油气盆地生烃史模拟的动力学方法

油气盆地生烃史动力学模型的建立以化学反应动力学理论为基础,利用开放系统和封闭系统的生油岩热解进行动力学模型的参数反演,从面确定模型的动力学参数,正确评价生油岩潜在的油气资源.     

我国地震的现今地球动力学研究的进展与方向

本文从活动构造、大陆地壳形变与现代地壳运动、地震活动区与大震震源区的深部探测及动力学、大陆强震区的地壳介质结构与地震成因、构造的物理及数值模拟、大陆岩石圈动力学以及地球动力学模型研究七个方面扼要介绍了近年来我国开展的与地震有关的现今地球动力学研究进展和取得的一系列新认识以及研究动向。在此基础上提出了微动态地球动力学，上地幔的非均匀性、深浅部构造关系及其动力学和地球动力学模型的理论研究三个应该优先发展的研究领域。     

探测海底下面的动力学过程

正在设计新的海底地幔动力学计划以借助新一代海洋高分辨率观测设备检验板块构造和对流的地球动力学模型。革命性的板块构造学说为描述固体地球的动力学过程提供了定量的运动学框架。该革命性学说以来35年的地质学、地球物理学和地球化学观测结果，结合逐步完善的地幔动力学数字模型，     

列车动载

一、概述 桥梁动力学是结构动力学的一个分支。在结构动力学的早期发展过程中,桥梁动力学,特别是由于列车动载引起的桥梁动力学问题的研究占有相当重要的地位。 高速驶过桥梁的铁路列车的动载作用是很复杂的问题,也是最早的研究课题。各国的研究者用不同的方法来研究这个问题。一种方法是以原型试验为主要手段;另一种方法则比较重     

有机质生烃动力学参数研究进展:回顾和展望

生烃动力学,作为一种动态的研究方法,在研究有机质生烃机制和解决油气勘探实际问题中具有独特的优势,因此得到了极大的发展.由于在不同地质背景下形成的不同或相同类型的有机质,其生烃动力学参数存在明显差异,这动摇了以典型干酪根类型为基础发展起来的传统生烃模式,给实际应用带给困难.所以,必须针对具体盆地特定烃源岩进行生烃动力学实验,求取特定烃源岩的生烃动力学参数,这样才能准确地模拟出盆地的生烃过程.为了逼近地质实际,更加精确地描述有机质生烃动力学参数,应加强对有机质分子结构的研究,探讨温、压共同作用下有机质生烃动力学模型.此外,中国南方海相碳酸盐岩生烃动力学的研究将是今后生烃动力学的重要发展趋势之一.     

非均匀各向异性介质的地震P波走时层析成像研究

大陆动力学已经成为当今固体地球物理各领域研究的主导方向。大陆动力学涉及问题非常广泛,但核心问题是大陆形变及其动力学。地震各向异性是地球动力学过程的指示器,根据地震各向异性的研究结果,可以推断上地幔物质的流动或变形,有助于了解地球内部的应力状态和地球的演化过程。     

水温微动态形成的水热动力学 与地热动力学机制

以井-含水层热系统分析为基础, 结合井水温度(水温)动态观测到的实际结果, 提出了水温微动态形成的两类基本机制, 即水热动力学机制与地热动力学机制. 水热动力学机制指井水温度的动态是由于水流动产生的热对流引起的变化; 地热动力学机制指井区岩土中大地热流作用或热传导引起的井水温度变化. 结果表明, 多数同震响应是水热动力学机制下生成的水温微动态; 水温的震后效应或变化则多是热传导或深部热流变化引起的, 属于地热动力学机制下生成的水温微动态. 少数水温微动态特征较为复杂, 多是源于井-含水层系统中包含有多个水文地质特征差异明显的含水层, 尚不能简单地用水热或地热动力学机制予以解释.     

