塔里木盆地西部南北向构造的发现及其意义

塔里木盆地是介于青藏高原和天山造山带之间的一个刚性块体,前人在盆地内部相继发现了平行于周边造山带的构造和近东西向构造,并且对这些构造的特征、形成和演化进行了深入研究,但在塔里木盆地始终没有发现南北向构造。本次在塔里木盆地西部发现的南北向构造为断层转折褶皱和断层传播褶皱,主要形成于晚二叠世,反映了塔里木盆地在晚二叠世曾经受到来自西部的挤压作用。在印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的远距离效应影响下,吐木休克断裂带附近的南北向构造自古近纪以来又重新活动。     

西秦岭埃达克岩的SHRIMP定年及其构造意义

西秦岭从夏河-礼县一带发育许多具有埃达克岩地球化学特征的花岗岩,本文对其中的冶力关和夏河岩体进行了 SHRIMP测年,为245±6 Ma和238±4 Ma,属印支早期。西秦岭埃达克岩富K,属于高钾钙碱性系列,地质与地球化学资料表明,西秦岭埃达克岩可能形成于板块消减的活动陆缘环境,与活动陆缘加厚的下地壳熔融作用有关,说明古特提斯洋盆北部的消减作用发生在印支早期。     

柴达木盆地西部昆北断阶带基底花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

柴达木盆地西部基底分布有大量的有花岗岩类岩石。通过对柴达木盆地西部昆北断阶带钻遇的基底花岗岩样品开展详细的岩石学、锆石激光探针等离子体质谱U-Pb同位素年代学及岩石地球化学研究表明,锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为467~450Ma,显示基底花岗岩的结晶年龄为中-晚奥陶世,属于加里东期岩浆侵入旋回。详细的岩石地球化学分析表明,昆北断阶带基底花岗岩属过铝高钾钙碱性系列,其稀土元素配分模式为具有Eu负异常的轻稀土元素富集型,昆北断阶带中南部基底花岗岩属上地壳物质熔融,同碰撞环境下形成的花岗岩。综合区域上的研究成果,昆北断阶带及其以西地区存在中奥陶世-早志留世的加里东期构造-岩浆事件,这对探讨柴达木盆地西部基底花岗岩成因类型及岩浆演化具有重要的意义。     

Genesis of deformation structures affecting Plio-Pleistocene sediments in the western Portuguese mainland (West Iberia). Implication on the regional neotectonics

A careful analysis of the morphology, geologic setting, stratigraphic distribution and sedimentological context of deformation features in sediments can give valuable information for the interpretation of their genesis, namely if they are of sedimentary or tectonic origin. This approach was used for the study area, located in the western region of the Portuguese mainland (West Iberian margin), where significant neotectonic and seismic activities occur, contrasting with the stabler interior of Iberia. Notwithstanding the regional neotectonics (intended as upper Pliocene to Recent), part of the deformation features observed in the studied deposits (Pliocene to Pleistocene in age) may be attributed to other phenomena but seismic shaking and/or active faulting. Slump beds and flame structures in coarse sand deposits are probably related to sedimentary overloading in high supply delta plain setting. Part of the deformation observed in the sediments that overlie Jurassic marls and limestones was probably induced by karst sink. This process is plausible even in Plio-Pleistocene sediments that overlie low carbonate content basement rocks, such as marl dominated successions. Thus, the abundance of deformation features affecting the studied Plio-Pleistocene sedimentary cover may lead to an overestimation of the regional active tectonics. The neotectonic activity in this area is reconsidered from the interpretation of the triggering mechanisms responsible for the observed deformation.     

西秦岭岗察岩体地球化学特征及意义

岗察岩体位于西秦岭造山带西端,该岩体形成于三叠纪中晚期,具有从中基性-酸性演化趋势。ω(SiO2)为55.15%~74.84%,Al2O3为13.12%~17.98%,K2O为1.23%~5.24%,K2O/Na2O为0.43~1.49,A/CNK为0.86~1.06,样品σ值为1.37~2.40,岩体属准铝质-弱过铝质钙碱性系列。微量元素球粒陨石标准化蜘蛛图解呈明显的右倾谱型,总体表现为Y、Yb、Zr、P、Nb、Ti(HFS)相对亏损,Rb、Th、K(LIL)富集的特征,指示岩体具有活动大陆边缘环境的特征。稀土元素(La/Yb)N为3.51~18.89,在稀土元素分配曲线上轻稀土元素富集且分异明显,重稀土元素相对亏损,Eu元素"谷"形明显,δEu为0.31~0.83,表明岩浆演化过程中有长石的结晶分异。微量与稀土元素蛛网图解形态及其组成特征还表明了岗察岩体岩浆源物质主要是由上地壳重熔演化而成。Rb-(Y+Nb)判别图解、R1-R2因子判别图解说明岩体处于西秦岭大陆活动边缘,经历了中三叠世中期西秦岭扬子地块与祁连地块之间板块碰撞造山运动。     

