常压力、异常压力或强超压等类型；根据152口井391个点的压力测试数据，凹陷内产油层段的压力梯度多接近于1；利用公式法模拟计算了47条地震剖面的流体压力、剩余压力及压力系数的分布特征，凹陷内剖面压力系统自上而下一般由正常压力、弱超压和强超压3部分组成。此外，还根据流体压力演化的基本原理及钻井、岩性与试井等实际资料，模拟恢复了大民屯凹陷的压力演化史，其可划分为超压原始积累、超压部分释放及超压再积聚3个阶段。总体上，大民屯凹陷的超压强度低于渤海湾盆地其他地区的超压强度。     

塔里木盆地东北部草湖凹陷构造—地层特征与演化

草湖凹陷位于塔里木盆地的东北部,其构造运动的多旋回特征十分显著,目前已在草2、草4等井发现了油气。剖析草湖凹陷的构造—地层特征与演化是深入认识研究区的含油气潜力、持续拓展油气发现的基础。基于研究区最新的探井和地震资料,结合周缘1∶200 000区域地质填图成果,建立了研究区内的地层系统;依据不整合面的发育特征,划分了构造—地层层序及形成演化阶段。研究认为,草湖凹陷自震旦纪以来经历了多次构造运动,形成规模不等的角度不整合和平行不整合,通过井震标定和地震剖面的解释,识别出10个不整合面,分别是震旦系底界、上奥陶统底界、上泥盆统底界、石炭系底界、三叠系底界的角度不整合和寒武系底界、侏罗系底界、白垩系底界、古近系底界的平行不整合。据此将草湖凹陷自下而上划分为4个构造层、10个构造亚层。在遵循构造演化阶段划分依据的前提下,利用平衡剖面软件,恢复了草湖凹陷的形成演化,将其演化划分为4个阶段:前震旦纪基底形成期;震旦纪—志留纪发育期;泥盆纪—二叠纪定型期;三叠纪至今调整、改造期。     

超压盆地油气地质条件与成藏模式——以莺歌海盆地为例

超压沉积盆地分布广泛,对油气勘探具有重要意义。超压盆地具备良好的油气成藏条件:超压地层不仅是有利的生油层,亦是有效的封盖层;异常高压流体活动改善储层物性,控制圈闭形成与分布;超压流体活动形成断层、裂缝,改善油气运移输导网络,为油气运移提供了动力。通过研究提出了超压盆地漏斗状网毯式油气成藏模式,指出高压底辟体是超压盆地油气成藏之核心,油气在高压驱动下沿漏斗状输导体系运移到底辟体上覆低势区成藏。     

济阳坳陷郭局子地区古潜山构造及储集特征

通过解释大量地震剖面并结合钻井资料,绘制了郭局子地区古潜山中生代构造纲要图,经详细分析认为：郭局子地区古潜山经历了印支期、燕山期和喜山期构造演化,主要发育有NWW和NNE向两组断裂,同时伴生两套与断裂近平行的褶皱;区内主要由寒武系-奥陶系地层组成,为潜山的主要储集层;寒武系-奥陶系地层内大量发育的正向小断层易使潜山内幕形成不同高度的断块油气藏。     

塔东地区主要不整合面剥蚀量的恢复及成因机制

地层剥蚀量的恢复对于构造演化史研究和油气勘探至关重要。通过对高分辨率地震数据的精细解释,在塔东地区识别出9个不整合面,其中与周缘造山作用相关的不整合面包括:志留系与上奥陶统、上泥盆统与前上泥盆统、三叠系与前三叠系、侏罗系与前侏罗系、古近系与白垩系、新近系与古近系等6个主要不整合面。基于平衡剖面技术,通过趋势厚度法,恢复了塔东地区主要不整合面的剥蚀厚度。研究表明:受天山造山带和阿尔金造山带俯冲、碰撞造山运动的影响,志留系与上奥陶统、上泥盆统与前上泥盆统之间不整合面产生的剥蚀作用主要发生在塔东低凸起和若羌凹陷,并且后者的剥蚀作用最强;三叠系与前三叠系之间不整合面产生的剥蚀作用主要发生在孔雀河斜坡一带;侏罗系与前侏罗系之间不整合面产生的剥蚀作用在塔东低凸起、若羌凹陷和孔雀河斜坡等地区都比较强;古近系与白垩系、新近系与古近系之间不整合面产生的剥蚀作用在塔东地区均发生,但整体剥蚀厚度不大。     