现今地球动力学的某些问题和研究设想

本文对现今地球动力学和历史地球动力学的研究范畴和特点进行了简要说明,提出了地球动力学研究层次的划分,对现今地球动力学的三个重要问题,即地球的分层问题和地幔涌流模式的构想;全球构造格局的反对称性;经向构造两侧构造运动的差异和纬向的地幔流等进行了一般性的讨论     

几种不同下垫面地表粗糙度动态变化及其对通量机理模型模拟的影响

在众多地表通量模拟模型和遥感通量反演模型中,空气动力学粗糙度(z0)是一个重要的地表参数.选取代表典型农田的禹城站,代表复杂下垫面的千烟洲站和代表森林下垫面的长白山站3个通量观测站的风速和温度廓线资料,运用最小二乘法拟合迭代,分别计算得到各站点通量塔所在地的零平面位移和空气动力学粗糙度.在此基础上,分别分析不同下垫面的空气动力学粗糙度随作物高度和叶面积指数(LAI)、风向(地形)、风速、摩擦速度等因子的变化.并采用SEBS模型分析地表空气动力学粗糙度动态变化对地表通量计算的影响.结果表明空气动力学粗糙度随植被特征(如作物高度,叶面积指数等)以及风向、风速和摩擦速度等因子而变化.禹城和长白山站通量塔所在风浪区的空气动力学粗糙度明显随作物生长期植被高度及叶面积指数变化,即先随LAI增加而增加,达到峰值后,随LAI增加而减小;千烟洲叶面积指数变化较小,空气动力学粗糙度随叶面积指数的变化不明显;地形较平坦的禹城和长白山站空气动力学粗糙度随风向变化较小,而地形起伏较大的千烟洲站空气动力学粗糙度随风向变化较大.随着风速的变化,禹城站空气动力学粗糙度没有明显变化,而千烟洲和长白山空气动力学粗糙度表现出随风速增加而减小的趋势.各站空气动力学粗糙度的这种动态变化对模型通量反演有较大影响,通过模型分析,5月1日～6月3日禹城空气动力学粗糙度日平均值、千烟洲及长白山通量塔空气动力学粗糙度5d平均值与模型所取z0值相比,由于z0的动态变化造成相同时间尺度显热通量H的计算相对误差的绝对值最大可分别达到2.726%,33.802%和18.105%.     

川西地区地壳三维速度结构环境噪声高分辨率地震成像研究

川西高原地处青藏高原东部边缘。川西地区高分辨率的地壳上地幔三维速度结构探测研究对于青藏高原动力学和大陆内部块体边界动力学来说无疑具有至关重要的意义。近年来,川西地区已成为青藏高原动力学和大陆内部块体边界动力学研究的热点。与之相应的地球物理探测工作也十分活跃。但是,由于台站覆盖区域及空间分辨率的限制,     

查干湖冰封期光谱特征及影响因素

湖冰光谱特征是湖冰遥感反演的物理基础,是研究湖冰光学特性和空间分布的理论依据。本文以查干湖为例,使用ASD Field Spec 4便携式地物光谱仪采集冰封期不同类型湖冰、积雪和水体光谱,利用Savitzky-Golay滤波法和包络线去除法分析白冰、灰冰、黑冰、雪冰、积雪和水体的反射光谱特征,探索气泡对湖冰反射光谱特征的影响。积雪和雪冰、白冰和灰冰、黑冰和水体的反射特征随着波长的变化特征基本一致,冰的反射率介于积雪和水体之间,其中白冰的反射率高于灰冰和黑冰,在包络线去除结果中,黑冰和水体在440 nm吸收谷处的吸收面积为5.184和10.878、吸收深度为0.052和0.106,雪、雪冰、白冰、灰冰在800和1030 nm吸收谷处的吸收面积和吸收深度的变化表现为雪<雪冰<灰冰<白冰。气泡是影响湖冰光谱特征的重要因素,气泡使白冰反射率减小和黑冰反射率增大,并且气泡使得白冰在800/1030nm和黑冰在440 nm处的吸收面积和吸收深度减小,其中气泡大小和疏密程度的不同会导致湖冰反射率的影响程度存在差异。同时,本文选取时间同步的Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像,在完成辐...     