四川锦屏山地区推覆构造带特征及其研究意义

锦屏山地区推覆构造带滑移面均为韧性剪切带,而且整个推覆构造带由多个岩片推覆堆叠在一起,在其前缘则出现飞来峰群。通过对韧性剪切带和飞来峰群的精细研究,厘定其缩短距离约30km。同时厘定了扬子西缘的边界断裂——茶铺子-巴折区划性("槽-台"边界)复活断裂带(韧性剪切带),修正了锦屏山断裂为扬子西缘的边界断裂的认识。     

滇西碧罗雪山花岗岩体地球化学特征及其地质意义

碧罗雪山花岗岩体位于三江成矿带中段的左贡岩浆弧带内,由花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩和少量暗色包体组成。花岗岩类SiO_2含量67.10%~74.67%,富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=1.32~2.67)和低CaO(0.83%~2.6%),铝过饱和指数A/CNK=1.07~1.26,标准矿物中出现刚玉(1.06~3.38)。以上特征表明,该岩体为强过铝质高钾钙碱性S型花岗岩。稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,具弱至中等负Eu异常(δEu=0.38~0.97),相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,富集Cs、Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素。研究表明花岗岩为富含长石的砂屑岩部分熔融形成,形成于挤压环境向伸展环境转换的后碰撞阶段,为临沧花岗岩基的北延部分。     

柴达木盆地北缘西段榴辉岩相变质泥质岩的确定及意义

在柴北缘西段的鱼卡—落凤坡一带,识别出榴辉岩相的变质泥质岩,其典型的矿物组合为石榴子石+蓝晶石+硬绿泥石+多硅白云母±十字石±钠云母+石英+金红石。温压估算获得其峰期变质条件为p=2.3～3.1GPa,T=615～700℃,与相邻榴辉岩形成的温压条件相似。结合大理岩和正片麻岩中保存有残留的榴辉岩相的矿物,认为榴辉岩与围岩经历了共同的变质历史,它们之间的关系是“原地”关系,而不是“构造侵位”关系。     

滇西六合正长斑岩中角闪石、黑云母和锆石的特征及其指示意义

滇西金沙江-哀牢山成矿带发育众多与富碱侵入岩密切相关的斑岩矿床。六合正长斑岩产于该成矿带中段,为贫矿富碱斑岩。在岩相学基础上,对六合正长斑岩中的黑云母、角闪石、锆石进行了矿物学研究,厘定了矿物结晶的温压条件、岩浆氧逸度和含水量等关键要素,并结合全岩地球化学和前人研究成果,讨论了制约滇西富碱斑岩成矿的条件。六合正长斑岩中的黑云母富镁(MgO=12.98%~14.83%)、铝(Al_2O_3=14.18%~16.52%),Fe~(2+)/(Fe~(2+)+Mg)=0.29~0.31,矿物温压计测得黑云母的结晶温度为615~669℃,形成压力为103~165 MPa,形成深度为3~5 km(平均深度为4.2 km)。角闪石富铁(FeO=21.75%~22.21%)、钙(CaO=10.14%~10.49%),属浅闪石质-韭闪石质角闪石,形成温度为817~843℃,形成压力为158~191 MPa,形成深度为5~6 km(平均深度为5.9km)。通过角闪石成分限定岩浆氧逸度(ΔFMQ)为+1.12~+1.27。岩体中的岩浆锆石结晶温度为687~1 098℃,Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)=11.18~54.78(平均值50),δEu=0.14~0.81。正长斑岩中角闪石以斑晶产出,全岩Dy/Yb值与SiO_2含量呈负相关性,La/Yb值与SiO_2含量呈正相关性,且δEu=0.97~1.00,说明六合岩浆在早期结晶大量角闪石,鲜有斜长石分离结晶。以上分析显示六合正长斑岩具有低氧逸度、高含水量的特征。对比斑岩矿床中含矿岩石的矿物学特征,认为六合正长斑岩不具有形成斑岩型矿床的潜力。     