东海西湖凹陷平湖构造带异常压力与油气成藏

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷平湖构造带深部普遍发育异常高压,对研究区的异常压力的分布特征、主导成因及其对油气成藏的影响进行了系统研究。平湖构造带深部储层和泥岩现今普遍发育超压,且不同区带超压主导成因不同;超压对有机质的热演化和烃类的生成无明显影响,对储集层物性有保存和改善作用,对油气运聚先起动力作用促进再运移,后起封堵作用形成聚集,对深部泥质盖层起超压封盖作用。     

下扬子海相中—古生界烃源岩发育的控制因素

下扬子沉积了巨厚的海相中—古生界,主要发育了上震旦统陡山陀组、下寒武统荷塘组、下奥陶统、上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统高家边组、下二叠统栖霞组和上二叠统—下三叠统下段6套烃源岩层系,具有较大油气勘探潜力。烃源岩的发育主要受沉积相类型、古地貌格局及构造演化控制。烃源岩沉积相类型以陆棚相、台地相及沼泽相为主,陆棚相以深水陆棚相为最有利的烃源岩相带。下扬子南北海槽是震旦纪—中奥陶世最有利的烃源岩发育区。受区域构造拉张的影响,下扬子曾发生多期较大规模海侵,在海侵期发育了有利烃源岩层段,主要集中在下寒武统荷塘组、下奥陶统—中奥陶统下段、下二叠统栖霞组和上二叠统大隆组—下三叠统下段。受华南板块在加里东运动晚期的向北挤压的影响,下扬子板块发生挤压挠曲,使得南部抬升、北部沉降,上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统高家边组在北部沉降区发育有利的烃源岩。     

大巴山前缘地区龙王庙组油气成藏条件

川中地区龙王庙组的天然气勘探已经取得重大发现,然而大巴山前缘地区龙王庙组尚未取得勘探突破,原因可能是缺少油气成藏条件研究。从烃源岩、沉积相、储层、构造条件等多方面入手,探讨了该区龙王庙组的油气成藏条件,结果表明:(1)该区寒武系发育筇竹寺组优质烃源岩,烃源条件较好;(2)该区龙王庙组储层主要储集空间为粒间溶孔、晶间溶孔,储层呈现低孔、低渗特征,大巴山前缘地区龙王庙组的储层主要发育在台缘带颗粒滩叠合岩溶发育区城口—奉节—兴山—利川一带;(3)该区寒武系油气成藏条件好,"筇竹寺组烃源岩+龙王庙组储层+高台组厚层膏盐岩盖层"这套优越生储盖组合为油气藏的形成奠定了基础。圈闭形成时间与油气运移匹配,有利于油气聚集。在成藏条件分析的基础上,认为城口—巫山地区为大巴山前缘地区龙王庙组的有利勘探区带。     

闽江凹陷形成演化史

闽江凹陷是东海陆架盆地南部中生界油气运移的长期有利指向区,它的形成演化史对凹陷内油气的运聚与保存具有重要的影响。采用地震剖面分析、平衡剖面分析等方法对其进行分析,结果表明:侏罗纪末期雁荡低凸起和台北低凸起尚未形成,闽江凹陷与东部的基隆凹陷连为一体,整体稳定沉降接受沉积;白垩纪末期的断陷运动导致雁荡低凸起形成,其西部的瓯江凹陷为典型的陆相断陷湖盆,台北低凸起尚未形成规模,闽江凹陷仍与基隆凹陷连为一体,接受滨浅海相沉积。后期构造运动的改造导致闽江凹陷呈现出现今的盆地形态。对于闽江凹陷的油气突破具有重要的指导意义。     

莺歌海盆地新构造运动与超压体系喷溢油气成藏作用

莺歌海盆地是在岩石圈伸展减薄和红河断裂带南段的右旋扭动联合作用下形成的一个以伸展为主的转换—伸展盆地。受该应力场作用,盆地新构造运动活跃,主要表现包括中新统末、上新统与第四纪之间及层系内部的不整合,盆地的沉降,沉积中心的迁移,断裂活动,底辟带的发育与分布,泥火山和地震等。新构造运动不但控制了盆地的形成演化、沉降—沉积中心的迁移和底辟构造带发育以及它们的雁行排列特征,同时还控制了盆地油气的成藏和分布。莺歌海盆地是一个强超压盆地,新构造时期断裂的多期活动及其控制的多期底辟活动不但形成超压体系(包括油气)快速垂向运移的通道,同时决定了莺歌海超压盆地油气田的快速幕式充注成藏规律。成熟的烃类以溶解状态储存在超压体系中,当超压体系孔隙流体压力大于封闭盖层破坏压力时封闭盖层就产生水压破裂,超压体系便沿着活动断裂和底辟带等通道发生喷溢活动,油气向上或侧向往过渡带和常压带运移聚集成藏,随着压力的下降,断裂重新闭合形成新的封闭层。这一喷溢过程以幕式活动形式周而复始,在超压盆地的过渡带和常压带中形成大的油气藏。     