EXPERIMENT STUDY ON ACOUSTIC EMISSION,MICROSEISM AND CHARGE INDUCTION DURING FRACTURE PROCESS OF GRANITE WITH FAULT ZONE UNDER UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION

As the rock samples will produce abnormal signals of acoustic emission, microseismic and charge signals under external loading, the waveform comprehensive monitoring devices are used to synchronously monitor acoustic emission, microseismic and charge signals during the deformation and failure process of granite with fault zone under uniaxial compression. The results show that, the granite with fault zone has obvious synchronous precursory signals of acoustic emission, microseism and charge induction in the elastic deformation stage, and has high amplitude synchronous precursory signals in the instability destruction stage. The influence of fault zone on granite samples strength is remarkable, and the uniaxial compressive strength of samples with the fault zone is greatly reduced. With the angle of the fault zone decreasing, the uniaxial compressive strength of the specimens is reduced, the samples are more liable to instability and the energy of instability destruction is greater. With the fault zone angle of granite samples decreasing, the acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction signals increase in the deformation and failure process of samples. The samples stress decreases when the acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction precursory signals appear synchronously. The duration of acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction precursory signals is increasing in the instability destruction stage. When the angle of the fault zone reaches 30°, the mutability of acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction signal increases, the time to enter the dangerous stage is much earlier, and the acoustic emission events of large magnitude increase significantly, and the large angle faults of coal mine are more dangerous. The intensive and high amplitude synchronous precursory signals of acoustic emission, microseism and charge induction are produced before the instability destruction, and the signals duration is shorter. The intensive and strongest synchronous precursory signals of acoustic emission, microseism and charge induction are produced in the instability destruction, and the signals duration is longer. Acoustic emission monitoring data can better reflect the micro rupture of rock. And combined with the acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction precursory signals, the precursory information of rock instability destruction can be obtained more accurately.     

橡胶砂芯组合砌块动力特性及隔震效应数值分析

在混凝土空心砌块的空腔中填入橡胶砂形成的组合砌块（RSMCB）可作为简易隔震层应用于村镇建筑防震减灾。建立RSMCB的三维数值分析模型,进行循环剪切试验以及隔震分析,研究不同橡胶砂配比、竖向压应力、盖板尺寸和盖板埋深对隔震砌块动刚度和阻尼比的影响,分析不同的上部配重、输入地震波、橡胶砂配比、盖板尺寸和铺设方式对RSMCB垫层隔震效果的影响。结果表明:（1）橡胶砂芯组合砌块应变软化现象明显。（2）RSMCB的水平动刚度随橡胶砂配比增大而减小,随盖板埋深、盖板尺寸以及竖向压应力的增大而增大。（3）阻尼比随橡胶砂配比、竖向压应力、盖板尺寸和埋深的增大而减小,橡胶砂芯组合砌块隔震消能效果显著。在隔震数值模拟中,输入加速度在经过橡胶砂芯组合砌块垫层过滤后均有不同程度的降低,且被过滤掉大部分高频波。隔震效应随着盖板尺寸的增大而减小,上部结构配重越大,隔震效应越明显,橡胶砂配比为30%时RSMCB垫层隔震效应更好。橡胶砂芯组合砌块符合在村镇欠发达地区低成本隔震的要求,表现出广阔的应用前景。     

模块化外框内箱结构抗震性能分析

基于《集装箱模块化组合房屋技术规程》中的要求,为提高模块化集装箱建筑的抗震性能,增加房屋的使用高度,提出了一种外框内箱结构,其由外框柱、外框梁和模块化集装箱拼装组成。为验证外框内箱结构的抗震性能,对六层传统集装箱结构和外框内箱结构进行了数值仿真分析,对比分析两种结构的层间位移角和构件应力分布等。结果表明:外框内箱结构竖向刚度分布均匀,受力更加合理,传力更加明确,能有效地减小内部集装箱构件内力,其能更好的实现结构"强柱弱梁和强节点"需求,提高结构的安全性和可靠性。     

