四川冕宁木落稀土矿床稀土元素迁移与沉淀机制:来自稀土矿物中流体包裹体的证据

木落稀土矿床位于印度-亚洲陆陆碰撞带之东部转换带,是四川冕宁-德昌稀土矿带的重要组成部分,其成矿与喜山期岩浆碳酸岩关系密切.本文在详细的矿床地质研究基础上,通过矿床中主要稀土矿物氟碳铈矿中流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温分析、包裹体成分的LRM分析和包裹体中子矿物相的SEM/EDS分析等,对与稀土矿化有关的成矿流体的特征、演化及稀土迁移与沉淀的机制进行了讨论.结果表明,与稀土成矿有关的流体为富CO2、H2、K 、Na 和SO2-4的中高温、高压超临界流体.超临界流体对稀土的迁移起到重要作用,温度、压力降低造成的超临界流体中CO2相与水溶液相的分离是造成稀土矿物沉淀的主要机制.     

四川冕宁木落稀土矿床稀土矿物中富CO2和H2流体包裹体研究

木落稀土矿床位于四川省冕宁县境内，其成矿与喜山期岩浆碳酸岩有关。通过对矿床中主要稀土矿物氟碳铈矿中流体包裹体的岩相学、包裹体显微测温分析和包裹体成分的LRM分析等，对成矿流体的特征、演化及稀土矿化过程进行了讨论，结果表明与稀土成矿有关的流体为富CO₂和SO₂ 的中高温、高压超临界流体。温度、压力降低和流体不混溶是造成稀土矿物沉淀的主要机制。     

白云鄂博超大型稀土-铌-铁矿床成矿过程中的流体不混溶作用

白云鄂博超大型REE-Nb-Fe矿床赋存在白云岩内，矿体由磁铁矿、稀土氟碳酸盐、萤石、霓石、角闪石、方解石和重晶石等矿物组成。在白云鄂博矿床矿石和脉石矿物中赋存有两/三相富CO₂、三相高盐卤水和两相水溶液包裹体3大类型。显微测温表明富CO₂包裹体内还有近于纯的CO₂，成矿流体为H₂O-CO₂-NaCl-（F-REE）体系。高盐卤水包裹体和富CO₂包裹体共生且具有近似的完全均一温度，表明初始热液发生了流体不混溶作用。流体包裹体中出现稀土子矿物，表明初始成矿流体含有很高的稀土元素，这也许是形成白云鄂博超大型稀土矿床的原因。     

扫描电镜—能谱在单个包裹体物质组成研究中的应用

利用扫描电镜－能谱对四川冕宁稀土矿床早期萤石的单个流体－熔融包裹体的成分进行了分析,发现包裹体内流体相离子以Ｎａ、Ｃａ、Ｂａ为主,阴离子以ＳＯ４、Ｆ、Ｃｌ米,有意义的是在包裹体中发现了Ｌａ、Ｃｅ、Ｎｄ等稀土元素,其中矿化元素素铈的含量最高,研究结果进一步证明四川冕宁稀土矿床是一个与盐熔体有关的热液矿床。     

四川冕宁牦牛坪稀土矿床熔体一流体演化

四川冕宁-德昌稀土矿带是中国一条重要的喜山期稀土矿带。大地构造位置处于印度-亚洲大陆主碰撞带西侧，扬子地台西缘。带内已发现稀土矿床5个：牦牛坪稀土矿床，大陆槽稀土矿床，里庄稀土矿床，麦地稀土矿床和木洛稀土矿床。其中，牦牛坪矿床规模最大，仅次于美国的Mountain Pass和中国的白云鄂博，是世界上第三大稀土矿床，亦是中国最大的独立稀土矿床。因其具有独特的成矿构造背景和矿床地质特征，而吸引了不少学者的注意。     

山东微山稀土矿矿床成因:来自云母Rb-Sr年龄、激光Nd同位素及流体包裹体的证据

微山稀土矿位于华北克拉通东南缘的鲁西地块,为与碱性岩相关的伟晶岩型稀土矿床.根据单颗粒云母Rb-Sr定年,其形成于119.5 Ma,属于华北克拉通早白垩世大规模成矿事件的一部分.稀土矿物氟碳铈矿和独居石的激光Nd同位素研究表明,稀土矿的成矿物质与其围岩碱性岩一样,来源于富集地幔.对稀土矿脉中的石英、萤石和重晶石的流体包...     

