Sedimentological response to neotectonics and sea-level change in a delta-fed,complex graben: Gulf of Amvrakikos,western Greece

The Gulf of Amvrakikos is one of several E–W grabens developed in the Middle Quaternary almost orthogonal to the tectonic grain of the external Hellenides in western Greece and is critically located at the termination of the Kefallinia transform fault linking the Hellenic subduction zone to the Adriatic-Dinaride collision lineament. The tectonic evolution of the Gulf and the response of sedimentation have been investigated based on 3.5 kHz and sparker profiles. The Holocene stratigraphy results from rising eustatic sea-level breaching the tectonic sill north of Preveza and inundating the braid plain of the Arachthos river, which then prograded across the northern Gulf following the formation of the maximum flooding surface. Older major transgressive surfaces are recognised in sparker profiles. Interpretation of these transgressions in terms of eustatic sea-level changes allows a chronology to be established and estimates to be made of neotectonic rates of subsidence. Two sets of neotectonic faults are present: reactivated NNE-trending mid-Tertiary thrusts of the Ionian zone and more active E–W trending faults. The sedimentary succession in the Gulf of Amvrakikos is the result of a complex interplay between eustatic sea level changes, the neotectonic creation of accommodation, and autocyclic delta distributary switching. The details of this process are resolved for the Holocene and the general sedimentation pattern established back to marine isotope stage (MIS) 8 (245–300 ka). In general, MIS 8 shows greater evidence of terrestrial deposition, compared with MIS 6 (130–190 ka) and especially MIS 2–4 (10–80 ka), when there was lacustrine deposition and some marine incursions at intermediate eustatic sea levels. This implies that regional subsidence has been taking place at least since MIS 8. In addition, changing sediment supply plays a role in overall sediment architecture, but is only well resolved for the Holocene, with higher rates of fluvial supply recognised in the mid Holocene.     

88ka以来冲绳海槽北部古环境演化:来自元素地球化学的证据

对CSH1岩心全样沉积物样品进行元素地球化学分析,揭示了过去88ka冲绳海槽北部沉积物成分、水动力条件及陆源碎屑物质源区风化历史。冲绳海槽北部碎屑沉积物母岩主要以长英质为主,在MIS 1期沉积物存在大量火山源物质。过去88ka,沉积物源区风化程度较弱,但是自冰消期以来有逐渐增强的趋势。沉积物Zr/Nb比值表明在MIS 1期和MIS 5.1期水动力较为强烈,这与黑潮增强的时间一致,可能是指示黑潮强度的一个指标。冲绳海槽北部陆坡沉积物陆源碎屑贡献在低海平面时期显著增加,而在MIS 1和MIS 5.1期生源贡献显著增加。冲绳海槽北部沉积物成分变化明显受到黑潮和入海径流的调节,实际上受海平面和东亚季风的制约。     

南昌市厚田剖面末次冰期沉积的色度特征及其古环境意义

色度是古环境重建的重要指标之一,常用于黄土高原黄土古气候重建,但其在亚热带湿润区第四纪沉积中的研究十分少见且意义不明。选取鄱阳湖南岸之厚田沙地的沉积剖面为研究对象,进行了色度测试,结合光释光测年结果,将色度参数与其他气候代用指标进行对比,探讨MIS4—MIS2期间的古气候变化特征。结果表明：各色度参数曲线在剖面垂直方向上产生了较大波动,呈现出干冷→暖湿→干冷的多个冷暖震荡。其中L*值曲线的波峰段主要集中在沙丘砂层（HT6、HT4、HT1）,指示MIS4阶段、MIS3b阶段和MIS2晚期阶段为干燥寒冷的气候环境,冬季风增强;a*、b*、C*和h*值曲线的波峰段主要集中在砂质古土壤层（HT5、HT3、HT2）,指示MIS3c阶段、MIS3a阶段和MIS2早期阶段为温暖湿润的气候环境,夏季风增强,反映了该区域在末次冰期受冬季风和夏季风交替影响的气候演变格局。     

