海面GNSS-R模型与时延-多普勒特征研究

GNSS海面反射信号的建模对全球导航卫星系统反射测量(Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry,GNSS-R)遥感应用具有重要意义.针对海面GNSS反射信号建模问题，本文采用Z-V模型研究了GNSS反射信号的时延一维相关功率和时延-多普勒二维相关功率特征，分析了不同风速下一维相关功率的变化情况，讨论了时延间隔和多普勒间隔对时延-多普勒图(delayDoppler map,DDM)的影响.数值结果表明：海面GNSS反射信号的相关功率对海面风速具有敏感性，在DDM波形仿真中，应选择合适的时延与多普勒间隔参数.该模型可模拟不同海况下海面GNSS反射信号的相关功率，为GNSS-R反射信号模拟及海洋遥感应用提供理论模型支撑.     

利用卫星测高资料确定海洋重力场

卫星测高是20世纪末发展起来的新型星地观测技术。它是利用星载雷达测高仪测量卫星到海面的高度、有效渡高和后向散射系数，从而大规模探测海洋重力场、海洋环流、海洋风场、海底地质和地貌等海洋环境信息。西安测绘研究所在国内率先利用Topex／Poseidon、     

北斗系统在海风海浪探测中的应用研究

利用导航卫星的反射信号进行对地观测是一个新型的应用方向,北斗卫星导航系统的同步轨道、中轨道和倾斜轨道所构成的混合星座构成,使其在对地观测领域具有独特的优势,海风海浪观测是其重要应用之一。首先分析了国内外利用全球卫星导航系统反射信号进行海风海浪探测的情况,然后介绍北斗卫星反射信号接收机的设计及北斗应用软件系统设计。使用所设计的北斗反射信号海风海浪探测系统,在广东省深圳市进行了近3个月的台风探测实验,验证了北斗反射信号进行海风海浪探测的可行性。     

海洋卫星测高及其反演全球海洋重力场和海底地形模型研究进展

海洋卫星测高在全球和区域大地水准面建模、全球海洋重力场反演、海底地形探测、海平面变化监测、构造板块运动研究等大地测量领域至关重要。本文概述了海洋微波测高卫星的简要发展历程,重点梳理了卫星测高在全球海洋重力场和全球海底地形建模方面取得的丰硕成果,对比分析了主流的海洋重力场和海底地形模型;介绍了合成孔径雷达高度计、Ka频段雷达高度计、合成孔径雷达干涉仪3种先进微波测高技术,并分析了其各自的优缺点,表明它们将在未来若干年呈并驱发展趋势;较为系统地阐述了海洋卫星测高的另一新型技术,即GNSS反射信号测量技术的研究动态,给出了GNSS-R(GNSS reflectometry)类(试验)卫星的发展脉络和发展前景。卫星测高的发展趋势之一是多颗测高卫星的组网观测,本文概括了曾经提出的和拟议中的若干组网测高计划,扼要介绍了由我国提出并正在实施的双星跟飞测高模式;最后指出了卫星测高发展的几个主要关注点,包括双星跟飞测高和SWOT(surface water ocean topography)任务的2维海面高(差)测量、卫星测高反演海底地形与高级地形激光高度计观测数据及遥感卫星图像的结合、星载GNSS-R厘米级海面高的载波相位测量、人工智能技术在卫星测高中的潜在应用等。     

联合卫星重力和卫星测高数据确定稳态海洋动力地形

新一代卫星重力探测任务GRACE大大提高了地球重力场模型中长波分量的精度,使得联合卫星测高平均海面分离更精细稳态海洋动力地形成为可能。本文利用T/P(1994年~2003年)和JASON-1(2003年~2005年)卫星测高数据确定了全球30′×30′平均海面高;基于重力场模型WHU-GM-05,计算得到对应于海面高的GRACE海洋大地水准面格网值;利用“移去-恢复法”和高斯滤波求得全球稳态海面地形。与EGM96、R io05、ECCO和GGM02模型进行比较,检验结果表明GRACE任务有效的改善了海洋大地水准面的精度,使得稳态海洋动力地形能够呈现更多细部。     

GPS海面反射信号特性仿真分析

利用GPS反射信号遥感陆地和海面的GPS—R技术已经得到日益关注。对海面反射信号的极化特性进行分析,分析结果表明：GPS信号经海面反射后,反射信号同时包含右旋和左旋信号,且两者强度与卫星仰角有直接关系;反射的左旋和右旋信号的功率相差可高达30dB。为海面遥感以及专门的GPS接收机的研制提供了必要的参数支撑。     