Alteration and multi-stage accumulation of oil and gas in the Ordovician of the Tabei Uplift,Tarim Basin,NW China: Implications for genetic origin of the diverse hydrocarbons

The Ordovician is the most important exploration target in the Tabei Uplift of the Tarim Basin, which contains a range of petroleum types including solid bitumen, heavy oil, light oil, condensate, wet gas and dry gas. The density of the black oils ranges from 0.81 g/cm³ to 1.01 g/cm³ (20 °C) and gas oil ratio (GOR) ranges from 4 m³/m³ to 9300 m³/m³. Oil-source correlations established that most of the oils were derived from the Mid-Upper Ordovician marine shale and carbonate and that the difference in oil properties is mainly attributed to hydrocarbon alteration and multi-stage accumulation. In the Tabei Uplift, there were three main periods of hydrocarbon accumulation in the late Caledonian stage (ca. 450–430 Ma), late Hercynian stage (ca. 293–255 Ma) and the late Himalayan stage (ca. 12–2 Ma). The oil charging events mainly occurred in the late Caledonian and late Hercynian stage, while gas charging occurred in the late Hercynian stage. During the late Caledonian stage, petroleum charged the reservoirs lying east of the uplift. However, due to a crustal uplifting episode in the early Hercynian (ca. 386–372 Ma), most of the hydrocarbons were transformed by processes such as biodegradation, resulting in residual solid bitumen in the fractures of the reservoirs. During the late Hercynian Stage, a major episode of oil charging into Ordovician reservoirs took place. Subsequent crustal uplift and severe alteration by biodegradation in the west-central Basin resulted in heavy oil formation. Since the late Himalayan stage when rapid subsidence of the crust occurred, the oil residing in reservoirs was exposed to high temperature cracking conditions resulting in the production of gas and charged from the southeast further altering the pre-existing oils in the eastern reservoirs. A suite of representative samples of various crude oils including condensates, lights oils and heavy oils have been collected for detailed analysis to investigate the mechanism of formation. Based on the research it was concluded that the diversity of hydrocarbon physical and chemical properties in the Tabei Uplift was mainly attributable to the processes of biodegradation and gas washing. The understanding of the processes is very helpful to predict the spatial distribution of hydrocarbon in the Tabei Uplift and provides a reference case study for other areas.     

塔里木盆地寒武－奥陶系生油岩成油期─－兼谈喜山晚期“二次生油”

寒武－奥陶系生油岩是塔里木盆地主力油源，尤以满加尔坳陷发育最佳。本文以基础数据为依据，主要论述该套烃源岩的成油期问题，认为寒武系生油岩主成油期为古生代，并在中新生代具二次生油特点；奥陶系生油岩主成油期为海西晚期（满加尔坳陷）和中新生代。塔北、塔中诸多高产油气田中的油气主要为中新生代所形成。     

扬子地块东南古生代上升流沉积相及其与烃源岩的关系

长江中下游苏、皖、赣、鄂一带属古生代扬子地块被动大陆边缘的东南缘,通过该区64条古生界剖面的实测、分析和对比,得出该区古生界寒武、奥陶、志留、石炭和二叠系等地层中的黑色碳质页岩、硅质页岩、硅质条带和结核以及磷矿层和磷结核等沉积是古特提斯海中上升流作用形成的。上升流水体中富营养盐和SiO2,在古生代低纬度的扬子地块东南缘生物大量繁殖,引发缺氧事件,形成上述硅质和磷质沉积以及有机质丰富的烃源岩、石煤和磷矿层等,由于上升流水体富营养盐和SiO2,生物化石属种丰富,个体大,多营底栖或固着浅海底生活,硅质生物放射虫等丰富。区内烃源岩有机质与上升流的强度呈正相关关系,可见它们之间存在着成因联系。上古生界油气发现于苏北及南黄海,因而,这一区域是与上升流沉积有关的、最有利的油气勘探目标区。     

Basin geometry and salt diapirs in the Flinders Ranges,South Australia: Insights gained from geologically-constrained modelling of potential field data

The Adelaide Basin in Australia is a complex of late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian rift and sag basins which was inverted during the Cambro–Ordovician Delamerian Orogeny. The deposition of evaporitic sediments during the earliest stage of basin development in the late Neoproterozoic (Willouran age) played a major role in the subsequent tectonic evolution of the basin. Previous studies have shown that early mobilization, vertical transport and withdrawal of the evaporites influenced the sedimentation during the late Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian. The evaporites also influenced deformation during the inversion of the basin and the development of the Delamerian fold and thrust belt. However, the control exerted by basement structures in the deposition of the evaporitic beds and the role of these tectonic structures in the later inversion of the basin have been poorly constrained.     