长江三角洲北翼后缘晚第四纪以来的沉积粒度特征及环境演化

对长江三角洲北翼CSJA3孔的粒度数据及粒度参数、频率分布曲线和概率累积曲线等沉积物粒度特征进行了详细分析,并结合岩性、沉积构造、孢粉和有孔虫组合等数据,探讨了研究区晚第四纪以来的沉积环境演化及海侵记录。分析表明,粒度数据可以很好地反映沉积环境的变化,间冰期黏土含量降低,砂含量增加,平均粒径较大;冰期正好相反。根据岩性、测年、孢粉、有孔虫等建立的年代框架确定CSJA3孔底部为MIS6期。CSJA3孔自下而上可分为6个沉积单元：U6(泛滥平原—河漫滩)、U5(河口—潮坪)、U4(河漫滩)、U3(潮坪—滨浅海)、U2(河漫滩)、U1(澙湖—潮坪)。CSJA3孔共记录三次海侵,U5、U3和U1地层分别对应MIS5期太湖海侵、MIS3期滆湖海侵和MIS1期镇江海侵。其中,MIS3期海侵强度比MIS5期更大,与全球海平面变化不符。造成这种差异的原因可能是在全球气候变化的大背景下,构造作用控制的古地势变化造成的。     

辽东湾晚第四纪层序地层

通过对辽东湾高分辨率浅地层剖面声学地层与典型钻孔沉积地层的对比分析,揭示了研究区晚第四纪MIS5以来的地层层序。辽东湾高分辨率浅地层剖面自下而上划定的6个声学地层单元(SU₅、SU₄、SU₃、SU₂、SU₁²、SU₁¹)与钻孔岩芯划分的6个沉积地层单元(DU₅、DU₄、DU₃、DU₂、DU₁²、DU₁¹)具有良好的对应关系。分别与MIS4期、MIS2期低海面时期的沉积间断密切相关的两个层序界面R5、R3,将辽东湾识别出的地层单元自下而上划分为3个层序(SQ3、SQ2、SQ1)。其中SQ3仅识别出上部的海侵体系域与高水位体系域,对应MIS5期海平面相对较高时期的滨浅海相沉积(DU₅);SQ2自下而上由低水位体系域(MIS...     

山东半岛南部滨浅海区晚第四纪声学地层

通过对山东半岛南部滨浅海区高分辨率浅地层剖面的分析解译,将研究区晚第四纪的地层划分成具有层序意义的6个声学反射地层单元(SU1-SU6),通过典型浅地层剖面与研究区内QDZ03孔和QDZ01孔进行对比,发现声学反射地层单元的划分与钻孔岩心沉积物沉积单元的划分具有很好的对应关系,依据钻孔岩心沉积相特征和沉积物测年数据,我们认为SU1、SU3和SU5分别对应于氧同位素1期、3期和5期的海相沉积,SU2和SU4对应于氧同位素2期和4期的陆相沉积。     

Glaciomarine sedimentation and bottom current activity on the north-western and northern continental margins of Svalbard during the late Quaternary

Palaeo-bottom current strength of the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) and the influence of the Svalbard-Barents Sea Ice Sheet (SBIS) on the depositional environment along the northern Svalbard margins are poorly known. Two gravity cores from the southern Yermak Plateau and the upper slope north of Nordaustlandet, covering marine isotope stage (MIS) 1 to MIS 5, are investigated. Five lithofacies, based on grain size distribution, silt/clay ratio, content and mean of sortable silt (SS), are distinguished to characterise the contourite-dominated sedimentary environments. In addition, depositional environments are described using total organic carbon (TOC), total sulphur (TS) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) contents of sediments. Facies A, containing coarse SS, suggests strong bottom current activity and good bottom water ventilation conditions as inferred from low TOC content. This facies was deposited during the glacial periods MIS 4, MIS 2 and during the late Holocene. Facies B is dominated by fine SS indicating weak bottom current and poor ventilation (cf. high TOC content of 1.2–1.6%), and correlates with the MIS 4/3 and MIS 2/1 transition periods. With an equal amount of clay and sand, fine SS and high content of TOC, facies C indicates reduced bottom current strength for intervals with sediment supply from proximal sources such as icebergs, sea ice or meltwater discharge. This facies was deposited during the last glacial maximum. Facies D represents mass-flow deposits on the northern Svalbard margin attributed to the SBIS advance at or near the shelf edge. Facies E sediments indicating moderate bottom current strength were deposited during MIS 5 and MIS 3, and during parts of MIS 2. This first late Quaternary proxy record of the WSC flow and sedimentation history from the northern Svalbard margin suggests that the oceanographic conditions and ice sheet processes have exerted first-order control on sediment properties.     

