Stratigraphy, geochemistry and platinum group element mineralisation of the central zone of the Selukwe Subchamber of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe

The Selukwe Subchamber forms part of the South Chamber of the Great Dyke and is unique in its location and structure by its close association with the Selukwe greenstone belt. The contact with the greenstone belt (west side) is over 20 km in length and contrasts with the mainly granitic contact on the east side. The greenstone belt margin has caused a deflection of the magma chamber resulting in a narrowing of the subchamber in some parts. The narrowing of the chamber, combined with the contrasting marginal rocks, has resulted in several important petrological and geochemical features in the Selukwe Subchamber. These include abnormal compression of the stratigraphy from axis to margin by nearly 50%, geochemical differences in whole rock and mineral compositions, asymmetry in the forms and types of layers close to the east and west margins, and development of an extensive xenolith/autolith suite of rock fragments. The xenolith suite is derived from the greenstone belt, whereas the autolith suite resulted from fragmentation of the Border Group formed in contact with the wall-rocks early in the development of the magma chamber. The preservation of relics of the Border Group is the result of the more rapid cooling in the narrow chamber. In most areas of the Great Dyke, evidence of the Border Group has been largely eliminated. The style of the layering also contrasts with that in the larger North Chamber in that narrow layers of dominantly olivine pyroxenite characterise the sequence in the Selukwe Subchamber.The overall fractionation pattern of the Ultramafic Sequence in the central part of the chamber is represented by orthopyroxene compositions and, being similar to other parts of the Great Dyke, shows little change until the uppermost P1 Pyroxenite where marked fractionation is apparent. The platinum group element zone is associated with sharp compositional changes in orthopyroxene compared with the general trend of evolving pyroxene compositions in the P1 Pyroxenite layer.     

Compositional and Lithological Controls on the PGE-Bearing Sulphide Zones in the Selukwe Subchamber, Great Dyke: a Combined Equilibrium-Rayleigh Fractionation Model

The platinum group element (PGE)-bearing Main and Lower SulphideZones of the Selukwe Subchamber of the Great Dyke are made upof a series of subzones within which the ratios Pd:Pt are effectivelyconstant, whereas these ratios vary significantly between thesubzones. Fractionation of Pd with respect to Pt varies by afactor of 10 and cannot be modelled using a sulphide collectorphase and constant partition coefficients. The link with sulphideis indisputable and the control is likely to have been the degreeof oversaturation of PGE micro-nuggets in the magma. The apparentpartition coefficients for Pt and Pd between silicate and sulphideliquid are dependent on the degree of oversaturation and therebyexhibit spurious correlation with the PGE content of the sulphide.Modelling replicates the Pt and Pd distribution and ratios onlyby dramatically changing the effective partition coefficients.Pyroxene compositions (including TiO₂) are shown to be stronglydependent on the incompatible element content of the whole rock,and specific linear arrays relating these variables can be relatedto the PGE subzones. The overall control is Rayleigh fractionation,but constancy of the ratio Pd:Pt and the initial pyroxene composition(before re-equilibration with trapped liquid) within the subzonesis indicative of equilibrium crystallization. This layered structuremay have been derived from liquid layers in the magma chamber. KEY WORDS: platinum group elements; sulphide; Great Dyke; pyroxene compositions     