Global strain rates in western to central Himalayas and their implications in seismic hazard assessment

The Himalayas has experienced varying rates of earthquake occurrence in the past in its seismo-tectonically distinguished segments which may be attributed to different physical processes of accumulation of stress and its release, and due diligence is required for its inclusion for working out the seismic hazard. The present paper intends to revisit the various earthquake occurrence models applied to Himalayas and examines it in the light of recent damaging earthquakes in Himalayan belt. Due to discordant seismicity of Himalayas, three types of regions have been considered to estimate larger return period events. The regions selected are (1) the North-West Himalayan Fold and Thrust Belt which is seismically very active, (2) the Garhwal Himalaya which has never experienced large earthquake although sufficient stress exists and (3) the Nepal region which is very seismically active region due to unlocked rupture and frequently experienced large earthquake events. The seismicity parameters have been revisited using two earthquake recurrence models namely constant seismicity and constant moment release. For constant moment release model, the strain rates have been derived from global strain rate model and are converted into seismic moment of earthquake events considering the geometry of the finite source and the rates being consumed fully by the contemporary seismicity. Probability of earthquake occurrence with time has been estimated for each region using both models and compared assuming Poissonian distribution. The results show that seismicity for North-West region is observed to be relatively less when estimated using constant seismicity model which implies that either the occupied accumulated stress is not being unconfined in the form of earthquakes or the compiled earthquake catalogue is insufficient. Similar trend has been observed for seismic gap area but with lesser difference reported from both methods. However, for the Nepal region, the estimated seismicity by the two methods has been found to be relatively less when estimated using constant moment release model which implies that in the Nepal region, accumulated strain is releasing in the form of large earthquake occurrence event. The partial release in second event of May 2015 of similar size shows that the physical process is trying to release the energy with large earthquake event. If it would have been in other regions like that of seismic gap region, the fault may not have released the energy and may be inviting even bigger event in future. It is, therefore, necessary to look into the seismicity from strain rates also for its due interpretation in terms of predicting the seismic hazard in various segments of Himalayas.     

湘西沃溪金矿床矿石矿物学特征及深部找矿意义

借助电子探针分析技术,对沃溪矿床V3矿脉深部(29中段)矿体进行了矿石矿物学观察和分析,发现深部矿体自然金中Ag、Sb、Pb、Bi等杂质元素的含量明显比浅部(24中段以上)自然金相应组分的含量偏高,深部自然金的成色(≤995)比浅部自然金的成色(≥999)明显偏低;深部矿体矿石中发育辉锑矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、黝铜矿、硫锑矿、车轮矿等矿物,形成明显比浅部矿体组成复杂的矿物组合,显示矿床深部发育Au-Pb-zn-Bi±Cu的矿化作用.上述表明:沃溪矿床深部可能发育具Au-Pb-zn-Bi±Cu等元素组合的新矿体.它不同于浅部的W-Sb-Au元素组合的特征.因而深部找矿工作应多注重Au-Pb-zn-Bi+Cu多元素矿床.     

滇西大理至瑞丽铁路沿线地温场特征及其工程地质意义

在整理、分析云南大理至瑞丽拟建铁路沿线及其邻区现今地温场分布特征的基础上,进一步总结前人的资料,综合研究、探讨了该区地温场与岩浆活动、活动构造、地震活动、区域深部构造的关系。结果表明,该区中高温温泉（中高地温场）的空间分布与地表岩浆岩的出露、地表主要活动断裂带的分布都具有较好的对应关系。综合研究后认为,该区的中高温温泉可归结为岩浆热源型、断裂深循环型和岩浆热源叠加断裂深循环作用型3种基本成因类型。同时还发现,该区的温泉分布与区域地震活动空间上也存在密切的关系,并据此将区内划分为4个地震区带。研究结果表明,本区地表温泉分布所反映出的地温场特征对本区的工程稳定性评价具有重要的指示意义。     

