隧道近距下穿山坡楼房爆破振动测试研究

以成渝客运专线新红岩隧道为工程背景,测试了隧道近距下穿山坡楼房爆破时引起的地面振动。通过对隧道浅埋侧（隧道地表斜坡下部）和深埋侧（隧道地表斜坡上部）的地表振动数据分析,研究了地表的振动速度、振动主频及振动安全评价方法。结果表明：在浅埋隧道爆破的近区,入射纵波为主要载体,地表水平和竖直方向振动的主要成分可以认为是入射纵波在水平和竖直方向的投影,浅埋侧和深埋侧地表水平和竖直方向振速的大小取决于爆心距和入射纵波与竖直方向的夹角两个因素;隧道采用电子雷管进行单孔连续起爆,相比非电雷管爆破,可以有效降低地表振动强度,同时能够提高地表振动主频;地表振动主频方面,地表竖直方向振动主频普遍高于水平方向,而且浅埋侧地表竖直和水平方向主频大多高于深埋侧地表对应方向的主频;隧道近距下穿山坡楼房进行爆破施工时,建议在浅埋侧和深埋侧地表同时布置爆破振动监测测点,并根据浅埋侧和深埋侧地表测点的峰值振速、爆破振动主频与建筑物固有频率的关系对地表振动安全进行评价,以减少隧道施工爆破对地表环境和周围建筑物造成的振动破坏。     

Response of Concrete and Masonry Dams to Ground Vibration due to Blasting

The safety and stability of concrete and masonry dams is a great concern when blasting has to be conducted close to these dams in order to construct small hydro-electric projects. There is a danger of ground vibration amplification to those residential-type buildings that are built close to these dams.

Responses of three concrete and masonry dams were measured directly by conducting a number of blasts and by monitoring vibration in the ground as well as on the dams. The amplitudes and frequencies of the motions were analysed and vibration attenuation relations were derived. These relations were used to compare the vibration levels on the dams with those in the ground.

Because of close-in construction blasts that produced high frequency ground vibrations, there was no amplification of the ground vibrations by these dams. The measured amplitudes of ground vibration were comparable to those of the dams.     

饱和地基上列车运行引起的地面振动隔振分析

利用推导出的频域内饱和土的以土骨架位移u和孔隙水压力p表示的u-p格式的2.5维有限元方程,分析列车低速和高速运行条件下不同隔振措施的隔振效果,包括空沟、填充沟（混凝土墙）和混凝土板（波阻板）。其中轨道被简化为饱和地基上的Euler梁,通过沿轨道方向的波数变换将三维空间问题降为平面应变问题,对求解的结果进行Fourier反变换,获得三维时域-空间域内的解。研究表明：弹性地基和饱和地基上设置空沟和填充沟隔振效果相差不大,而设置波阻板隔振效果存在较大差异。列车低速运行时,空沟基本无隔振效果,填充沟在一定范围内有隔振效果,波阻板隔振效果最好;列车高速运行时,空沟在较大沟宽和较深沟深条件下才能达到较好隔振效果,填充沟和波阻板只需较小尺寸就能达到理想的隔振效果     

郑西高铁地面振动实测分析及隔振沟效果研究

高铁列车动载会引起环境振动问题。为研究高速列车运行在高架段和路堤段引起的环境振动差异,文章对郑西线高速铁路展开现场测试,对比分析高架段和路堤段地面振动特征及其衰减规律。测试结果表明,路基段的振动响应大于高架段,高架段近场区衰减作用高于路堤段近场区域。振动传播过程中存在多次反弹增大现象,路堤段地面振动反弹增大位置滞后于高架段。高架段和路堤段的二次反弹增大率均明显大于一次反弹增大率。Z振级随距离的衰减符合对数衰减规律,拟合得到黄土地区Z振级衰减公式,最大偏差均出现在反弹增大区。引入无限元-黏弹性耦合边界条件,建立路堤段三维轨道-土体-隔振沟数值模型分析高速铁路隔振沟对减隔振的影响。研究发现空沟对中高频（30～60 Hz）振动波的隔振效果较低频（1～20 Hz）振动波明显,其具有低通滤波作用。空沟比填充沟隔振效果好,但是考虑到沟壁的稳定性,可在空沟中填入软质材料。研究成果可为高速铁路的设计及其环境振动的评价和控制提供参考。     