Halogen geochemistry of the Great Dyke,Zimbabwe

 Apatite from the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe is relatively rich in the hydroxy-fluorapatite end-members. The mole fraction of fluorapatite increases from approximately 40% in cumulates of the Ultramafic Sequence to over 60% in a sample near the top of the exposed Mafic Sequence. The chlorapatite component decreases from a typical high of 10–20 mole% in the Ultramafic Sequence to about 1% in the uppermost part of the Mafic sequence. However, within-sample variation may be as great as the entire stratigraphic variation. Halogen contents of marginal samples generally are similar to axial samples, but tend not to have as high Cl concentration and tend to OH-enrichment. Biotite compositions approach hydroxyl end-member compositions, and apatite-biotite OH-F exchange geothermometers give an average closure temperature of 564° C. Apatite from the Umvimeela Dyke, an unlayered dike that parallels the Great Dyke over much of its length, contains less Cl than is seen in the Ultramafic Sequence cumulates of the Great Dyke. While the overall stratigraphic trend is characterized by a decrease in the Cl/F ratio with stratigraphic height, within the P1 unit at the top of the Ultramafic Sequence there is a positive correlation between Cl and other incompatible elements such as Na and Ce. The apparent contradiction between the general stratigraphic trend of decreasing Cl/F ratio with fractionation and the apparent increase in Cl and other incompatible elements seen in the P1 unit can be explained by assuming that the Great Dyke magma chamber was degassing near its top, where confining pressure was lowest and Cl was preferentially lost to a separating volatile-rich fluid. As cumulates formed on the floor, they entrapped liquid that was increasingly depleted in Cl at the higher stratigraphic levels. However, at any given stratigraphic interval, either local fluid enrichment or the eventual crystallization of halogen-bearing minerals that incorporate the smaller F ion in preference to the larger Cl ion led to a local increase in the Cl/F ratio. Received: 31 October 1994/Accepted: 13 June 1995     

攀西裂谷地区层状镁铁岩的PGE矿化作用

攀西裂谷位于四川西部,裂谷经历了元古宙和海西期二次地幔柱活动,形成多处穹窿构造和层状镁铁质岩体的侵入。后一期的层状岩体赋存著名的超大型钒钛磁铁矿床。中国和南非合作研究认为,层状岩体PGE矿化应进一步研究。以新街岩体为代表,经钻探工程建立了岩体剖面;岩石学、矿物学和地球化学研究证实,岩体有三个岩浆旋回和许多韵律层,层厚仅2~3cm。自上而下岩相为辉长岩、橄辉岩、辉石岩和橄榄岩,造岩矿物为贵橄榄石、普通辉石、钛普通辉石和中长石。岩体下部旋回,硫化物较富集,多在高镁质岩相。硅酸盐、氧化物和硫化物三系列矿物共生而不混熔。硫化物呈浸染状,主要有三层,产在橄榄岩、辉石岩和下辉长岩内。铂族矿物有砷铂矿、自然铂、硫锇矿、铋碲钯矿、碲铋矿、碲银矿、自然银等。PGE富集可能有三个阶段:岩浆早期,岩浆中"S"不饱和,PGE易进入硅酸盐;岩浆晚期"S"逸度增高,硫化物富集,为PGE富集阶段;热液阶段PGE再分配富集。PGE和Ni、Cu、S为正相关关系,和Fe、Ti相辅相成,无明显关系。岩石中PGE背景值为(0.166~0.411)×10-6,PGE矿化体的品位变化较大,为(0.94~0.976)×10-6。有的钻孔样品Pt+Pd含量大于1×10-6,可做进一步找矿的依据。     

Unconventional PGE occurrences and PGE mineralization in the Great Dyke: metallogenic and economic aspects

Platinum group elements (PGE) are strategic materials because 96–99% of the world production is derived from just five mining districts and because they cannot be replaced as catalysts in many chemical processes. In order to lessen the strategic character of PGE, both conventional deposits and unconventional PGE mineralizations were investigated in an attempt to locate viable deposits which would diversify the supplier base. In the Great Dyke, conventional PGE mineralization occurs in the form of pristine sulfide ores mined underground and oxidic surface ores. New observations such as bimodal distributions of the PGE in the Main Sulfide Zone (MSZ), elevated Pt/Pd ratios in the oxidized MSZ compared to the sulfidic part and distinct differences between the platinum group mineral (PGM) assemblages of the MSZ and stream sediments of adjacent rivers emphasize the fact that even though the Great Dyke seems to be the second or third largest PGE occurrence in the world, the complicated PGE distributions and supergene redistributions should be kept in mind during planning and mine operation. Investigations of unconventional PGE occurrences in ophiolites, Alaskan-type intrusions, porphyry copper deposits and in the Kupferschiefer show that economically exploitable PGE concentrations can be expected in a broader variety of host rocks than considered favourable in the past. In the Albanian Mirdita ophiolite average contents of 860 ppb Pt and 60 ppb Pd were detected. Flotation concentrates of porphyry copper deposits, for example from Mamut, Malaysia, Santo Tomas, Philippines, Elacite, Bulgaria, and Ok Tedi, Papua New Guinea, contain between 827 and 1860 ppb Pd + Pt. In selected profiles of the Polish Kupferschiefer average contents of 255 ppb Pt, 94 ppb Pd, 2.4 ppm Au and 13.0 ppm Ag were analysed. The distribution of the PGE resources in the world and the annual production rates, however, underline the fact that the chances for a significant change in the supplier base are relatively low. The Bushveld Complex will remain the largest producer, followed by Noril'sk-Talnakh, Sudbury and Stillwater. If the operations in the Great Dyke reach their planned capacities, the Great Dyke will rank in third place among the PGE-producing deposits in the world. Received: 12 September 1998 / Accepted: 7 December 1999     