川西冕宁木落寨碳酸岩型稀土矿床流体演化对成矿的制约:来自包裹体和稳定同位素的证据

木落寨稀土矿床位于青藏高原东部,扬子克拉通西南缘,属于典型的碳酸岩型稀土矿床。与其他成矿过程复杂的碳酸岩型稀土矿床相比,该矿床具有完整而连续的流体演化过程,且几乎不受热液蚀变和后期构造-岩浆事件的影响,因此是研究碳酸岩型稀土矿床成矿过程的理想对象。本次研究结合详细的1∶5000矿区岩性-构造-蚀变-矿化野外地质调查和流体包裹体研究,将矿床形成过程划分为三期,即岩浆期、热液期和表生期。热液期作为主要的成矿期,又可细分为热液早阶段、热液中阶段和热液晚阶段三个阶段。对热液不同阶段的重晶石、萤石、石英和氟碳铈矿的流体包裹体研究表明,主要分为以下6类:(1)熔体(M类)包裹体;(2)熔流包裹体;(3)富CO_2包裹体(WC类);(4)含子矿物富CO_2包裹体(SC类);(5)含子矿物水溶液三相包裹体(S类);(6)气液两相包裹体(W类)。热液早阶段为岩浆-热液过渡阶段,以粗粒萤石和重晶石为特征,发育熔融和熔流包裹体,指示成矿流体来自岩浆出溶。WC、SC和S类包裹体主要在热液中阶段石英和萤石中而W类包裹体大部分存在于热液晚阶段氟碳铈矿中。WC类包裹体具有不同的CO_2充填度,表明热液中阶段成矿流体发生不混溶作用。结合WC类包裹体端元组成的显微测温结果和等容线法,模拟计算出不混溶作用发生的温度为280～320℃之间,压力为120～180MPa,盐度范围较大,为2. 4%～42. 4%Na Cleqv。热液成矿期晚阶段氟碳铈矿中的W类包裹体具有稳定的气液比,说明成矿环境较均匀,其测温结果显示大规模稀土矿化主要发生在200～260℃之间,压力200bars,盐度为6. 5%～11. 2%Na Cleqv。激光拉曼结果显示SC和S类包裹体中的子晶主要为重晶石、天青石和无水芒硝等硫酸盐,指示成矿流体富集Na~+、Ca~(2+)、K~+、Sr~(2+)、Ba~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、F~-和Cl~-离子。成矿流体δD和δ~(18)O同位素组成分别为-96. 5‰～-50. 1‰和0. 9‰～6. 4‰,与区域上其他碳酸岩型稀土矿流体同位素组成相似,指示流成矿流体出溶过程中经历自岩浆脱气做作用,且晚阶段有大气降水加入。热液成矿期中阶段硫化物和硫酸盐的δ34SV-CDT分别为集中在-6. 10‰～-4. 77‰和4. 33‰～4. 90‰,与区域其他稀土矿床硫同位素值吻合,反应幔源岩浆硫特征。硫酸盐和硫化物的硫平衡分馏计算结果为16. 7‰～25. 1‰,远大于二者差值(9. 1‰～11. 0‰),显示成矿晚阶段为开放系统。以上研究结果和实验岩石学共同指示木落寨矿床稀土元素在热液中主要以[REE(SO4)2]-和[REECl]2+形式迁移,不混溶作用是流体演化的重要过程,提供成矿所需CO_2,而成矿流体冷却和大气降水混入致使络合物分解被认为是热液晚阶段稀土矿物大规模沉淀的主要机制。     

庙垭碳酸岩型稀土矿床成矿过程初探

庙垭碳酸岩位于东秦岭武当山隆起的西南缘,呈岩株状产出,主要由方解石组成,富含稀土矿物,是我国大型轻稀土矿床。该区全岩的C．O同位素数据δ18O=11％o～12．49％o,δ13c=-3．79％。～5．68％0,落在了初始火成碳酸岩的范围之外,表明可能受到高温分离作用的影响。流体包裹体相态较单一,主要由气液两相包裹体和气液三相包裹体组成,均一温度120～400℃,为中低温,盐度为3．89％o一10．48％o为中低盐度,这与典型的碳酸岩中流体包裹体具有相似的特征。通过与牦牛坪典型的岩浆热液脉型REE矿床在C—O同位素、包裹体及微量元素的对比研究,发现两者的成因机制并不相同,庙垭稀土矿床是典型的岩浆型,缺少萤石等热液矿脉,大量矿物的分离结晶,特别是方解石的堆积结晶作用,导致其方解石具有相对较低的均一温度和盐度,这也使碳酸岩岩浆更富集REE,有利于REE成矿。     