滇西大理至瑞丽铁路沿线地温场特征及其工程地质意义

在整理、分析云南大理至瑞丽拟建铁路沿线及其邻区现今地温场分布特征的基础上,进一步总结前人的资料,综合研究、探讨了该区地温场与岩浆活动、活动构造、地震活动、区域深部构造的关系。结果表明,该区中高温温泉（中高地温场）的空间分布与地表岩浆岩的出露、地表主要活动断裂带的分布都具有较好的对应关系。综合研究后认为,该区的中高温温泉可归结为岩浆热源型、断裂深循环型和岩浆热源叠加断裂深循环作用型3种基本成因类型。同时还发现,该区的温泉分布与区域地震活动空间上也存在密切的关系,并据此将区内划分为4个地震区带。研究结果表明,本区地表温泉分布所反映出的地温场特征对本区的工程稳定性评价具有重要的指示意义。     

滇西大理至瑞丽铁路沿线地温场特征及其 工程地质意义

在整理、分析云南大理至瑞丽拟建铁路沿线及其邻区现今地温场分布特征的基础上,进一步总结前人的资料,综合研究、探讨了该区地温场与岩浆活动、活动构造、地震活动、区域深部构造的关系。结果表明,该区中高温温泉（中高地温场）的空间分布与地表岩浆岩的出露、地表主要活动断裂带的分布都具有较好的对应关系。综合研究后认为,该区的中高温温泉可归结为岩浆热源型、断裂深循环型和岩浆热源叠加断裂深循环作用型3种基本成因类型。同时还发现,该区的温泉分布与区域地震活动空间上也存在密切的关系,并据此将区内划分为4个地震区带。研究结果表明,本区地表温泉分布所反映出的地温场特征对本区的工程稳定性评价具有重要的指示意义。     

Paleozoic swells in the north of central and western Siberia

The relationships between the main tectonic features in the north of central and western Siberia are analyzed on the basis of the available geologic and geophysical data. The chain of troughs and syneclises, including the Yenisei-Khatanga Foredeep, the Lena-Anabar Trough, and the Ust-Yenisei and Yamal-Gydan syneclises are bounded in the north and south by systems of swells of approximately the same size and age. It is suggested that these swells, having appeared simultaneously with the troughs, were eroded subsequently and then buried beneath the Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediments.     

秦岭造山带西段八方山-二里河地区硅质岩的地球化学特征及其地质意义

陕西省凤县-太白(凤太)地区位于秦岭造山带的西段,是我国重要的金属成矿集中区之一.本文重点分析凤太地区中泥盆统古道岭组与上泥盆统星红铺组过渡部位的沉积成因硅质岩.它是八方山-二里河铅锌矿床的主要赋矿层位.硅质岩多为灰黑色,块状、层纹状、角砾状构造,致密坚硬,经受过轻微变质作用(主要是重结晶作用),主要组成矿物为细晶、微晶石英,含有少量的铁白云石、方解石、绢云母、炭质.根据地球化学分析,八方山-二里河地区沉积成因硅质岩的SiO_2含量均大于80%,最高者可达95.3%,TiO_2和Al_2O_3明显偏低,高FeO,Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值落在0.13～0.64之间.大部分微量元素含量远小于地壳元素丰度,但Ba、As、Sb、B、Ag、Hg含量较高.在V/Y-Ti/V和Ti-V图解中,硅质岩样品投影在洋中脊→大陆边缘的洋盆位置,大部分落在远洋区域,部分靠近大陆边缘.样品稀土元素含量较低,∑REE仅为3.28×10_(-6)～20.66×10_(-6),经北美页岩标准化后的稀土元素配分曲线可以分为H和S两组.H组曲线左倾,富集重稀土(HREE),具有明显的热水成因特征.S组与H组稍有差异,是受非热水沉积作用影响所致.(La/Lu)_N介于0.36～1.99,多分布于0.36～0.70和1.00～1.99两个区间内,分别代表与洋中脊环境相似的的洋盆喷口或断裂附近环境和受一定陆源物质影响的远洋盆地或深海平原环境.(La/Yb)_N值介于0.32～2.21,多分布0.32～0.72和1.74～2.21两个区间内,地质意义与(La/Lu)-N类似.硅质岩样品的(La/Ce)_N值在1.04～3.28,多数大于1,平均为1.62,主要反映大洋盆地(或深海平原)环境,个别样品也表现出大陆边缘沉积特征.研究结果表明,尽管经历了后期成岩作用等,但硅质岩仍整体上较好地保持了初始沉积时的地球化学特征.     