世界卫星海洋遥感三十年

全面扼要地介绍30a来世界卫星海洋遥感所取得的主要成就及主要海洋卫星探测器的技术性能,重点介绍海洋遥感——海洋水色、海面地形、海面风场以及波浪、溢油和海冰监测等方面的技术进步和应用研究进展。     

基于GNSS-R的海面风场监测系统研究

为全面获取海面粗糙度信息,实现导航卫星反射信号高精度风场反演,在给出海浪谱及散射信号相关功率模型基础上,通过对海面时延一维、时延/多普勒二雏信息采样方式进行分析和仿真,验证了散射信号相关功率Z-V模型.仿真结果表明,时延/多普勒二雏采样方式能全面反映海面粗糙度信息.以此为理论依据设计完成了基于二维信息获取的多普勒延迟映射接收机,阐述了接收机的硬件组成及工作原理,分析了多普勒串行码片并行的数据处理模式,为导航卫星反射信号的海面散射功率获取提供了可靠方式.     

海洋初级生产力的卫星探测

讨论了海洋初级生产力的卫星探测技术,内容包括卫星探测的技术要求、卫星数据的处理、海洋初级生产力的估计、大气辐射校正以及水色卫星探测器的现状和发展等。     

卫星测高技术及应用若干进展

总结并展望了卫星测高技术及其数据预处理技术的发展,主要评述了利用卫星测高技术构建平均海面高和海洋重力场等相关海洋数值模型,以及研究海平面变化、海洋环流及与气候变化相关性等应用领域的进展,并探讨了相应发展方向.     

GPS多路径信号提取地面反射点算法

基于GPS卫星、接收机天线、地面反射点及地心的空间几何关系,阐述了一种利用GPS多路径信号提取地面反射点的算法,并通过实验数据,利用Matlab实现了对地面反射点和反射点轨迹的提取。     

GPS反射信号信噪比与NDVI相关性研究

归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI）作为重要的植被生长状况植被指数,对其进行有效实时监测具有重要科学意义。选择4个大陆板块边界观测网（plate boundary observatory,PBO）观测站的GPS信噪比观测值,提取反射信号信噪比并计算归一化振幅,通过与MODIS（moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer）NDVI产品时序频谱特征的相关性分析,建立GPS反射信号植被指数线性反演模型和BP神经网络反演模型。分析发现:GPS反射信号信噪比归一化振幅与NDVI指数存在显著年周期性和季候特性,NDVI线性反演模型相关系数均约为0.7,均方根误差处于0.05~0.09之间,BP神经网络反演模型相关系数提高了约5%。利用GPS反射信号反演NDVI变化趋势具有可行性,为获取高时间分辨率、低成本的NDVI指数提供了一种新思路。     

高斯过程回归辅助下的GPS干涉反射积雪深度估测

本文对全球定位系统干涉反射技术进行了研究。以美国板块边界天文台计划提供的P101测站的GPS监测数据为基础,利用GPS卫星高度角低于某一角度时多路径效应明显的特点,构建高斯过程回归(GPR)辅助的GPS干涉反射积雪深度估测模型,并监测了测站周围的积雪深度。结果表明,GPR辅助的GPS干涉反射积雪深度估测模型输出的雪深估测值的精度,相比传统单星反演结果有不同程度的提高,并且更贴近实测雪深的变化,为地表雪深反演提供了新思路。     

一种GPS多路径反射信号的雪深反演

针对传统雪深测量缺乏必要时空敏感性的不足,该文在分析GPS信号多路径反射模型的基础上,利用GPS信噪比观测数据,通过分离提取多路径反射分量研究其时频特性,探讨GPS多路径信号与雪深及其变化关系并进行反演建模。依据菲涅尔反射区理论,确定了反射区域范围,进一步探讨卫星、波段选择及初始反射高度确定等。对比实验研究表明,反演结果与实测值吻合较好,相关系数为0.93,均方根误差为8.6cm;信噪比多路径反射分量的频率能有效跟踪积雪深度的变化。     

Forward modeling of GPS multipath for near-surface reflectometry and positioning applications