澳大利亚稀土矿床主要类型及其成矿特征

澳大利亚稀土矿资源丰富,类型多样。通过对澳大利亚170余处稀土矿床地质特征的总结,将澳大利亚稀土矿床划分为4个主要类型和13个亚类。主要类型为与岩浆活动有关的稀土矿床、与沉积盆地有关的稀土矿床、与近代河流和滨海砂矿有关的稀土矿床和与表生风化作用有关的稀土矿床,并对每个亚类型矿床的分布特征、成矿时代和地质特征进行了总结。在此基础上,根据澳大利亚稀土矿床的地质背景、成矿特征等因素,初步划分出9个主要的稀土矿床矿集区,并从商业价值和资源潜力角度分别对矿集区的找矿潜力进行分析,综合认为H和E区是下一步进行矿业投资的良好对象。     

四川冕宁牦牛坪稀土矿床熔体-流体演化

四川冕宁—德昌稀土矿带是中国一条重要的喜山期稀土矿带。大地构造位置处于印度-亚洲大陆主碰撞带西侧,扬子地台西缘。带内已发现稀土矿床5个:牦牛坪稀土矿床,大陆槽稀土矿床,里庄稀土矿床,麦地稀土矿床和木洛稀土矿床。其中,牦牛坪矿床规模最大,仅次于美国的Mountain Pass和中国的白云鄂博,是世界上第三大稀土矿床,亦是中国最大的独立稀土矿床。因其具有独特的成矿构造背景和矿床地质特征,而吸引了不少学者的注意。牦牛坪稀土矿床与喜山期岩浆碳酸岩关系密切,在岩浆碳酸岩的方解石和热液期的萤石、石英、重晶石和稀土矿物中发育大量包裹…     

REE Characteristics of the Kalatongke Cu-Ni Deposit, Xinjiang, China

On the basis of the study on the REE geochemistry of the ore minerals and host rocks of the Kalatongke Cu-Ni deposit, Xinjiang, it is indicated that the major ore minerals, sulfides, were sourced from the host mafic-ultramafic magma. Characterized by low REE content of sulfide, such a Cu-Ni sulfide deposit occurring in the orogen is obviously different from that on the margin of the craton. Because the mafic-ultramafic rocks from the Cu-Ni sulfide deposit occurring in the orogen is water-rich and the REEs of some sulfides show a particular "multiple-bending" pattern, which suggests coexistence of multiple liquid phases (fluid and melt), the sulfide melt possibly contains a great deal of hydrothermal fluids and increasingly developed gases and liquid-rich ore-forming fluids after the main metallogenic epoch (magmatic segregation stage).     

黔东南石英脉型金矿床中铁白云石流体包裹体研究

铁白云石是黔东南石英脉型金矿主成矿阶段的主要脉石矿物之一,与金的矿化关系十分密切,在金的运移、沉淀等方面起着重要作用,其流体包裹体特征可以反映成矿流体性质.通过对铁白云石开展系统的流体包裹体岩相学观察、均一法测温和冰点测定,计算出包裹体盐度和密度等数据.结果表明:铁白云石包裹体较为发育,以含CO2的包裹体为主;均一温度集中在240~300℃范围内,平均均一温度为267.21℃;成矿流体的盐度为7.31%~21.40%(NaCl),平均为15.31%(NaCl);成矿流体的密度介于0.72~0.97 g/cm3之间,平均为0.89 g/cm3.认为黔东南石英脉型金矿床属于低盐度、高密度的中温热液矿床.     

斑岩铜(钼-金)矿床的成矿流体

斑岩铜矿是主要的铜资源,是矿床研究和勘查的重要目标。斑岩铜矿按其与板块构造的关系可分为2种:俯冲带斑岩铜矿和碰撞造山带斑岩铜矿,它们在成矿流体方面有很多区别,其中较大的差别是碰撞造山带斑岩铜矿的钾化蚀变带比俯冲带斑岩铜矿的钾化蚀变带强得多,且范围也相对较宽。文章简述了这2种斑岩矿床的主要地质特征,着重从流体包裹体、蚀变作用和稳定同位素研究来探讨斑铜矿床成矿流体的主要特征,包括成矿流体的成分、形成温度和压力,氢、氧、碳和硫稳定同位素组成。这两种类型的斑岩铜矿中主要发育5种包裹体:M熔体包裹体;Ⅰ液体包裹体;Ⅱ气体包裹体;Ⅲ含子矿物的多相包裹体和CO2_H2O包裹体。Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类包裹体常共存,且均一温度相似,表明成矿流体经历了不混溶和沸腾作用。在Ⅲ类含子矿物的包裹体中发现了含金属硫化物(黄铜矿、黄铁矿)和氧化物(赤铁矿、磁铁矿)子矿物。在斑岩金矿和碰撞造山带的斑岩铜矿中出现CO2_H2O包裹体,在斑岩的斑晶和一些早期石英脉的石英中可见到熔体包裹体以及熔体_流体包裹体,它们代表斑岩岩浆的样品,说明斑岩铜矿的形成经历了岩浆和热液阶段。最近的研究表明,斑岩铜矿的初始流体是中等盐度和密度的岩浆流体。这种流体在上升过程中因压力释放而发生沸腾,形成气体包裹体和含子矿物的高盐度包裹体。     