The Geology of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe: Crystallization, Layering, and Cumulate Formation in the P1 Pyroxenite of Cyclic Unit 1 of the Darwendale Subchamber

The P1 layer of the Great Dyke is an 200 m thick pyroxenitesuccession in Cyclic Unit 1 and, as the topmost lithology ofthe Ultramafic Sequence, represents the transition from ultramaficto mafic rocks. Of critical importance to this part of the stratigraphyis the strong lateral environmental change from axis to marginas a result of the flared structure of the Great Dyke. Duringthe formation of the P1 layer the axial zone was underlain bya great thickness of hot ultramafic cumulates whereas the samelayer in the marginal zone progressively offiaps the lower ultramaficlayers and is in close proximity to the underlying wall/floorrocks. Heat loss through the floor was therefore much greaterin the marginal zone than in the axis. Major lateral variations are observed, with all lithologicalunits and layers thinning towards the margins of the subchambertogether with a progressive change in the form of the cumulates.Discordant relationships towards the margin between layer types(modal, cryptic, and form) are a feature of the P1 unit whichhas also been recognized in other parts of the Great Dyke (Prendergast,1991). Pyroxene compositions show significant variations withinan overall fractionation trend and decoupling occurs betweenmajor and minor element components of bronzite, suggesting strongcompositional heterogeneity of the magma. This type of crypticlayering has not previously been described and is informallycalled ‘cryptorhythmic’ layering. Pyroxene compositional variation is related to reaction andmodification by trapped intercumulus liquid, and few mineralspreserve liquidus compositions. A similar situation must existfor most layered intrusions. The strong dependence of pyroxenecompositions on incompatible element content in the whole-rockshows that the original liquidus compositions were modifiedby postcumu-lus overgrowth and reaction with the trapped intercumulusliquid. Well-constrained data arrays indicate that most cumulatesin the P1 layer behaved as a closed system with little or nomigration of intercumulus liquid. Liquidus compositions cantherefore be deduced and the residual porosity and degree ofpostcumulus formation were modelled using a computer program.Residual porosity is shown to be between 1 and 13% (by mass).Rocks in the marginal facies have a relatively large proportionof discrete postcumulus phases but instead of representing crystallizationof trapped liquid these are shown to be mainly heteradcumulusphases, i. e., interstitial minerals that have grown largelyby adcumulus processes in equilibrium with the main body ofmagma. The heteradcumulus component can be as high as 27%. Thesephases occur as oikocrysts which give rise to a well-developednodular pyroxenite (the ‘potato’ reef). The formationof the nodules caused local redistribution of primary sulphideliquid. The liquid layers which gave rise to cumulates in the marginalfacies are shown to be enriched in iron and incompatible elementscompared with the axial zone, indicating that the P1 pyroxenitelayer formed by crystallization of a magma which was eithercompositionally stratified or exhibited a strong lateral compositionalgradient.     