[专稿]湖泊沉积物-水界面研究进展与展望

湖泊沉积物-水界面是以水层/沉积层物相为基础、具有一定立体尺度的交接面,界面上所发生的由生物积极参与的物理、化学和生物学微小反应和环境变化,都会对界面附近物质的状态和迁移转化行为产生着复杂影响.本文首先回顾了沉积物-水界面研究100多年来的发展历程及国内外近20年发展.然后系统介绍了国际上对沉积物-水界面的物理尺度与结构的宏观和微观认识;重点综述了沉积物间隙水的取样、物化性质的多维测定与结构表征、过程的静态和动态模拟等湖泊沉积物-水界面研究技术与方法;分析和展示了氮磷等营养物、重金属和持久性有机污染物在湖泊沉积物-水界面迁移转化过程的研究进展;总结和归纳了在沉积物-水界面过程的模型研究、沉积物-水界面物质交换的定量化、界面过程与湖泊生态环境灾害关系等模型与过程效应方面的研究成果.最后对沉积物-水界面信息获取技术的研发方向、界面物质交换定量化研究的关注点,以及加强模型的应用和构建等方面进行了展望.     

The impacts of human activities on the water–land environment of the Shiyang River basin,an arid region in northwest China / Les impacts des activités humaines sur l’environnement pédo-hydrologique du bassin de la Rivière Shiyang,une région aride du nord-ouest de la Chine

Abstract

Abstract The Shiyang River basin is a typical interior river basin that faces water shortage and environmental deterioration in the arid northwest of China. Due to its arid climate, limited water resources and some inappropriate water-related human activities, the area has developed serious loss of vegetation, and gradual soil salinization and desertification, which have greatly impeded the sustainable development of agriculture and life in this region. In this paper, the impacts of human activities on the water–soil environment in Shiyang River basin are analysed in terms of precipitation, runoff in branches of the river, inflow into lower reaches, water conveyance efficiency of the canal system and irrigation water use efficiency in the field, replenishment and exploitation of groundwater resources, soil salinization, vegetation cover and the speed of desertification. The results show that human activities and global climate change have no significant influence on the precipitation, but the total annual runoff in eight branch rivers showed a significant decrease over the years. The proportion of water use in the upper and middle reaches compared to the lower reach was increased from 1:0.57 in the 1960s, to 1:0.27 in the 1970s and 1:0.09 in the 1990s. A reduction of about 74% in the river inflow to the lower reaches and a 15-m drop in the groundwater table have occurred during the last four decades. Strategies for improving the water–soil environment of the basin, such as the protection of the water resources of the Qilian Mountains, sustainable use of water resources, maintenance of the balance between land and water resources, development of water-saving agriculture, diverting of water from other rivers and control of soil desertification, are proposed. The objective of this paper is to provide guidelines for reconstruction of the sustainable water management and development of agriculture in this region.     

Earthquake risk assessment of lifelines

This paper presents the RISK-UE methodology for the seismic risk assessment of utility systems (potable water, waste-water, gas system, telecommunication, electric power) and transportation infrastructures (port, airport, road and railway system). The proposed methodology provides a uniform basis for the reduction of the consequences of lifeline damages in urban areas and an efficient mitigation strategy and prioritization policies for pre-earthquake and post earthquake actions. A detailed inventory for every element at risk together with a reliable seismic hazard assessment, appropriate selection of fragility models, estimation of the “global value” and economical impact of lifeline damages and losses are the main steps of the proposed methodology. The consideration of European distinctive features of lifelines and utility systems in the construction of seismic scenarios and the proposition of fragility curves are among the basic aims of the proposed methodology. Different modules of the methodology were applied in seven pilot cities (Thessaloniki, Catania, Nice, Bucharest, Sofia, Barcelona, Bitola). We present herein few representative examples (case studies) in order to illustrate the methodology and to prove its efficiency.     