Genesis of the Jinding Zn-Pb deposit,northwest Yunnan Province,China: Constraints from rare earth elements and noble gas isotopes

The giant sediment-hosted Jinding zinc-lead deposit is located in the Lanping Basin, northwestern Yunnan Province, China. The genesis of the deposit has long been debated and the sources of the ore-forming fluids and metals are controversial. This study presents rare earth element (REE) and noble gas isotope data that constrain the origins of the ore fluids and the heat source driving the hydrothermal circulation. The early-stage sulfides are enriched in light REEs and have high ∑REE values (30.8–94.8 ppm) and weakly negative Eu (δEu 0.85–0.89) and Ce anomalies (δCe 0.84–0.95), suggesting that the fluids were likely derived from dissolution of Upper Triassic marine carbonates with input of REEs from aluminosilicate rocks in the basin. In contrast, the late-stage sulfides have irregular REE patterns, generally low ∑REE values (0.24–10.8 ppm) and positive Eu (δEu 1.22–10.9) and weakly negative Ce anomalies (δCe 0.53–0.90), which suggest that the ore-forming fluids interacted with evaporite minerals. The ³He/⁴He (0.01–0.04 R_a) and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar values (301–340) of the ore-forming fluids indicate crustal and atmospheric origins for these noble gases. These findings are in agreement with the published fluid inclusion microthermometry data and the results of H, O, C, S, Pb and Sr isotope studies. Our data, in combination with published results, support a two-stage hydrothermal mineralization model, involving early-stage basinal brines and late-stage meteoric water that acquired metals and heat from crustal sources.     

Ore-forming process of the Huijiabao gold district,southwestern Guizhou Province,China: Evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes

The Huijiabao gold district is one of the major producers for Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province, China, including Taipingdong, Zimudang, Shuiyindong, Bojitian and other gold deposits/occurrences. Petrographic observation, microthermometric study and Laser Raman spectroscopy were carried out on the fluid inclusions within representative minerals in various mineralization stages from these four gold deposits. Five types of fluid inclusions have been recognized in hydrothermal minerals of different ore-forming stages: aqueous inclusions, CO₂ inclusions, CO₂–H₂O inclusions, hydrocarbon inclusions, and hydrocarbon–H₂O inclusions. The ore-forming fluids are characterized by a H₂O + CO₂ + CH₄ ± N₂ system with medium to low temperature and low salinity. From early mineralization stage to later ones, the compositions of the ore-forming fluids experienced an evolution of H₂O + NaCl → H₂O + NaCl + CO₂ + CH₄ ± N₂ → H₂O + NaCl ± CH₄ ± CO₂ with a slight decrease in homogenization temperature and salinity. The δ¹⁸O values of the main-stage quartz vary from 15.2‰ to 24.1‰, while the δD_H2O and calculated δ¹⁸O_H2O values of the ore-forming fluids range from −56.9 to −116.3‰ and from 2.12‰ to 12.7‰, respectively. The δ¹³C_PDB and δ¹⁸O_SMOW values of hydrothermal calcite change in the range of −9.1‰ to −0.5‰ and 11.1–23.2‰, respectively. Stable isotopic characteristics indicate that the ore-forming fluid was mainly composed of ore- and hydrocarbon-bearing basinal fluid. The dynamic fractionation of the sulfur in the diagenetic pyrite is controlled by bacterial reduction of marine sulfates. The hydrothermal sulfides and the diagenetic pyrite from the host rocks are very similar in their sulfur isotopic composition, suggesting that the sulfur in the ore-forming fluids was mainly derived from dissolution of diagenetic pyrite. The study of fluid inclusions indicates that immiscibility of H₂O–NaCl–CO₂ fluids took place during the main mineralization stage and caused the precipitation and enrichment of gold.     