土工袋技术在市政沟槽回填中的应用研究

市政工程中管线埋入地下采用的基本流程是先开挖沟槽,将开挖的原土作为渣土处理,待管线在沟槽中安放后再用二灰土石填埋沟槽,经夯实后铺设沥青或混凝土路面。为了有效利用沟槽开挖土、减少二灰土石用量,建议采用土工袋技术处理,即将沟槽开挖土装入土工编织袋后回填至沟槽中。阐述了土工袋技术原理,并依托南京市雨污分流工程,对用土工袋回填的沟槽进行了平板载荷试验、落锤式挠度检测和路面振动测试,评价土工袋沟槽的回填效果。结果表明：土工袋在提高沟槽承载力、减少沉降变形、削弱交通振动干扰等方面具有明显效果。土工袋避免弃土外运,减少了扬尘污染,不失为一种绿色、环保、经济的工程新技术。     

砂土地基中矩形沟槽隔振效果影响区域的试验研究

为了研究矩形沟槽的几何参数对沟后区域隔振效果的影响,通过现场试验分别测定自由地基以及设置矩形沟槽时相应控制点的加速度幅值,绘制关于两者比值的二维平面等值线图,以两者比值小于0.4的区域作为振动屏蔽区域,将振动屏蔽区域的面积作为隔振效果的评价指标进行分析;研究结果表明:瑞利波在传播过程中遇到矩形沟槽时会发生能量的重新分配...     

Barrier holes and trench application to reduce blast induced vibration in Seyitomer coal mine

In this research, experimental applications have been performed to reduce blast induced vibrations in open pit mines. For this purpose, artificial discontinuity zones such as barrier holes and trench were opened in a dragline panel of Seyitomer Lignite Enterprise, Kutahya, Turkey. Peak particle velocities in front of and behind them were measured by seismographs. In this way, their effect against vibration was observed and compared. Barrier holes were opened 24 m deep through 3 parallel lines and aligned at 1 m spacing. On the other hand, the trench had 8 m depth and 4 m width. During the research, 209 measurements were taken belonging to 105 explosions. Twenty-eight explosions were carried out in the barrier holes experiments and 77 explosions were carried out in the trench experiments. A decrease in vibration of 14.3–18.5% was obtained behind the barrier holes while a decrease of 24.8–58.1% was provided by the trench.     

A Feasibility Study on Controlling Ground Vibrations Caused by Blasts in Malmberget Underground Mine

In order to control or reduce the ground vibrations caused by underground blasts in Malmberget mine, a number of blast tests were carried out during production blasts and a series of single shot waveforms were obtained. Then the single shot waveforms from the same ring or different rings were analysed and compared with each other. The results showed that the single shots are reproducible, meaning that the ground vibrations caused by underground blasts can be controlled by means of the interference of the vibration waveforms measured. Finally, a formal test using electronic detonators and employing an optimum delay time of 8 ms was done in production. The test for an 11-borehole ring shows that the maximum vertical ground vibrations are reduced to the maximum vertical vibrations of a single shot. Particularly, the total vibration history for the 11-borehole-ring blast is shortened to about 200 ms over a velocity of 2 mm/s. However, the total vibration history of a normal production blast of 11-borehole ring is always 1400 ms over a velocity of 2 mm/s, namely the total vibration time of a production blast can be reduced to one seventh of that of the common production blasts by using the vibration control method. This indicates that the vibration control method introduced in the paper is feasible for underground mining blasts.     