苏北射阳河口NTCJ1钻孔沉积序列与年代再认识

射阳河口位于苏北粉砂淤泥质海岸上,处在苏北废黄河三角洲侵蚀岸段与江苏中部淤积岸段之间的过渡区域,是淤蚀交替地带,系现代海岸地貌演变的节点处,同时也是晚第四纪古黄河古长江交互作用的关键区域之一。为了深入研究不同大河交互作用下的海岸、陆架晚第四纪沉积层序模式,最近就苏北射阳河口NTCJ1孔沉积序列和年代,根据该孔的岩性、粒度、介形虫、有孔虫、黏土矿物、地球化学元素和ESR测年等结果,并结合邻近其他钻孔和浅层地震剖面资料进行再研究和再认识,主要得到以下两点新认识：① NTCJ1孔22.00 m岩芯记录了MIS 5以来的沉积环境演化过程,可能缺失形成于MIS 4—2的第一陆相沉积层,MIS 1海相沉积层直接上覆于MIS 5海相沉积层,且尚未钻及形成于MIS 6的第二陆相沉积层;② NTCJ1孔中上部0～17.95 m颗粒较细,以粉砂质为主和暗黄色为基调,明显上粗下细,基本为AD 1128—1855年间形成的废黄河三角洲沉积,为一进积序列,底部可能含有少量全新世滨浅海沉积,但目前尚难以甄别;下部17.95～22.00 m颗粒较粗,以细砂质为主和深灰色为基调,尚未钻穿,是受到古黄河明显影响的MIS 5潮汐河口的水道充填沉积。     

Paleoceanography of the central sea of Okhotsk during the middle Pleistocene (350–190 ka) as inferred from micropaleontological data

The distribution of diatoms, radiolarians, planktonic and benthic foraminifers, and sediment components in the fraction >0.125 mm was analyzed in the core obtained from the central Sea of Okhotsk within the frameworks of the Russian-German KOMEX project. The core section characterizes the period 190–350 ka, which corresponds to marine-isotopic stages (MIS) 7 to 10. During glacial MIS 10 and MIS 8, the basin accumulated terrigenous material lacking microfossils or containing them in low abundance, which reflects, along with their composition, heavy sea-ice conditions, suppressed bioproductivity, and bottom environments aggressive toward calcium carbonate. Interglacial MIS 9 was characterized by elevated bioproductivity with accumulation of diatomaceous ooze during the climatic optimum (328 to 320 ka). The water exchange with the Pacific was maximal from 328 to 324 ka ago. Environments became moderate and close to the present-day ones at the end of the optimum exhibiting the possible existence of a dichothermal layer with substantial amounts of the surface Pacific water still flowing into the basin. Similar to interglacial MIS 5e and MIS 1, the “old” Pacific water determined near-bottom environments in the central Sea of Okhotsk during that period, although the influx of terrigenous material was higher, probably reflecting a more humid climate of the region. Slight warming marked the terminal MIS 8 (approximately 260 ka ago). The paleoceanographic situation during interglacial MIS 7 was highly variable: from warm-water to almost glacial. The main climatic optimum of MIS 7 occurred within 220–210 ka, when the subsurface stratification increased and the dichothermal layer developed. Bottom environments during the studied time interval, except for the optimum of interglacial MIS 9, resembled those characteristic of glacial periods: the actively formed “young” Okhotsk water displaced the “old” Pacific deep water.     

Paleocurrents in the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone during the Late Quaternary

Planktonic foraminiferal and ice-rafted debris count data, as well as the mean size of mineral particles of the 10–63 μm fraction (sortable silt, \(\overline {SS} \)) were used as a proxy for surface and near-bottom paleocurrent intensity variations. The data obtained support our hypothesis about turbiditic origin of the lower (80–370 cm) section of the studied AMK-4515 core. Stratigraphic subdivision of the upper section (0–80 cm) makes it possible to allocate two marine isotope stages (MIS) covering the last 27 ka. The main intervals of the North Atlantic Polar Front (PF) migrations were recorded: south of the modern PF position during early MIS 2 (24–27 ka) with PF presence in the study area during MIS 2 (20–24 ka); south of the study area during the last glacial maximum (18–20 ka). Influence of the near-bottom currents within the investigated interval led to beginning of the channel-related drift formation on the northern slope of the southern channel of the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. There is a weak relationship between intensity of near-bottom contour currents and long-term climatic cyclicity. However, intervals corresponding to Heinrich events coincide with decrease in bottom currents activity.     