龙门山中、新生界软沉积物变形及构造演化

龙门山是由三条主要断裂组成的山体。汶川—茂县断裂,也称后山断裂,构成龙门山的西部边界;映秀—北川断裂为龙门山的中央断裂;灌县—安县断裂为龙门山的东部边界,也称前山断裂。龙门山断裂带以东为始自晚三叠世末的不同时期的前陆盆地。前陆盆地中从晚三叠世至2008年5月12日汶川地震(MS8.0),在不同年代地层中均有丰富的软沉积物变形构造(SSDS)记录,包括液化变形、重力作用变形、水塑性变形及其他相关的变形。这些变形层的地点紧邻龙门山的三条断裂,这些断裂在不同时期的活动诱发不同时期的强地震,导致当时尚未固结的沉积物变形(震积岩)。上三叠统小塘子组的软沉积的变形构造有液化角砾岩、液化滴状体、液化底辟、触变底辟、卷曲变形、拉伸布丁、负载、球-枕构造、枕状层及粒序断层等。侏罗系、白垩系主要为粗粒沉积物,除少数层位发现有液化变形外,主要的软沉积变形类型为各种形态、大尺度的砾岩负载构造。古近系为湖相沉积,沉积物粒度较细,软沉积物变形又出现大量液化变形构造,如液化混插、液化角砾岩等。2008年5月12日汶川地震(MS8.0)诱发大规模地表以下沙层液化,形成一系列液化变形构造与微地貌:液化沙堆、液化席状沙、沙火山、液化丘、坑状地形与混杂堆积。应用龙门山反射地震成果、古地震记录,结合区域构造可以给出龙门山断裂带发生的时间顺序与地震造山时期:(1)松潘—甘孜造山带与扬子板块的碰撞发生于晚三叠世早期,二者的边界即现在的汶川—茂县断裂;汶川—茂县断裂于晚三叠世末逆冲推覆造山,三叠纪末龙门山地区的山地可称松潘-甘孜山,在其东侧形成前陆盆地;晚三叠世印支造山旋回的大陆动力作用是龙门山诞生与孕育的阶段。(2)映秀—北川断裂与灌县—安县断裂的逆冲活动时间为侏罗纪—早白垩世,形成高山与前陆盆地。(3)早白垩世的龙门山已是一个由三条逆冲断裂组成的断裂带山体,可称古龙门山,山高约3 500m。(4)三条断裂在古近纪的活动诱发古近系软沉积物变形,但断裂未发生逆冲推覆造山,沉积物为湖相细粒沉积,古近纪是一个地震活动期,但不是造山的阶段。(5)中生代龙门山经历了多次瞬时地震造山与平静期山脉剥蚀降低的过程,现在的龙门山是晚新生代期间多次地震瞬时造山的产物。与众多的龙门山地学研究者不同,本文系采用另一种思维——软沉积物变形构造,即通过古地震途径讨论龙门山地区的构造演化。     

Theropod remains from the uppermost Cretaceous of Colombia and their implications for the palaeozoogeography of western Gondwana

Dinosaur remains from Upper Cretaceous outcrops of northern Gondwana are extremely rare, in contrast with the much richer sample of coeval beds from southern Gondwana. Dinosaur remains from the uppermost Cretaceous Ortega locality of the Upper Magdalena Basin (Maastrichtian) of the Department of Tolima, Colombia, provides new information on northern Gondwanan faunas of this time. A revision of dinosaur material from this outcrop, consisting of three theropod shed teeth, reveals the presence of two morphotypes. One of them is referred to Abelisauridae based on the presence of crowns with mesial margin with a strong curvature beginning at about the second-third of the crown height and straight to slightly concave distal margin. The second morphotype exhibits un-serrated mesial and distal margins without carinae and no constriction at the base of the crown, a combination of features only observed in unenlagiine dromaeosaurids within Theropoda. Members of these clades are also present in coeval beds of southern and central South America, Madagascar, northern Africa, and India, indicating a cosmopolitan distribution in western and central Gondwana during the Late Cretaceous. Regarding South America, abelisaurid and probably dromaeosaurid theropods are recorded across a large latitudinal area, from the Palaeo-Equator to considerably high palaeo-latitudes in Patagonia, and probably spanning quite different environmental conditions.