Newspapers as a validation proxy for GIS modeling in Fujairah,United Arab Emirates: identifying flood-prone areas

Prediction and control of blast-induced ground vibration is a matter of concern in mining industry since long. Several approaches ranging from scaled distance regression, different numerical methods to wave superimposition theories have been tried by many researchers for better prediction and control of blast-induced ground vibration. Signature hole analysis is one of the popular simulation methods to predict the ground vibration generated due to production blast. It superimposes the recorded signature hole waveform using a computer program to predict the production blast-induced vibration. The technique inputs the designated time of detonation of each hole and superimposes the waves generated by each hole to predict the nearest value of peak particle velocity and frequency of blast-induced ground vibration. Although a very useful approach, it requires a computer program to simulate the linear superimposition of waveforms. The simulation is not possible for every blast as it takes time and also is difficult for field engineers to simulate every time, whereas it is always easy for blasting engineers to adapt and use an empirical equation/approach for prediction and control of blast-induced ground vibration than simulation. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop an innovative and simplified analytical approach of signature hole analysis. The simplified sinusoidal wave equation is obtained from recorded signature hole ground vibration waveform properties and is superimposed mathematically according to the multi-hole blast design to predict the production blast-induced ground vibrations. The validation of the developed approach was done in three different sites, and up to 15% more accuracy in prediction of the blast, vibrations are achieved in comparison with signature hole analysis prediction.

     

强地震动作用下层状岩体破坏的物理模拟研究

岩体地震动力破坏现象是常见但研究较少的复杂课题。利用物理模拟试验,研究了层状岩体边坡在强地震动作用下的变形破坏问题。按结构面走向平行和垂直地震动方向,对不同岩体结构特征的模型施加不同的幅值和频率的水平向地震动荷载,进行岩体的振动破坏试验。结果表明,结构面空间展布方向与地震动荷载的相互关系不同、结构面软弱程度不同,岩体变形破坏的形式和分布特征也不相同。岩体的动力破坏主要是岩体结构的破坏,即岩体结构的宏观破坏和微观损伤,岩体结构特征是控制其动力变形破坏的主要因素。极大的不均匀性是岩体动力破坏的显著特点,这与大量极震区岩体破坏的现象类似。但岩体动力破坏模式的建立和定量的力学分析还需更多研究。     

水位变化对多空沟屏障远场隔振效果的影响研究

受季节性降雨的影响,雨季和旱季存在明显的水位波动。为分析地下水位升降对多空沟隔振效果的影响,建立了上覆单相弹性层饱和地基中空沟有限元分析模型。模型中考虑了沟中水的作用,算例分析了等沟深和不等沟深多沟屏障、沟壁倾斜多沟屏障和连续起伏地形屏障在不同水位下的远场隔振效果。计算结果与相应单相弹性地基进行对比,结果表明：土体渗透性低时,多数水位下不利于多沟屏障隔振;沟深为0.3LR（LR为R波波长）的三沟屏障通常可获得较理想的隔振效果（75%隔振率）,但屏障在隔振效果最差的共振水位(0.6LR)下,空沟须贯穿上覆干土层才可获得75%隔振率;递减沟深屏障可有效降低上覆土层共振的不利影响;沟深较浅时,沟壁倾角越大,多沟的隔振效果越好,但对较深多沟的影响小;连续起伏的地形景观可作为一种有效的绿色隔振屏障。     

Vibration screening by trench barriers,a review

This paper provides a review of various investigations concerned with vibration isolation using trench barriers and factors affecting their performance, also extracts design recommendations, because there is no exact conclusion of researches in this field. Vibrations induced by different sources can be seriously harmful to structures and occupants. Geometrical parameters, soil characteristics, and filling material properties can affect a barrier’s performance. Investigators have applied analytical approach, finite element, boundary element, experimental, and field studies to identify relevant factors. Various geometrical parameters affecting trench’s isolation level were examined, among which depth of trench was found to be the most important, but in most cases, the width of the trench and source-barrier distance have a low effect. Shear-wave velocity ratio of filling material and surrounding soil has the most significant role of all material properties. Using high-energy-absorbing materials can lead to better isolation. The majority of studies consider soil and filling material’s behavior to be elastic, so changes in loading amplitude have no effect on vibration reduction. Finally, among special cases in vibration isolation by trenches, non-rectangular and multiple ones found to be economically satisfying and well-isolating barriers.     