Towards a model for the in situ origin of PGE reefs in layered intrusions: insights from chromitite seams of the Rum Eastern Layered Intrusion, Scotland

The current debate on the origin of platinum-group element (PGE) reefs in layered intrusions centres mostly on gravity settling of sulphide liquid from overlying magma versus its introduction with interstitial melt/fluids migrating upward from the underlying cumulate pile. Here, we show that PGE-rich chromitite seams of the Rum Eastern Layered Intrusion provide evidence for an alternative origin of such deposits in layered intrusions. These laterally extensive 2-mm-thick chromitite seams occur at the bases of several cyclic mafic–ultramafic units and show lithological and textural relationships suggesting in situ growth directly at a crystal–liquid interface. This follows from chromitite development along the edges of steeply inclined culminations and depressions at unit boundaries, even where these are vertically oriented or overhanging. High concentrations of PGE (up to 2–3 ppm Pd + Pt) are controlled by fine-grained base-metal sulphides, which are closely associated with chromitite seams. The following sequence of events explains the origin of the PGE-rich chromitite seams: (a) emplacement of picritic magma that caused thermal and mechanical erosion of underlying cumulate, followed by in situ growth of chromite against the base, (b) precipitation of sulphide droplets on chromite grains acting as favourable substrate or catalyst for sulphide nucleation, (c) the scavenging of PGE by sulphide droplets from fresh magma continuously brought towards the base by convection. Since the rate of magma convection is 10⁵–10⁷ times higher than that of the solidification (km/year to km/day versus 0.5–1.0 cm/year), the in situ formed sulphide droplets can equilibrate with picritic magma of thousands to million times their own volume. As a result, the sulphide-bearing rocks are able to reach economic concentrations of PGE (several ppm). We tentatively suggest that the basic principles of our model may be used to explain the origin of PGE-rich chromitites and classical PGE reefs in other layered mafic–ultramafic intrusions.     

津巴布韦大岩墙层状铬铁矿地球化学特征及地质意义

津巴布韦大岩墙中的层状铬铁矿储量丰富,易于开采且矿石质量较高。本文通过对产自不同次岩浆房的铬铁矿样品进行电子探针分析,表明铬铁矿的地球化学数据较为集中,TiO_2含量较低,Mg#变化不大,Cr#逐渐升高,表现出随着温度和压力的降低,铬铁矿化学成分向着富Cr和富Fe的方向演变。综合分析表明该层状铬铁矿是在拉张环境背景下,由于深大断裂诱发深部地幔发生部分熔融,形成的基性-超基性岩浆快速上涌,随着温度和压力的逐渐降低,由分离结晶作用导致铬铁矿矿物的堆晶沉淀形成层状矿体。     

The Orebody Character of Pt-Pd Deposits in the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe

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Nd and Sr isotopic geochemistry of mafic layered intrusions in the eastern Baltic shield: implications for the evolution of Paleoproterozoic continental mafic magmas

 Nd and Sr isotopic data are presented for the 2449–2441 Ma Olanga and Burakovka layered mafic complexes in the eastern Baltic Shield. These complexes have similar tectonic position, but differ in two aspects: the age of the enclosing crust and the post-crystallization metamorphic history. The Sm–Nd isotopic results for the Kivakka and Lukkulaisvaara intrusions, Olanga Complex, are consistent with the model of closed-system crystallization of a single magma without significant wallrock assimilation. The Rb–Sr systems of minerals were disturbed by late Rb addition during 1.75–1.50 Ga metamorphism. The Nd and Sr isotopic systems in the Burakovka complex show no metamorphic disturbance and indicate mixing of at least four isotopically distinct components. Isotopic variations in the Burakovka Complex can be explained by a 4–20 per cent contamination of a primary komatiitic or picritic magma with a Mesoarchean crust, similar to that exposed in the region. A similar model, applied to the Olanga Complex using a Neoarchean crustal isotopic composition, cannot reproduce the observed isotopic signature. The nearly uniform initial ɛ_Nd values between −1 and −2.3, observed in the Kivakka and Lukkulaisvaara intrusions of the Olanga Complex, as well as in the other 2.50–2.44 Ga layered mafic intrusions throughout the eastern Baltic Shield, are better explained by a mantle plume model with small amounts of crustal contamination and minor involvement of asthenospheric material. This model is also consistent with the geological observations and the temporal distribution of the Paleoproterozoic mafic magmatism in the eastern Baltic Shield. As an alternative, the enriched isotopic characteristics may be explained by melting of a metasomatically modified lithospheric mantle source. Received: 4 August 1994/Accepted: 5 April 1996     