Multipath is detrimental for both GPS positioning and timing applications. However, the benefits of GPS multipath for reflectometry have become increasingly clear for soil moisture, snow depth, and vegetation growth monitoring. Most multipath forward models focus on the code modulation, adopting arbitrary values for the reflection power, phase, and delay, or they calculate the reflection delay based on a given geometry and keep reflection power empirically defined. Here, a fully polarimetric forward model is presented, accounting for right- and left-handed circularly polarized components of the GPS broadcast signal and of the antenna and surface responses as well. Starting from the fundamental direct and reflected voltages, we have defined the interferometric and error voltages, which are of more interest in reflectometry and positioning applications. We examined the effect of varying coherence on signal-to-noise ratio, carrier phase, and code pseudorange observables. The main features of the forward model are subsequently illustrated as they relate to the broadcast signal, reflector height, random surface roughness, surface material, antenna pattern, and antenna orientation. We demonstrated how the antenna orientation—upright, tipped, or upside-down—involves a number of trade-offs regarding the neglect of the antenna gain pattern, the minimization of CDMA self-interference, and the maximization of the number of satellites visible. The forward model was also used to understand the multipath signature in GPS positioning applications. For example, we have shown how geodetic GPS antennas offer little impediment for the intake of near-grazing reflections off natural surfaces, in contrast to off metal, because of the lack of diversity with respect to the direct signal—small interferometric delay and Doppler, same sense of polarization, and similar direction of arrival.     

The value of ocean reflections of GPS signals to enhance satellite altimetry: data distribution and error analysis

The time and space distribution of general reflection altimetry from two satellites (senders and receivers) via the the oceans surface is examined with specific reference to GPS senders and two current receiving satellites. While a considerable enhancement of conventional altimeter coverage is possible in all configurations if the reflection signals can be used, repeating passes of these (with GPS senders) having reasonably small cycle times (days to tens of days) occur only if the receiving orbit is nearly polar. Results of an analysis of the fundamental geometry show that over a large range of reflection angles the error of recovered sea heights depends almost entirely on the errors in the delay signal and the radial error of the receiving satellite (using current estimates of GPS orbit accuracies). The most critical element is the precision of the delay measurement. Both it and the accuracy of the receiving orbit should be below the decimeter level for the technique to achieve its full potential.     

Using GPS multipath to measure soil moisture fluctuations: initial results

Measurements of soil moisture are important for studies of climate and weather forecasting, flood prediction, and aquifer recharge studies. Although soil moisture measurement networks exist, most are sparsely distributed and lack standardized instrumentation. Measurements of soil moisture from satellites have extremely large spatial footprints (40–60 km). A methodology is described here that uses existing networks of continuously-operating GPS receivers to measure soil moisture fluctuations. In this technique, incoming signals are reflected off and attenuated by the ground before reception by the GPS receiver. These multipath reflections directly affect signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data routinely collected by GPS receivers, creating amplitude variations that are a function of ground reflectivity and therefore soil moisture content. After describing this technique, multipath reflection amplitudes at a GPS site in Tashkent, Uzbekistan are compared to estimates of soil moisture from the Noah land surface model. Although the GPS multipath amplitudes and the land surface model are uncalibrated, over the 70-day period studied, they both rise sharply following each rainfall event and slowly decrease over a period of ∼10 days.     

基于GPS-IR的归一化植被指数反演

针对利用GPS接收机在接收L 波段信号时对周围植被水分含量较为敏感的特性,使用GPS反射信号的变化,进行测站归一化植被指数(NDVI)反演. 利用2个GPS参考站近5年的连续观测数据计算的归一化微波反射指数(NMRI),构建了反演NDVI的一元线性模型. NMRI整体变化趋势与同时间段内中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS) NDVI趋势表现一致,其反演结果相关系数R分别为0.626 53、0.625 73,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.051 29和0.055 08,进而使用BP神经网络模型反演相关系数分别提高了2%、6%. 表明GPS干涉反射测量(GPS-IR)反演区域NDVI结果具有较高可靠性. 该研究为获取精确位置、实时连续、高分辨率的 NDVI 提供了一定的理论支撑.      

Coherent GPS reflections from the sea surface

In this letter, we explore a method to obtain accurate ocean heights using measurements of the global positioning system (GPS) carrier phase after reflection on the sea surface. A carrier tracking algorithm is employed in measuring travel path differences between GPS direct and reflected signals collected from antennas suspended over a marine estuary, when roughness guarantees partially coherent reflections at the GPS L1 frequency. This technique proves to be sensitive to surface roughness and able to follow tide variations with a precision better than 5 cm (1-sigma) for sea states with significant wave heights below 10 cm. It is expected that this technique could be further extended to rougher sea states using GPS frequency combinations with longer synthetic wavelengths.