5种微藻对4种滩涂贝类稚贝生长的影响

在室内可控条件下,比较和分析了青岛大扁藻Tetrasemis helgolandica、球等鞭金藻Isochrysis galbana、角毛藻Chaetoceros calcitrans、微绿球藻Nannochloropsis oculata和绿色巴夫藻Pavlovaviridis5种微藻对泥蚶Tegillarca granosa、缢蛏Sinonovacula constricta、青蛤Cyclina sinensis和彩虹明樱蛤Moerella iridescens4种滩涂贝类稚贝生长的影响。结果显示,在培养初期(5~6 d),投喂不同微藻的稚贝实验样品生长速度差异并不明显,但培养9~10 d后,各实验组稚贝实验样品的生长速度开始出现明显差异:投喂角毛藻、球等鞭金藻的泥蚶和缢蛏稚贝实验样品及投喂角毛藻、青岛大扁藻的青蛤和彩虹明樱蛤稚贝实验样品,运动能力强,生长迅速、整齐,经过15~18 d的培养,成活率达85%以上;投喂微绿球藻的4种稚贝实验样品,运动能力弱,生长缓慢、不整齐,成活率低于20%。投喂角毛藻的泥蚶、缢蛏和青蛤稚贝实验样品的生长速度最快;投喂青岛大扁藻的彩虹明樱蛤稚贝实验样品的生长速度最快,而投喂角毛藻的彩虹明樱蛤稚贝实验样品的生长速度与之非常接近。角毛藻对泥蚶、缢蛏和彩虹明樱蛤稚贝实验样品的饵料效果最好,球等鞭金藻次之;青岛大扁藻对青蛤和彩虹明樱蛤稚贝实验样品的饵料效果与角毛藻非常接近,而青岛大扁藻对泥蚶和缢蛏稚贝实验样品的饵料效果较差;绿色巴夫藻的饵料效果与球等鞭金藻类似但均比球等鞭金藻差;微绿球藻的饵料效果最差。用颗粒粒度计数分析仪分析泥蚶和青蛤稚贝实验样品对5种微藻的选择性滤食后发现,最先被泥蚶稚贝实验样品滤食干净的是角毛藻,其后是球等鞭金藻;泥蚶稚贝实验样品开始滤食青岛大扁藻时的速度较慢,但当角毛藻和球等鞭金藻被滤尽后,青岛大扁藻也被迅速滤食,泥蚶稚贝实验样品滤食微绿球藻的速度最慢;最先被青蛤稚贝实验样品滤净的也是角毛藻,其后是青岛大扁藻,在角毛藻和青岛大扁藻被滤尽后,球等鞭金藻也迅速被滤食干净,微绿球藻同样是最慢被滤食的。可见,贝类稚贝总是优先滤食饵料效果好的微藻,饵料效果最差的微藻被贝类稚贝滤食的速度最慢。     

CO_2加富对魁蚶稚贝潜沙能力和3种酶活性的影响

贝类的生长和代谢过程可能会受到高CO2浓度的影响。潜沙行为和酶活性是贝类响应环境变化的重要指标,但其对海水CO2浓度升高响应的研究鲜有报道。本文采用CO2加富培养实验的方法,研究了高CO2浓度条件对魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)稚贝潜沙能力和超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholinesterase,AChE)3种酶活性的影响。结果表明,CO2组(1 000μatm)培养水体中DIC浓度显著高于对照组,魁蚶稚贝初次潜沙时间((5.73±0.51)min)相比对照组((7.80±1.27)min)明显缩短,潜沙率((69.67±5.13)%)相比对照组((61.33±3.21)%)明显升高。实验开始时魁蚶稚贝壳长为(17.20±0.03)mm,实验结束时CO2组魁蚶稚贝壳未出现明显生长((17.24±0.02)mm),显著低于对照组魁蚶稚贝壳长(17.37±0.07)mm。CO2组魁蚶稚贝SOD活性在培养第2和第4天时显著高于对照组(P0.01),之后出现下降并与对照组无显著差异;CO2组和对照组魁蚶稚贝CAT活性在前4天均上升,之后CO2组魁蚶稚贝CAT活性基本不变,而对照组出现下降;两实验组魁蚶稚贝AChE活性在培养过程中无明显差异。高CO2浓度条件下魁蚶稚贝壳的生长受到影响,潜沙过程受到促进,3种酶活性在培养过程中的变化趋势存在差异,未来海洋酸化可能会影响魁蚶的养殖。     