The Paasivaara PGE reef in the Penikat layered intrusion,northern Finland

Summary Three major PGE-bearing mineralized zones have been found in the layered series of the early Proterozoic Penikat layered intrusion. These are designated as the Sompujärvi (SJ), Ala-Penikka (AP) and Paasivaara (PV) Reefs according to the site of their initial discovery.The uppermost of these, the PV Reef, has the highest Pt/Pd ratio. It is located in the transition zone between the fourth and the fifth megacyclic units. The main host rock is the uppermost anorthosite, disseminated sulphides and associated PGM being concentrated in the interstices of this plagioclase orthocumulate. The Reef has also been encountered in other parts of the transition zone, however, and sometimes even in the lowermost parts of the fifth megacyclic unit. The dominant sulphide paragenesis is chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-pentlandite, whereas the PGM identified are represented by sperrylite (PtAs₂), kotulskite (PdTe), merenskyite (PdTe₂), isomertieite (Pd₁₁Sb₂As₂), stibiopalladinite (Pd₅Sb₂), cooperite (PtS) and braggite ((Pt, Pd, Ni)S).It is suggested that the PV Reef was formed in the mixing process when the fifth magma pulse intruded into the magma chamber. Mixing of the new magma with the older residual magma in the chamber accounted for the sulphide precipitation. Mixing and convection were probably turbulent at first and the sulphides were thus able to "scavenge" PGE from a large amount of silicate melt. The metal ratios in the mineralization point to a close genetic relationship with the fifth magma pulse.

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Das Paasivaara PGE Reef in der Penikat-Intrusion, Nord-Finnland

Zusammenfassung In den geschichteten Serien der frühproterozoischen Intrusion von Penikat kommen drei grössere PGE-führende Zonen vor. Diese werden als die Sompujärvi (SJ), Ala-Penikka (AP) und Paasivaara (PV) Reefs bezeichnet, entsprechend den Lokalitäten der Entdeckung.Das am höchsten gelegene PV Reef hat die höchsten Pt/Pd Verhältnisse. Es liegt in der Übergangszone zwischen der vierten und der fünften megazyklischen Einheit. Das wichtigste Wirtsgestein ist der oberste Anorthosit, wo disseminierte Sulfide und assoziierte PGM in den Zwischenräumen dieses Plagioklas-Orthokumulates vorkommen. Das Reef wurde auch in anderen Teilen der Überganszone beobachtet und manchmal sogar in den untersten Partien der fünften megazyklischen Einheit. Die dominierende Sulfidparagenese ist Kupferkies-Magnetkies-Pentlandit; PGM sind Sperrylith (PtAs₂), Kotulskit (PdTe), Merenskyit (PdTe₂), Isomertieit (Pd₁₁Sb₂As₂), Stibiopalladinit (Pd₅Sb₂), Cooperite (PtS) und Braggit ((Pt, Pd, Ni)S).Es wird angeregt, dass das PV Reef während der Mischungsvorgänge bei der Intrusion des fünften Magma Pulses in die Magmenkammer entstanden ist. Mischung des neuen Magmas mit dem alten Residual-Magma in der Kammer war für die Ausfällung der Sulfide verantwortlich. Mischung und Konvektion dürften anfangs turbulent gewesen sein, und so konnten die Sulfide die PGE aus einem beträchtlichen Anteil der Silikatschmelze entfernen. Die Metallverhältnisse dieser Vererzung lassen eine enge genetische Verbindung mit dem fünften Magmapuls erkennen.