Complex accumulation and leakage of YC21-1 gas bearing structure in Yanan sag,Qiongdongnan basin,South China Sea

YC21-1 is a gas-bearing structure found within the Yanan sag in the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea. While the structure bears many geological similarities to the nearby YC13-1 gas field, it nevertheless does not contain commercially viable gas volumes. The main reservoirs of the YC21-1 structure contain high overpressures, which is greatly different from those of the YC13-1 structure. The pressure coefficients from drillstem tests, wireline formation tests and mud weights are above 2.1. Based on well-log analysis, illite content and vitrinite reflectance data of mudstones in well YC21-1-2, combining with tectonic and sedimentation characteristics, the timing and causes of overpressure generation are here interpreted. The results indicate the existence of two overpressure segments in the YC21-1 structure. The first overpressure segment resides mainly within the lower and the middle intervals of the Yinggehai Formation, and is interpreted to have been mainly caused by clay diagenesis, while disequilibrium compaction and hydrocarbon generation may also have contributed to overpressure generation. The second overpressure segment comprising the Sanya Formation (Pressure transition zone) and the Lingshui and Yacheng Formations (Hard overpressure zone) is interpreted to owe its presence to kerogen-to-gas cracking. According to petrography, homogenization temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions, two stages of oil-gas charge occurred within the main reservoirs. On the basis of overpressure causes and oil-gas charge history, combining with restored tectonic evolution and fluid inclusion characteristics, a complex accumulation and leakage process in the YC21-1 gas bearing structure has been interpreted. Collective evidence suggests that the first oil charge occurred in the Middle Miocene (circa 16.3–11.2 Ma). Small amount of oil generation and absence of caprocks led to the failure of oil accumulation. Rapid subsidence in the Pliocene and Quaternary gave rise to a sharp increase in geotemperature over a short period of time, leading to prolific gas-generation through pyrolysis and, consequently, overpressure within the main reservoirs (the second overpressure segment). During this period, the second gas charge occurred in the Pliocene and Quaternary (circa 4.5–0.4 Ma). The natural gas migrated in several phases, consisting of free and water soluble phases in a high-pressure environment. Large amounts of free gas are considered to have been consumed due to dissolution within formation water in highly pressured conditions. Water soluble gas could not accumulate in high point of structure. When the pore-fluid pressures in main reservoirs reached the fracture pressure of formation, free gas could leak via opened fractures within cracked caprocks. A repeated fracturing of caprocks may have consumed natural gas stored in formation water and have made water-soluble gas unsaturated. Therefore, the two factors including caprocks fracturing and dissolution of formation water are interpreted to be mainly responsible for the failure of natural gas accumulation in the YC21-1 structure.     

东海盆地X凹陷Y气田的天然气成因、成藏模式及勘探意义

本文旨在厘清东海盆地X凹陷Y气田天然气成因,建立成藏模式,以指导下步勘探部署。本文从天然气组分、烷烃气碳同位素、轻烃、凝析油生物标志化合物等分析入手,系统研究了油气成因类型及来源,并结合构造演化史、生烃史分析,建立了Y气田成藏模式,提出了大中型气田的勘探方向。主要认识如下：（1）天然气组分碳同位素、轻烃和埋藏史分析表明,Y气田天然气为凹中始新统平湖组烃源岩在龙井运动期（距今13 Ma）生成的高成熟煤型气;（2）凝析油姥鲛烷/植烷、规则甾烷等特征,反映了凹中区平湖组烃源岩发育于弱氧化-弱还原潮坪、潟湖沉积环境,生烃母质中存在一定数量的低等水生生物;（3）Y气田具有“凹中区平湖组烃源岩、花港组大型水道砂储集体、挤压构造作用”时空耦合的成藏模式,明确了凹中挤压背斜带是X凹陷大中型气田勘探的主攻方向。     

Evaluation method and application of the relative contribution of marine hydrocarbon source rocks in the Tarim basin: A case study from the Tazhong area