电极材料对电化学改性无烟煤前后甲烷吸附解吸特性影响的实验研究

针对电化学作用能够显著增强煤中甲烷解吸渗流特性,但对其电极材料的选择缺乏依据的问题,采用实验的方法研究了铝、铁、铜和石墨四种电极材料对电化学改性无烟煤甲烷吸附解吸特性的影响.结果表明：（1）未改性自然煤样的甲烷饱和吸附量a为39.92 mL·g^-1,由铝、铁、铜和石墨四种电极材料进行电化学改性后阳极区域煤样的甲烷饱和吸附量a分别降低了5.22%、8.48%、9.24%和11.33%,阴极区域煤样的甲烷饱和吸附量a分别降低了9.53%、4.97%、6.25%和4.97%;（2）未改性自然煤样在300 min的甲烷解吸率为83.17%,经铝、铁、铜和石墨四种电极材料改性后阳极区域煤样的甲烷解吸率分别提高了9.50%、7.10%、8.36%和15.75%,阴极区域煤样的甲烷解吸率分别提高了1.76%、1.12%、6.10%和16.23%;（3）采用石墨作为电极的电化学对无烟煤甲烷解吸的影响效果最为明显,原因在于石墨阳极处电解反应生成较多的H⁺离子,一方面对煤表面进行酸化,抑制了煤甲烷的吸附,另一方面更多地溶蚀煤中的碳酸盐和硫酸盐矿物,增加了煤中的孔隙,使得甲烷最终解吸率有所升高.本文的研究结果可为电化学强化煤甲烷解吸电极材料的优选提供基础依据.

     

希腊VAN地震预报方法的进展与争论(I)——进展

该文综合希腊ＶＡＮ小组成员及各国专家发表的有关论文,全面介绍了ＶＡＮ小组自８０年代初以来所进行的地电地震预报方法的探索和效果,包括观测技术、预报程序、地震三要素的估计、预报及对应情况,国际上的评价及争论等。全文包括两部分,即进展和国际评价与争论,本文是其中的第一部分。     

Biogeochemistry of dissolved carbon,major, and trace elements during spring flood periods on the Ob River

Detailed knowledge of the flood period of Arctic rivers remains one of the few factors impeding rigorous prediction of the effect of climate change on carbon and related element fluxes from the land to the Arctic Ocean. In order to test the temporal and spatial variability of element concentration in the Ob River (western Siberia) water during flood period and to quantify the contribution of spring flood period to the annual element export, we sampled the main channel year round in 2014–2017 for dissolved C, major, and trace element concentrations. We revealed high stability (approximately ≤10% relative variation) of dissolved C, major, and trace element concentrations in the Ob River during spring flood period over a 1‐km section of the river channel and over 3 days continuous monitoring (3‐hr frequency). We identified two groups of elements with contrasting relationship to discharge: (a) DIC and soluble elements (Cl, SO₄, Li, B, Na, Mg, Ca, P, V, Cr, Mn, As, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ba, W, and U) negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with discharge and exhibited minimal concentrations during spring flood and autumn high flow and (b) DOC and particle‐reactive elements (Al, Fe, Ti, Y, Zr, Nb, Cs, REEs, Hf, Tl, Pb, and Th), some nutrients (K), and metalloids (Ge, Sb, and Te), positively correlated (p < 0.05) with discharge and showed the highest concentrations during spring flood. We attribute the decreased concentration of soluble elements with discharge to dilution by groundwater feeding and increased concentration of DOC and particle‐reactive metals with discharge to leaching from surface soil, plant litter, and suspended particles. Overall, the present study provides first‐order assessment of fluxes of major and trace elements in the middle course of the Ob River, reveals their high temporal and spatial stability, and characterizes the mechanism of river water chemical composition acquisition.