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With 8 Figures     

The Occurrence of Useful Components in Platinum-Palladium Deposit in the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe

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Trace Element and Platinum Group Element Distributions and the Genesis of the Merensky Reef, Western Bushveld Complex, South Africa

The Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex is one of the world'slargest resources of platinum group elements (PGE); however,mechanisms for its formation remain poorly understood, and manycontradictory theories have been proposed. We present precisecompositional data [major elements, trace elements, and platinumgroup elements (PGE)] for 370 samples from four borehole coresections of the Merensky Reef in one area of the western BushveldComplex. Trace element patterns (incompatible elements and rareearth elements) exhibit systematic variations, including small-scalecyclic changes indicative of the presence of cumulus crystalsand intercumulus liquid derived from different magmas. Ratiosof highly incompatible elements for the different sections areintermediate to those of the proposed parental magmas (CriticalZone and Main Zone types) that gave rise to the Bushveld Complex.Mingling, but not complete mixing of different magmas is suggestedto have occurred during the formation of the Merensky Reef.The trace element patterns are indicative of transient associationsbetween distinct magma layers. The porosity of the cumulatesis shown to affect significantly the distribution of sulphidesand PGE. A genetic link is made between the thickness of theMerensky pyroxenite, the total PGE and sulphide content, petrologicaland textural features, and the trace element signatures in thesections studied. The rare earth elements reveal the importantrole of plagioclase in the formation of the Merensky pyroxenite,and the distribution of sulphide. KEY WORDS: Merensky Reef; platinum group elements; trace elements     

华北克拉通北部古-中元古代富碱侵入岩的Nd、Sr、Pb同位素地球化学：岩石圈地幔富集的证据

华北克拉通北部古-中元古代富碱侵入岩主要分布在燕辽三叉裂堑系和辽吉拗拉谷中及附近,为一套高碱高钾的基性-中性岩,以正长岩类为主。本文通过开展系统的 Nd、Sr、Pb 同位素研究,发现所有岩体岩石均以高负ε_(Nd)(t)为特征,ε_(Nd)(t)=-3.4～-7.5,平均值为～4.8,这与研究区古-中元古代基性-超基性岩石的 Nd 同位素特征(ε_(Nd)(t)=-4～-8) 一致,与燕辽裂堑系发育的偏碱性火山岩 Nd 同位素特征(ε_(Nd)(t)=-4.3～-8.9)也比较相似,表明它们的物质来源相似,都与富集地幔有关。Sr 同位素初始比值(~(87)St/~(86)Sr)_i比较低,主要变化在0.7028～0.7053之间,平均值为0.7041。钾长石铅同位素组成普遍较低,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)pb/~(204)Pb、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb 比值变化范围(梁屯-矿洞沟岩体除外)分别为14.500～15.70l、14.887～15.150和34.178～36.537,平均值分别为14.968、14.984和35.057。在ε_(Nd)(t)-ε_(Sr)(t)图解上,所有岩体的投影点均在地幔演化趋势线附近,比较接近 EMI 型富集地幔端员,暗示它们的物质来源与 EMI 型富集地幔有关;钾长石 Pb 同位素模式图也说明这些岩体物质来源与地幔和下地壳有关。通过两端员混合模拟,揭示了岩浆演化过程中存在少量的下地壳物质混染,平均约14%左右。从2.5Ga 左右开始华北克拉通岩石圈地幔的亏损程度逐渐变小,在2.2Ga 左右局部呈现富集性特征,1.85Ga时整个岩石圈地幔已经完全转变为富集性,之后富集程度越来越高。推测早期俯冲携带的壳源物质以及后期地幔流体的交代作用可能是岩石圈地幔逐渐转变为富集性的原因。     

Tellurium,selenium and cobalt enrichment in Neoproterozoic black shales,Gwna Group,UK: Deep marine trace element enrichment during the Second Great Oxygenation Event