Short-chain carboxylates in fluid inclusions in minerals

The carboxylate (formate, acetate, propionate and oxalate) and common inorganic anions (F⁻, Cl⁻ and SO²⁻₄) compositions for aqueous fluid inclusion leachates from 17 mineral samples collected from various deposits have been determined using ion chromatography in conjunction with microthermometric measurements on the fluid inclusions of their host minerals. The minerals, quartz, fluorite, barite, beryl and a few `ore' minerals (wolframite, pyrite and galena), came from hydrothermal vein-type deposits in felsic igneous rocks or Archean metamorphic rocks. The results indicate that short-chain carboxylates are common components in hydrothermal fluids and can be present in considerable amounts. Formic acid (as formate) is the dominant species over other carboxylic acids. The present study raises new questions about the origin and geochemical significance of carboxylates in hydrothermal ore-forming processes.     

Geology, Mineralization, Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope of the Early Cretaceous Sn and Associated Metal Deposits in the Southern Great Xing’an Range, NE China: A Review

The Southern Great Xing'an Range(SGXR) hosts a number of Early Cretaceous Sn and associated metal deposits, which can be divided into three principal types according to their geological characteristics: skarn type deposits, porphyry type deposits and hydrothermal vein type deposits. Fluid inclusion assemblages of different types of deposits are quite different, which represent the complexities of metallogenic process and formation mechanism. CH_4 and CO_2 have been detected in fluid inclusions from some of deposits, indicating that the ore-forming fluids are affected by materials of Permian strata. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data from ore minerals and associated gangue minerals indicate that the initial ore fluids were dominated by magmatic waters, some of which had clearly exchanged oxygen with wall rocks during their passage through the strata. The narrow range for the δ~(34)S values presumably reflects the corresponding uniformity of the ore forming fluids, and these δ~(34)S values have been interpreted to reflect magmatic sources for the sulfur. The comparation between lead isotope ratios of ore minerals and different geological units' also reveals that deeply seated magma has been a significant source of lead in the ores.     

The Genesis and Evolution of Alpine-Type Ultrabasic Rocks in Western Junggar, Xinjiang

The alpine-type ultrabasic rocks of the studied area have undergone plastic deformation under a temperature about 800--1200℃, a pressure about 0.9--1.68 GPa and differential stress of 0.2--0.35 GPa in relatively dry conditions, forming ultrabasie mylonite with porphyroclastic and mylonitic textures, Primary crystallized silicate melt inclusions and melt-fluid inclusions are discovered in porphyroclastic minerals and ore-forming chrome spinel. These rocks are formed under relatively stable physico-chemical conditions through liquid immiscibility of silicate melts, at 1200°-- 1300° and 1.1--1.38 GPa, equivalent to a depth of 40--50 km. No inclusion has been found in recrystallized secondary olivine and pyroxene, indicating that the plastic deformation happened after the formation of the rocks.     

熔体包裹体在估算花岗岩类矿床形成压力(深度)方面的应用

在花岗岩类矿床中,花岗岩浆分异出富挥发分熔体/流体的过程,是导致岩浆就位和成矿元素迁移、富集的关键因素之一.在该过程中,同时捕获的不同类别的熔体包裹体和流体包裹体可以互相限定捕获条件,由此可以建立一系列与熔体包裹体有关的地质压力计,进而得到相关分异作用发生的深度.这些深度数值,对于指导花岗岩地区的找矿工作具有重要价值....     

藏南扎西康铅锌锑多金属矿床流体包裹体研究及地质意义

扎西康铅锌锑多金属矿床位于藏南拆离系东部,是中国西藏为数不多的以富含硫盐矿物为重要特征的大型铅锌锑银共生矿床之一。矿床赋存于下侏罗统日当组,容矿岩石为含炭钙质板岩、钙质板岩、绢云母板岩、页岩和石英砂岩。矿体严格受近南北向和北东—南西向两组断裂控制,呈脉状、透镜状产出。矿床的形成经历了中低温热液期和表生期。中低温热液期菱铁矿、石英、方解石中的包裹体类型主要为气液两相水包裹体,含少量纯气相水包裹体、纯气相CO2包裹体、气液两相CO2包裹体和CO2-H2O三相包裹体。成矿流体均一温度范围为184～329℃,峰值为255℃;成矿流体盐度w(NaCl)为2.07%～12.05%;密度为0.65～0.86 g/cm3。成矿流体主要为中低温度、低盐度、低密度的H2O-NaCl体系,含少量或微量的CO2和CH4。石英、方解石和硫化物包裹体中δDV-SMOW值变化范围为-165‰～-131‰,δ18OH2O变化范围为-13.7‰～10.21‰,成矿流体来自大气降水下渗循环构成的地热水。成矿过程中可能发生了以气液相分离为主要标志的不混溶作用,推测这种不混溶作用可能是导致硫化物大量沉淀的重要原因。矿床成因类型为沉积-构造-热活动驱动地热系统流体循环形成的中低温热液矿床。