二维饱和地基中空沟主动隔振分析

根据饱和土Biot理论,在频域内提出了一种适用于弹性波波动问题的有限元-无限元解法,其中有限单元用于近场介质的模拟,而形函数基于一维解析解答的无限单元则被用于人工边界,它可反映波传递到无限远处的特性;应用该法计算算例,以证明其有效性与正确性。在此基础上,对饱和地基中空沟主动隔振效果进行了详细的数值分析,结果表明,空沟深度是影响隔振效果的主要因素,一般沟深越大,隔振效果越好;当沟深一定时,空沟到振源的距离不宜超过1.5倍饱和土剪切波长;空沟的宽度对隔振效果的影响相对较小。     

空沟对冲击荷载隔离的现场试验与数值模拟

在场地开挖了一条空沟,以落锤式弯沉仪（falling weight deflectometer,简写为FWD）的荷载模拟冲击荷载,通过FWD自带的传感器测得空沟后一定范围内的竖向位移。通过室内试验,获取试验场地的岩土参数,采用非线性动力有限元软件ABAQUS建立二维模型（将远处单元定义为无限单元来模拟吸收边界,从而避免振动波的来回反射）。以空沟中心线的现场测试数据为依据,校核有限元模型。通过分析不同工况模拟的竖向位移,研究得出空沟-荷载间距、沟深、沟宽等对隔振效果的影响。结果表明,(1) 空沟-荷载间距越小,隔振效果越好,但实际隔振工程中,为避免振动对空沟侧壁的稳定性的影响,空沟与振源不宜太近,因此可以不计空沟-荷载间距对隔振效果的影响;(2) 就提高隔振效果而言,增大沟深比增大沟宽更有效,而相同的隔振效果,窄-深沟的挖方量远小于宽-浅沟;(3) 在对冲击荷载进行隔振设计时,对于一般的民用和工业建筑,综合隔振效果、开挖和支护费用等因素,采用宽度为0.5～1.0 m,深度为2.0～2.5 m的空沟较为合理,与某工程实例进行比对,验证结论的合理性。     

Assessment of predominant frequencies using ambient vibration in the Kachchh region of western India: implications for earthquake hazards

The Kachchh region is the second most seismically active region in India after the Himalaya. One of the disastrous Indian earthquakes of the millennium was the Bhuj earthquake of January 26, 2001, which caused about 14,000 casualties and huge property damage. The main reason for such devastation is due to lack of earthquake awareness and poor construction practices. Hence, an increase in the knowledge and awareness, based on improved seismic hazard assessment, is required to mitigate damage due to an earthquake. Natural predominant ground frequencies have been investigated in the Kachchh region of western India using ambient vibrations. The horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio technique has been applied to estimate the predominant frequency at 126 sites. The ambient vibration measurements were conducted for about 1 h at each site in the continuous mode recording at 100 samples/s. We have validated the estimated predominant frequency with earthquake data recorded at six broadband stations in the region. It has been observed that geological time period has a significant effect on predominant frequency of the ground. The estimated predominant frequencies vary from 0.24 to 2.25 Hz for the Quaternary, 0.41–2.34 Hz for the Tertiary, 0.32–4.91 Hz for the Cretaceous, and 0.39–8.0 Hz for the Jurassic/Mesozoic. In the Deccan trap, it varies from 1.30 to 3.80 Hz. We found distinct variation of predominant frequencies of sites associated with hard rock and soft soil. The predominant frequencies were related to the thickness of the sediments, which are deduced by other geophysical and geological methods in the region. Our results suggest that frequencies of the region reveals the site characteristics that can be considered for studying the seismic risks to evolve a plan for disaster risk mitigation for the region.     

Prediction of ground vibration due to quarry blasting based on gene expression programming: a new model for peak particle velocity prediction

Blasting is a widely used technique for rock fragmentation in opencast mines and tunneling projects. Ground vibration is one of the most environmental effects produced by blasting operation. Therefore, the proper prediction of blast-induced ground vibrations is essential to identify safety area of blasting. This paper presents a predictive model based on gene expression programming (GEP) for estimating ground vibration produced by blasting operations conducted in a granite quarry, Malaysia. To achieve this aim, a total number of 102 blasting operations were investigated and relevant blasting parameters were measured. Furthermore, the most influential parameters on ground vibration, i.e., burden-to-spacing ratio, hole depth, stemming, powder factor, maximum charge per delay, and the distance from the blast face were considered and utilized to construct the GEP model. In order to show the capability of GEP model in estimating ground vibration, nonlinear multiple regression (NLMR) technique was also performed using the same datasets. The results demonstrated that the proposed model is able to predict blast-induced ground vibration more accurately than other developed technique. Coefficient of determination values of 0.914 and 0.874 for training and testing datasets of GEP model, respectively show superiority of this model in predicting ground vibration, while these values were obtained as 0.829 and 0.790 for NLMR model.     