东海北部外陆架MIS 6以来的沉积地层格架及古环境演化

利用最新采集的高分辨率浅地层剖面资料,结合SHD-1钻孔岩心资料,对东海北部外陆架MIS 6以来的地层结构进行了分析,建立了MIS 6以来的沉积地层格架,并对地层的地质年代进行了厘定。根据Octavian Catuneanu（2005）的层序地层学理论,研究区地层划分出海侵和高位体系域、下降期体系域、海退和低位体系域。研究表明,过孔的浅地层剖面与钻孔岩心的沉积地层有很好的对应关系。东海北部外陆架MIS 6以来可划分出7个不整合界面（D7—D1）和7个地震单元（SU7—SU1）。东海外陆架的海进层序与海退层序有规律地交替发育,它们与海平面变化曲线也有很好的对应关系。其中,地震单元SU1、SU5分别为MIS 1、MIS 5形成的海侵沉积,主要发育浅海沉积层,100 m以浅的位置发育潮流沙脊;地震单元SU2、SU4、SU6分别对应 MIS 2、MIS 4和MIS 6低海平面时期形成的河流/河口—三角洲沉积;地震单元SU3、SU4为下降期体系域,这两个亚单元分别对应MIS 3和MIS 4晚期。MIS 4—MIS 3发育厚层且分布广泛的水下三角洲,但MIS 4发育的水下三角洲的规模不及MIS 3大。总之,对MIS 6以来沉积地层格架的建立和古环境研究可为东海外陆架晚第四纪地层的海平面变化、古环境演化等相关研究提供参考。     

Regional features of variations in paleoproductivity of the Sea of Okhotsk in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene

Variations in the content of chlorin (a derivate of chlorophyll a) in 11 cores of bottom sediments from different parts of the Sea of Okhotsk are studied. The data show variations in paleoproductivity of this sea for the past 160000 years from the end of marine isotope stage (MIS) 6 until recently. A common pattern of the variation in paleoproductivity is established for the entire Sea of Okhotsk. During the interglacials (MIS 5e and 1), productivity increased, and in glacial periods, it decreased, probably due to the longer lasting marine ice cover throughout the year. The features of variations in productivity through time are recorded in the eastern part of the sea, which is more prone to the influence of inflowing Pacific waters.     

杭州湾舟山群岛海域晚第四纪声学地层

利用在舟山群岛海域采集的高分辨率浅地层剖面和地质浅钻,对研究区晚第四纪地层结构进行了划分。根据界面识别标志,共划分出5个地震反射界面（T1、T2、T3、T5、TR）, 将基岩面以上地层划分为5个地震单元（SU 1、SU 2、SU 3、SU 4和SU 5）。根据浅地层剖面和地质钻孔对比,结合钻孔沉积相、AMS14C和OSL测年数据及古地磁分析结果,5个地震单元分别对应于MIS 1、MIS 2、MIS 3、MIS 5和中更新世及更早时期沉积。基于此建立了舟山群岛海域晚第四纪的地层格架,为分析研究区晚第四纪古环境沉积演化和沉积物“源-汇”过程提供了科学依据。     

晚第四纪南极阿蒙森海扇区冰盖与古生产力旋回变化

本文通过对阿蒙森海西北部陆隆AMS01岩心沉积物颜色、粒度及地球化学等多种指标分析,重建了该地区氧同位素9期(MIS9,大约距今34万年)以来冰盖与古生产力演变历史,结果表明:(1)岩心沉积物粒度与古生产力替代指标表现出明显的冰期–间冰期旋回变化特征;(2)MIS9、MIS7和MIS5等间冰期沉积速率较小,沉积物呈褐色,冰筏碎屑含量低,生源组分含量高,反映出该时期阿蒙森海地区气候温暖,冰盖发生了大规模退缩,冰盖–冰架–冰山等陆源冰对沉积物的影响减弱,海冰覆盖减弱,有利于浮游植物的生长和繁殖;(3)MIS8c、MIS8a、MIS6、MIS2等冰期沉积速率大,沉积物呈灰色,沉积物随之变粗,冰筏碎屑含量高,生源组分含量低,说明该时期冰盖大幅扩张,陆隆区成为近冰盖/冰架沉积环境,海冰和冰山密集,海洋生产力显著降低;(4)冰期、间冰期内,冰盖与古生产力也有不同程度的波动;特别是MIS8b期发育浅褐色间冰阶沉积,冰筏碎屑含量低,生产力水平与间冰期基本持平,说明阿蒙森海地区冰盖、海洋对气候变化的响应比东南极地区敏感。     