Black shales of the late Neoproterozoic Gwna Group (570–580 Ma), UK, contain enrichments of tellurium (Te), selenium (Se) and cobalt (Co) relative to average shale compositions. The Te and Co enrichments bear comparison with those of ferromanganese crusts in the modern deep ocean. Gwna Group deposition coincides with the Second Great Oxidation Event, which had a significant effect on trace element fixation globally. Selenium and Te concentrations within these black shales indicate increased continental weathering rates, high biological productivity and corresponding increases in atmospheric O₂ concentrations. Cobalt, nickel (Ni) and arsenic (As) enrichments in this succession are secondary mineralisation phases. Demand for many of the trace elements found enriched in the Gwna Group black shales make their mechanisms of accumulation, and variations through the geological record, important to understand, and suggests that new resources may be sought based on black shale protoliths from this period.     

秦岭岩群（杂岩）中侵入体的年代学、地球化学特征及其对古生代构造运动的启示

秦岭岩群（杂岩）是北秦岭构造带主要的构造岩石单元之一,对研究华北板块和扬子板块之间的构造演化具有重要意义。本文对秦岭岩群杂岩中的4个侵入体（包括片麻状变辉长岩、糜棱岩化花岗岩、片麻状石英闪长岩和片麻状花岗岩）进行了地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素分析,以探讨北秦岭在古生代的岩浆作用。结果表明4个样品富集LREE,亏损HREE;片麻状变辉长岩的锆石年龄集中在481Ma~471Ma,糜棱岩化花岗岩锆石年龄具有486Ma的强峰,代表早古生代岩浆热事件;片麻状石英闪长岩和片麻状花岗岩的锆石年龄分别在417Ma~384Ma之间和400Ma~388Ma之间,代表秦岭岩群（杂岩）在晚古生代早期经历的岩浆活动事件。片麻状变辉长岩的εHf(t)值在-5.64~-3.32之间,代表其原岩来自古老地壳;片麻状石英闪长岩和片麻状花岗岩的εHf(t)值均为正值,分别在7.62~11.84和7.50~10.70之间变化,表明其原岩来自亏损地幔。     

PGE reefs as an in situ crystallization phenomenon: the Nadezhda gabbronorite body, Lukkulaisvaara layered intrusion, Fennoscandian Shield, Russia

Summary The 100 m thick and 700 m long Nadezhda sill-like gabbronorite body, emplaced in the mafic-ultramafic Lukkulaisvaara layered intrusion, is associated with Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization that is mostly confined to mottled anorthosites developed from host gabbronorites and norites along the margin of the entire body. PGE and Au show distinct positive correlation with Cu, Ni and S suggesting that the noble metals are mainly controlled by sulphides. A mineralized layer about 1 m thick contains on average 0.74 wt.% S, 1.77 ppm Pt and 7.96 ppm Pd. Marginal location of PGE-rich sulphides and their absence in the Nadezhda body suggest that the mineralizing process must have been gravity-independent and not related to the bulk saturation of the magma in sulphides. We propose that the Nadezhda Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization formed as a result of local sulphide saturation that was achieved in situ at the margins as a result of the flux of ore-bearing fluids from the interior of the body towards its margins. The sulphides became PGE-rich due to interaction with a large volume of ore-bearing fluids that were introduced into the Nadezhda body during a juvenile stage of its development as a conduit through which a large volume of magma has passed on its way to the main chamber. Authors’ addresses: R. M. Latypov and S. Yu. Chistyakova, Kola Science Centre, Geological Institute, Fersman Str. 16, 184200 Apatity, Russia; Present address: Department of Geosciences, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland; T. T. Alapieti, Department of Geosciences, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland     

The geochemistry of vanadiferous magnetite in the bushveld complex: Implications for crystallization mechanisms in layered complexes