Natural vibration characteristics of gravity structures

A forced vibration procedure is presented to estimate fundamental and higher frequencies of vibrations and associated mode shapes of gravity structures. The gravity structures considered are retaining walls and gravity dams. The validity of the proposed procedure is tested on three test problems of varying complexity for which the natural vibration frequencies and mode shapes either have known analytical solutions or have been determined via numerical means/field tests by others. Also included are the results of natural vibration frequencies and associated mode shapes for a spillway control structure located near the abutment end of an embankment dam obtained using the proposed procedure. For all problems considered, fundamental frequency and mode shape results using the proposed procedure are compared with the results obtained using an alternative procedure in which static deflections due to the structure's own weight are used as the starting point for free vibrations by setting the gravity vector to zero. All results compare well. The merits of the proposed procedure are discussed. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Micro-sequential contour blasting—how does it influence the surrounding rock mass?

The optimal delay time between the contour holes in rock blasting has been studied by theoretical and empirical research in Sweden, regarding ground vibrations, increase in crack frequency, radial crack length and finally overbreak (half cast factor). The model test presented in this paper concerns controlled contour blasting in tunnelling and the full-scale blasts concern tunnelling, road cutting, and dimensional stone quarrying. The results indicate that the microsequential contour blasting technique (contour holes fired in sequence and with a delay in the order of 1–2 ms) is superior to simultaneous initiation both regarding blast-induced ground vibrations and crack frequency increase in the rock mass. Both these evaluation methods reflects the conditions deeper in the remaining rock mass. Simultaneous initiation, however, is superior to micro-sequential contour blasting both regarding the half cast factor and the length of radial cracks emanating from the blastholes. These two parameters are more related to the surface conditions after blasting. The industrial applications of this new knowledge are the use of micro-sequential contour blasting when ground vibrations are of greater concern than the contour, for example, in trench blasting or quarrying in urban areas, and the use of simultaneous initiation when an even rock surface is of high priority.     

Damage to surface structures due to underground coal mine blasting: apprehension or real cause?

Investigations were carried out at three underground coal mines in India to study the response of surface structures to underground blasting and the likelihood of damage to the structures. The structures in the vicinity of the underground blasting area were single and multistoried residential houses. The amplitudes of vibration due to underground blasting were monitored simultaneously on the ground surface near the foundation of the structures and on various floors of the structures. The vibrations were also monitored near the important surface installations. It was observed that the magnitude of vibration in structures decreased with the increase in the height of the structures. The frequency of blast vibration from underground blasting was higher than the natural frequency of the structures. Little energy was transmitted into the structures, which caused reduction in the vibration level in the structures. The reduction in the vibration levels was up to 45% in the houses. It indicates that the dominant frequency of blast vibration plays an important role in persistence of vibration and its amplification or reduction characteristics in the structures. This paper deals with the effect of the vibrations on structures/houses standing above the blasting faces in underground workings and their potential to likely damage to the structures at different Indian geo-mining conditions.     

二维地基中空沟−波阻板联合隔振屏障分析

针对地基隔振控制,提出了一类新型的空沟?波阻板联合隔振屏障,并对其隔振性能进行了数值分析。首先,利用复伸展坐标变换,在频域内建立了完全匹配层（perfect matched layer, PML）吸收边界的控制方程;其次,利用Galerkin近似技术,给出了以位移为基本未知量的二阶非分裂格式PML的频域有限元计算列式;最后,通过数值算例分析了空沟?波阻板联合隔振屏障的物性参数（地基与波阻板的模量比）、几何参数（空沟深度、波阻板深度）以及载荷参数（振动波频率）等对其隔振性能的影响规律。结果表明,空沟?波阻板联合隔振屏障结合了空沟和波阻板各自的优势,可以有效地控制不同频率振源引起的地基振动。