基于岩性定量判别的潜山演化模式与储层发育机理

PL油田为国内第1个大型花岗岩潜山油田,发育孔隙裂缝型储层,潜山岩性多样,平面分布规律及其对储层的控制作用复杂,研究难度大。利用PL油田的岩矿和测井资料识别了岩浆岩和变质岩双重潜山结构;利用岩心岩屑的元素数据和QAPF岩性分类法,判别二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩2种岩性,结合常规测井资料,首次建立了基于自然伽马的可细分酸性岩浆岩的判别标准;在此基础上,明确了岩性变化规律,探讨了潜山演化及岩性变化模式,并对岩性的平面变化对潜山储层发育的影响进行了机理分析。该研究为后期开发寻找优质储层奠定了基础,以期对同类型潜山油藏储层研究具有指导意义。     

350ka以来北冰洋波弗特环流演变及其沉积响应

波弗特环流(Beaufort Gyre)是 决定北冰洋海冰运移方向和滞留时间的主要因素。依据沉积物的颜色旋回、Mn元素含量和有孔虫丰度,本文建立了阿尔法洋脊(Alpha Ridge)B85-D孔轨道尺度上的年龄框架,并深入分析了该孔晚第四纪以来冰筏碎屑(IRD>154 μm)含量、组分及其源区的变化特点。结果表明,350ka以来最显著的变化发生在末次冰期(MIS2~4期),期间沉积物中Ca元素和白云石含量都接近于零,大部分来自班克斯岛、维多利亚岛和麦肯齐地区的碳酸盐岩碎屑没有在阿尔法洋脊沉积;随着波弗特环流的消亡,搬运陆源碎屑的海冰很可能沿着北美海岸线直接进入了欧亚海盆。而在末次间冰期(MIS5期),波弗特环流却十分流畅,并将大量碳酸盐岩碎屑限制在美亚海盆内,导致阿尔法洋脊沉积物中Ca元素含量急剧升高,与之对应的白云石含量高达16.4%。通过类比可知,在MIS6期波弗特环流的状态可能与MIS2~4期相似,而在MIS8和MIS10这两大冰期,波弗特环流却类似于MIS5期。显然,波弗特环流的存在与否并不严格遵循“冰期-间冰期”旋回,这种变化很可能是风场强度和海冰浓度双重作用的结果。     

瓯江口南部海域第四纪声学地层

利用瓯江口南部海域气枪单道地震剖面资料和第四纪钻孔1的岩芯资料,对研究区第四纪地层结构进行了划分。将根据地震剖面划分的6个声学地层单元（SU1-SU6）与钻孔1岩芯划分的沉积地层单元对比,发现二者具有很好的对应关系。其中,SU1和SU3单元分别为MIS 1、MIS 3形成的海相沉积,SU2和SU4单元分别对应MIS 2、MIS 4期陆相河流或河湖相沉积地层,SU5单元对应MIS 5河流-海相沉积地层,SU6单元则对应MIS 6期及更早的陆相河湖相沉积。对研究区第四纪地层格架的建立和沉积层序分析可为东海第四纪地质和古环境演化研究提供参考。     

Tephrostratigraphy and paleo-environmental implications of Late Quaternary sediments and interstitial water in the western Ulleung Basin, East/Japan Sea