Detailed trace-element analyses of pure magnetite from four continuous borehole intersections through the main magnetitite layer from the upper zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex are presented. One section has been analysed at one centimetre intervals. Rapid depletion of Cr occurs over short, vertical sequences near the base of the layer, which is due to bottom-crystallization and the resulting chemical depletion of a thin layer of liquid. Sudden increases in Cr content of magnetite are attributed to convection cells which bring undepleted magma into the zone or crystallization. We suggest that these cells individually have lateral extents no greater than hundreds of metres, but collectively may be traced at a specific stratigraphic horizon for several tens of km. This lateral traceability of the effect of convection cells at approximately uniform stratigraphic height demonstrates the long-held implicit assumption that time-planes are in general parallel to the layering, and does not support the hypothesis that layers in the Bushveld Complex grew laterally. The activity of these cells is highly variable, with long periods of quiescence interspersed with periods of rapid, small-scale overturn. Most convection cells do not impinge upon the floor, and the abruptness of the resulting chemical reversal is largely a function of the thickness of the layer of depleted liquid trapped between the cumulates and the sole of the convection cell. Occasionally, these cells do touch the cumulate pile and may even cause erosion. This material may be redeposited elsewhere in the magnetitite layer either as mineralogically distinct fragments if erosion penetrated below the layer or, in the present instance, as a chemically chaotic pile of magnetite. The abruptness of the chemical reversals severely restricts the extent to which post-cumulus redistribution of elements or re-equilibration with percolating trapped liquid (infiltration metasomatism) may have occurred. The appearance of disseminated plagioclase in magnetite layers in variable proportions and in a non-systematic manner in the four profiles is attributed to fluctuations in pressure.     

A Platinum Group Element and Re-Os Isotope Investigation of Siderophile Element Recycling in Subduction Zones: Comparison of Grenada, Lesser Antilles Arc, and the Izu-Bonin Arc

The picritic (MgO >13·5%) lavas of Grenada providea unique opportunity to evaluate the platinum group elements(PGE) and Os isotope compositions of primitive subduction-generatedmelts. Compared with other arc lavas they have undergone verylimited crustal contamination (     

Origin and evolution of the granitic intrusions in the Brusque Group of the Dom Feliciano Belt,south Brazil: Petrostructural analysis and whole-rock/isotope geochemistry

In the southern Brazilian state of Santa Catarina the Dom Feliciano Belt, formed by the tectonic juxtaposition of different crustal blocks during the Brasiliano-Pan African Orogenic cycle, can be divided into three domains. In the central domain, three granitic suites intrude the metavolcanosedimentary sequence of the Brusque Group: São João Batista (SJBS), Valsungana (VS) and Nova Trento (NTS), from the oldest to the youngest. This extensive magmatism, here referred to as granitic intrusions in the Brusqe Group (GIBG), is coeval with the thermal peak in the host metamorphic successions, but postdates its main foliation. A progressive deformation starting from the magmatic stage throughout the cooling history points to the influence of the late stages of deformation recorded in the Brusque Group.The SJBS consists of gray to white leucocratic, equigranular granites, with aluminous minerals such as muscovite, garnet and tourmaline. The porphyritic VS is the largest of the suites and is characterized by its cm-sized K-feldspar megacrysts in a coarse-grained biotite-rich matrix. The granites from the NTS are equigranular, light gray to pink in color and have biotite as the main mafic mineral, but magmatic muscovite, tourmaline and hornblende can occur as well.Geochemically, the GIBG are mildly peraluminous and show a calc-alkaline affinity. Most intrusions have a high REE fractionation, but some SJBS granites show a characteristic pattern with no fractionation and strong negative Eu anomalies (“seagull pattern”). Elevated Sr(i) values, between 0.707 and 0.735, and negative ε_Nd values as low as −24 points to the melting of old evolved crust. The Nd (T_DM) ages are scattered between 1.54 and 2.76 Ga, with a predominance of values around 2.0 Ga.The GIBG have a strong crustal signature that most closely connects, within the regional units, to that of the metasedimentary rocks of the Brusque Group and its crystalline basement, the Camboriú Complex. All three suites seem to have been produced during a same regional melting event, but at different crustal levels and reflecting heterogeneities within the same source rocks. Most evidences imply that sedimentary source rocks were especially important to the SJBS, which probably originated in a shallower environment, whilst the VS and NTS represent the melting of deeper crystalline crust, probably sharing some magmatic interaction.