In total, 2.37 million tons of marine crude oil originating from mixed source rocks has been discovered in the Tarim basin. Geological and geochemical analyses have confirmed that these mixed hydrocarbons are mainly from two sets of source rocks, including the Cambrian – Lower Ordovician and Middle-Upper Ordovician hydrocarbon source rocks. In this study, we determined the set of source rocks primarily responsible for the mixed hydrocarbons and the next location to be explored. Differences in n-alkane carbon isotopes in end-member oils from Cambrian–Lower Ordovician and Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks were examined. A material balance model and simulation methods were used to evaluate the relative amounts contributed by each source. The results from known reserves in the Tazhong area show that the mixing ratio or contribution is up to 65% from Cambrian–Lower Ordovician source rocks and is generally higher than that from Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks. The discovery of deep hydrocarbons has caused the total oil contribution from the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician to increase. The mixing ratio of Cambrian–Lower Ordovician oil varies depending on the well, formation, and block. It increases from west to east horizontally and from top to bottom vertically. Hydrocarbons from Cambrian–Lower Ordovician source rocks migrate upward along faults, and the mixing ratio decreases as the distance from the oil source fault increases. Favorable areas for Cambrian–Lower Ordovician hydrocarbon exploration are deep layers and areas near the fault zone that are connected to deep layers. The material balance model for carbon isotopes and evaluation methods for relative contributions considered differences in relative concentration and carbon isotope structure of n-alkanes. Herein, new methods for the identification and evaluation of hydrocarbons in the petroleum system of this superimposed basin are presented.     

东沙群岛西南海区泥火山的地球物理特征

多道反射地震和CHIRP浅地层剖面显示在南海东沙群岛西南陆坡和白云凹陷东部陆坡之间的深水(600~1 000m)陆坡上矗立着一系列高出周围海底50~100m的丘形地质体,其内部地层发生褶皱,反射波呈现杂乱和空白,海底声波屏蔽严重。浅地层剖面还显示丘状构造带有气体羽状构造,从海底进入水体高达50m。海底沉积取样分析表明,这些海丘区的表层分布着生物成因的致密碳酸盐结核。可以推断东沙西南的丘形地质体就是泥火山带,并且可能是一个重要的水合物潜在区。东沙西南海区泥火山表现出构造挤压和带状分布的特点,不同于南海北部神狐和九龙甲烷礁已发现水合物区的非泥火山,也不同于全球其他典型被动大陆边缘的泥火山特征,其构造成因和水合物潜力有待进一步研究。     

Evidence for gas accumulation associated with diapirism and gas hydrates at the head of the Cape Fear Slide

Single-channel seismic reflection profiles show evidence for areas of significant gas accumulation at the head of the Cape Fear Slide on the continental rise off North Carolina. Gas accumulation appears to occur beneath a gas hydrate seal in landward-dipping strata and in domed strata associated with diapirism. In addition, gas venting may have occurred near diapirs located at the head of the slide.     

法尔维海盆构造特征及演化

法尔维海盆位于西南太平洋海域豪勋爵海丘东侧、新喀里多尼亚岛西侧,是全球油气勘探的前沿地区。但目前对于该海盆的构造演化研究较为薄弱,限制了该海盆油气资源的进一步勘探开发。本文通过从新西兰塔斯曼海数据库搜集到大量地球物理资料,使用2D Move软件,通过平衡剖面技术进行构造演化模拟,结合区域动力学机制将海盆北部和南部的构造演化分为7个阶段:(1)早白垩世至晚白垩世陆内裂谷阶段;(2)晚白垩世断坳过渡阶段;(3)始新世早期坳陷阶段;(4)始新世晚期一次构造反转阶段;(5)始新世至渐新世热沉降阶段;(6)渐新世至中新世二次构造反转阶段;(7)中新世至今海洋沉降阶段。由于海盆中部未发现有明显的二次构造反转阶段,所以将海盆中部的构造演化划分为5个阶段:(1)早白垩世至晚白垩世陆内裂谷阶段;(2)晚白垩世断坳过渡阶段;(3)始新世早期坳陷阶段;(4)始新世晚期构造反转阶段;(5)中新世至今海洋沉降阶段。此阶段海盆整体下坳,逐渐形成现今样貌。法尔维海盆北部受到区域构造活动影响较大,白垩系地层发育较多的断裂构造;海盆中部晚白垩统地层发生较多的底辟构造;海盆南部从形成至今,受到构造活动影响较小,发育地层完...