Two piston cores, collected from the western Ulleung Basin of the East/Japan Sea, were used to investigate the Late Quaternary tephrostratigraphy, lithology, and mineralogy of the sediments, as well as the elemental composition of both sediments and interstitial water, and their paleo-environmental implications. The cores show two lapilli tephra layers and one rhyolitic ash layer at the boundaries between sedimentary lithofacies units I, II, and III. These layers can be correlated with the well-known Ulleung-Oki (ca. 9.3 ka; boundary of units I/II), Ulleung-Yamato (ca. 25–33 ka), and Aira-Tanzawa (ca. 25.1 ka; boundary of units II/III) layers, respectively. These data suggest that the cores cover the period from the middle stage of marine isotope stage (MIS) 3 to the Holocene. In each core, a so-called dark laminated mud (DLM) layer in unit II commonly has high contents of Si and Al, suggesting that the DLM layer generally contains significant amounts of fine-grained silicates and/or aluminosilicates. In addition, these DLM layers are enriched in Fe relative to Mn, iron being predominantly bound in framboidal pyrite. The size distribution of pyrite in the DLM layers suggests that these have formed under anoxic (euxinic) conditions at times of reduced water circulation in the basin during sea-level lowstand (euxinic environment). The C/N ratios [5–12] suggest that sedimentary organic matter in the cores is predominantly of marine origin. Total organic carbon (TOC) contents increased shortly before Termination I. This could have been caused by an increased flux of marine organic matter in association with sea-level rise. The C and S values of units II and III (Late Pleistocene sediments; C: <2.0%; S: 0.5–2.1%) suggest a more euxinic environment than that of unit I (Holocene sediments; C: 1.0–3.5%; S: <1.0%). Concentrations of SO₄^2– in the interstitial water decrease with increasing burial depth, whereas CH₄ concentrations show the reverse trend. Therefore, it seems that sulfate reduction, probably related to microbial activity, predominates in the upper core sections (<5 m), shifting to methanogenesis in the lower core sections.     

西北冰洋楚科奇海台南部08P23孔氧同位素3期以来的古海洋与古气候记录

Multiproxy investigations have been performed on Core 08P23 collected from the Chukchi Plateau, the western Arctic Ocean, during the Third Chinese National Arctic Expedition. The core was dated back to Marine Isotope Stage(MIS) 3 by a combination of Accelerator Mass Spectrometric(AMS) carbon-14 dating and regional core correlation. A total of five prominent ice-rafted detritus(IRD) events were recognized in MIS 2 and MIS 3. The IRD sources in MIS 3 are originated from vast carbonate rock outcrops of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and clastic quartz in MIS 2 may have a Eurasian origin. Most δ18O and δ13C values of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sinistral)(Nps) in Core 08P23 are lighter than the average values of surface sediments. The lighter δ18O and δ13C values of Nps in the two brown layers in MIS 1 and MIS 3 were resulted from meltwater events; and those in the gray layers in MIS 3 were caused by the enhanced sea ice formation. The δ18O values varied inversely with δ13C in MIS 2 indicate that the study area was covered by thick sea ice or ice sheet with low temperature and little meltwater, which prevented the biological productivity and sea-atmosphere exchange, as well as water mass ventilation. The covaried light values of δ18O and δ13C in MIS 1 and MIS 3 were resulted from meltwater and/or brine injection.     

Assessment of extreme wind and waves in the Colombian Caribbean Sea for offshore applications

Interest in Colombia’s offshore industry has increased over the past years. Therefore a detailed characterization of extreme wind and waves, in terms of return periods, numbers of events and its duration during the annual cycle, is needed. Two sets of high-resolution data are used in the statistical extreme value analysis (EVA). The significant wave height data (0.125°, 6 h) are from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis available for the past 35 years (1979–2014). Surface winds (0.25°, 6 h) from the Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform Ocean Surface Wind Vector Analyses (CCMP) of NASA/GSFC/NOAA (NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) are available for the past 24 years (1987–2011). Three well-known methods are applied to the data: the Block Maxima (BM), the Peak-Over-Threshold (POT) and the Method of Independent Storm (MIS). Several probabilistic models (Gumbel, Generalized Extreme Value, Weibull and Pareto) are evaluated for the BM and different threshold values for the POT and MIS. The results show that waves can reach up to 3.8 m and winds can be as strong as 31 m/s when considering the 50–100-year return periods. However, the wave model could underestimate values by up to one meter; hence, there is a probability of higher values in the region. Seasonally, most extreme events occur during the dry season (December–March) and during the Mid-Summer-Drought (MDS) or Veranillo months (June–July). Local conditions, including the reinforcement of the Caribbean Low Level Jet (CLLJ) and the occurrence of cold atmospheric fronts, are important drivers of extreme metoceanic variability. The total number of extreme wind events varied spatially and temporally from 15 to 65 and the mean duration from 15 to 25 h. A total number of extreme wave events ranging from <10 to 80 were computed during the annual cycle in the areas of interest, with a mean duration of less than 40 h.