小刀蛏室内人工育苗技术研究

本文研究了小刀蛏(Cultellus attenuatus)室内人工育苗技术。在繁殖季节选择壳长7.5cm亲贝,采用铺泥沙蓄养培育,以阴干+维生素浸泡刺激法获得精、卵,幼虫培育中人工控制幼虫密度,D形幼虫到壳顶幼虫前期为5~6个/mL,壳顶幼虫后期为1~2个/mL。进行了不同运输方式和不同底质亲贝蓄养比较试验、不同底质附着基采苗方法试验以及稚贝无底质上升流培育和不同盐度培育试验。研究表明,采用铺细沙加冰的运输方法亲贝成活率最高,干露9h成活率可达90%;以纯海泥底质蓄养的亲贝肥满度和成活率最高;无底质采苗和铺泥采苗对幼虫变态率的影响没有差异;无底质采苗的稚贝,其生长速度明显慢于铺泥采苗;小刀蛏稚贝不宜用上升流进行培育,宜采用铺泥培育的方法;盐度为15时,稚贝培养效果最好,生长速度快、成活率高,盐度为35时培养效果最差。采用上述技术,成功培育出3mm以上的商品苗2000万粒,育苗效果显著。     

魁蚶生产性间断升温育苗技术的研究

本文介绍魁蚶间断升温育苗方法，从改善亲贝蓄养条件入后，促使亲贝快速成熟自然产卵，并进行洗卵。在幼虫培育时，加强营养，加大换水，及时筛选不同大小的幼虫分池培养。严格海上中间培养管理，使每立方水体出苗量达３１万个，取得了明显的经济效益。     

大型藻酶解单细胞用于贝类育苗的研究

用海藻工具酶将紫菜和裙带菜解离成单细胞作为饵料对海湾扇贝亲贝和幼体、魁蚶亲贝和皱纹盘鲍稚鲍进行了研究。结果表明：(1)海湾扇贝亲贝全喂紫菜细胞其效果与喂全微藻的效果相近，亲贝都能成熟，排放精卵和正常胚胎发育。微藻与紫菜细胞混合投喂可加速性腺发育，性腺指数较高。全喂紫菜细胞能够满足幼体的生长发育和变态。但变态率、生长率较全喂微藻和混合投喂的低。(2)紫菜细胞和微藻分别或混合投喂魁蚶亲贝，都能满足亲贝的性腺发育，进行正常受精、孵化和变为D形幼体。(3)用裙带菜细胞投喂稚鲍与人工配合饵料比较，能显著提高稚鲍的存活率。研究表明。由大型藻生产单细胞饵料，在海产动物育苗中具有广阔的应用前景。     

魁蚶生产性间断升温育苗技术的研究

本文介绍魁蚶间断升温育苗方法，从改善亲贝蓄养条件入手，促使亲贝快速成熟自然产卵，并进行洗卵。在幼虫培育时，加强营养，加大换水，及时筛选不同大小的幼虫分池培养。严格海上中间培育管理，使每立方水体出苗量达31万个（大小0．5cm），取得了明显的经济效益。     

海水中某些化学因子对魁蚶幼虫、稚贝及成体的影响

本文报道了S‰,NH_3-N,pH及O_2对魁蚶幼虫、稚贝及成体影响的初步研究结果,求得魁蚶幼虫、稚贝及成体对S‰,NH_3-N,pH和O_2的适应浓度范围和最适范围。结果表明:魁蚶随年龄的增长,对S‰的适应能力逐渐减弱;对NH_3-N,pH及O_2的适应能力则逐渐增强。     

海水温度和盐度对泥蚶幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响

1996～1997和1999年在浙江省乐清市东发水产育苗场和福建省宁德市四海水产育苗场分别研究了海水温度和盐度对泥蚶浮游幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响,结果表明,泥蚶浮游幼虫的适宜温度为25～33℃,最适生长温度为28～30℃.稚贝的适宜温度为15～35℃,最适生长温度为25～30℃.浮游幼虫的适宜盐度为16.54～30.02,最适生长盐度为1654～23.38;稚贝的适宜盐度为10.01～30.02,最适生长盐度为10.01～23.38.泥蚶幼虫和稚贝对高温和低盐海水有较强的适应能力,这与它们夏季的繁殖期和自然分布于内湾河口区是相适应的.     

泥蚶苗种的增殖研究

１９９１－１９９２年在青岛市黄岛区薛家镇唐岛湾进行了泥蚶苗种增殖试验。研究结果表明，泥蚶天然苗种增殖的主要技术措施有：首先要留足亲贝，保证了１．８个／ｍ２亲贝；其次是准确预报泥蚶产卵及幼虫附着期，然后及时采取平畦、挑沟、撒砂等措施人工改造滩涂环境，可使泥蚶附苗率增加达（１７～５６）×１０＾２。     

泥蚶苗种的增殖研究

１９９１～１９９２年在青岛市黄岛区薛家岛镇唐岛湾进行了泥蚶苗种增殖试验。研究结果表明，泥蚶天然苗种增殖的主要技术措施有：首先要留足亲贝，保证１．８个／ｍ２亲贝；其次是准确预报泥蚶产卵及幼虫附着期，然后及时采取平畦、挑沟、撒砂等措施人工改造滩涂环境，可使泥蚶附苗率增加达（７～５６）×１０－２。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.