日本南部柳井（Yanai）地区岭家变质带进变质过程中石榴石的成分分带模型

在日本南部柳井（Ｙａｎａｉ）地区，泥质和硅质岩石中的石榴石晶体有正环带、反环带及均一体。正环带晶体中Ｍｎ的含量从中心到边部呈现连续下降，而反环带晶体Ｍｎ的含量在边部呈现富集。正环带石榴石生长呈现明显的机械加粗、成核和生长或碰接和增生。在泥质岩石中，从正环带到均一体和反环带伴随变质程度增加而系统变化，可认为是变质温度的增加而使内部扩散增强的原因。在Ｃｏｒｄ一Ｉ带，估算温度为５６０±３０℃。泥质岩石中的石榴石粒度＞２．２ｍｍ，而且保留环带。而硅质岩石中的石榴石则为相似大小的均一体。这说明石榴石的整个生长带被均一化的程度受两种岩石类型和颗粒大小因素影响。在硅质岩石中少量的黑云母（Ｂｉ）可以解释在这种岩石类型中细颗粒石榴石的形成。因此，很容易发生均一化作用。在硅质岩中粗粒的均一体石榴石形成于进变质作用过程中细粒晶体的碰接。这些集合体很容易经过内部和晶界扩散而均一化。     

甘肃阳山金矿带构造控矿机理探讨--来自方解石红色环带研究的证据

阳山金矿带内主要容矿岩石为泥盆系灰岩、千枚岩,灰岩裂隙中常发育晶形完好的方解石（冰洲石）晶簇,方解石晶体中发育明显的红色环带,利用扫描电镜及X-射线能谱成份分析结果显示红色环带方解石含微量的锰和铁,推断致色离子为Mn2＋,和Fe3＋;而Fe3＋的存在指示环带生长于金矿的主成矿期;颜色交替环带状结构发育,指示主成矿阶段流体系统进入到温度周期性升降、压力逐渐释放的开放环境。     

周口店岩体矿物学、年代学、地球化学特征及其岩浆起源与演化

周口店岩体由三次侵入的中酸性岩石组成, 本次测得石英闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄为131.6±2.1 Ma, 闪长玢岩锆石U-Pb年龄为128.1±1.4 Ma.周口店岩体各种类型岩石属高钾钙碱性系列、偏铝质, Mg#较高, 重稀土元素和Ta、Nb、P以及Ti明显亏损, 轻稀土元素和Ba、K以及Sr相对富集, Eu没有异常, Yb元素含量小于2×10-6, (La/Yb)_N和Sr/Y比值较高.斜长石复杂环带能谱线扫描表明, 花岗闪长岩中的斜长石核部牌号高, 完整的幔部由内向外由反环带和正环带组成, 微粒包体中的斜长石核部牌号低, 幔部以尘状环带开始, 然后演变为正环带, 这揭示存在多期基性岩浆的注入作用, 结合暗色微粒包体的形态、大小、数量、反向脉、矿物含量统计、矿物成分、地球化学和各类环带包体、岩墙状包体群等特征, 说明暗色微粒包体是在花岗闪长岩浆冷凝过程的不同阶段, 多期幔源基性岩浆注入并与酸性岩浆在围绕包体周缘的局部范围内发生不均一机械混合作用的结果.周口店中酸性岩石体现埃达克质岩的地球化学特征, 岩浆成分主要受源区控制, 形成于加厚下地壳环境.由石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩至中酸性岩脉, 岩石(Er/Lu)_N和Nb/Ta比值升高, 说明源区残留相矿物组合由角闪石+石榴石向石榴石+金红石变化, 岩浆源区不断变深.      

新疆巴楚爆破角砾岩筒矿物学特征及其对岩浆演化过程的约束

本文对新疆巴楚爆破角砾岩筒的矿物学进行了系统的研究.结果表明:爆破角砾岩主要由胶结物和超镁铁质包体构成,胶结物的主要造岩矿物有单斜辉石、橄榄石、角闪石和金云母,它们既有金伯利质岩浆本身结晶出来的矿物斑晶,也有与超镁铁质包体同源的捕掳晶.胶结物中晚期结晶的矿物比早期结晶的矿物更加富镁,矿物环带表现为反环带,指示岩浆在演化过程中发生了一定程度的岩浆混合作用.研究发现爆破角砾岩中超镁铁质包体与周围的层状岩体在矿物学上存在诸多不同,暗示包体可能不是来自于后者.对比发现,巴楚金伯利岩与中国东部华北地台含矿金伯利岩在克拉通固结年龄、岩石圈厚度、岩石出露位置及岩浆来源深度等方面均存在很大不同,这些对巴楚金伯利岩成矿构成了不利因素.     

山西代县金红石矿床中锆石的内部特征和矿物包裹体研究及其地质意义

对山西代县洪塘矿区富含红色和黑色两种金红石的直闪岩进行岩相观察和矿物成分分析,并就其中锆石在阴极发光下的外部形态、内部结构及矿物包裹体进行研究.所分选出的锆石按其颗粒上的相对位置、形态、阴极发光图像、SHRIMP年龄值以及内部矿物包裹体划分为复杂锆石和单成因锆石,其中复杂锆石由核部、幔部和边部锆石三类锆石组成.第1类锆石无环带,部分边缘可见溶蚀痕迹,为继承锆石.内部包裹富锾矿物组合顽火辉石+金云母,与寄主岩石的组合明显不同,反映其可能是寄主岩石形成之前保留于锆石中的原岩矿物并源于地幔.第Ⅱ类锆石为半自形-自形晶,环带较宽且清晰,推测为高级变质锆石.其内矿物包裹体主要为直闪石,其次为钙铁辉石(?),反映其形成于角闪岩相,与寄主岩石的矿物组合可能一致.第Ⅲ类锆石主要位于增生边,阴极发光亮度高,推测为流体改造的变质锆石.第Ⅳ类单成因锆石多呈自形,阴极发光下较暗,生长环带规则且较窄.矿物包裹体有钠长石+石英+白云母,对应中压绿片岩相,其形成温度和压力低于寄主岩石,它与第Ⅲ类锆石可能是在同一期后期事件中形成.结合岩相学研究结果,认为该区金红石矿床之原岩可能是岩浆岩,后期经历了至少两期构造热事件,早期热事件可能导致了锆石内U-Th-Pb体系的重置.以上研究结果表明经历复杂变质作用的变质岩中锆石内部矿物包裹体的研究分析还是探讨寄主岩石成因及所经历地质事件的有效手段.     

低共结系统中振荡分带的自组织起因—动力学机理…

对二组分非理想系统的结晶动力学模型中参数的物理化学意义的分析研究表明，岩石矿物中一大类振荡分带构造起因于低共结系统的自组织过程，这些分带构造包括各种球状岩，岩浆岩韵律体层理，云母环带，大多数条纹长石，玛瑙环带，粘土矿物和稀土矿物中结构单元层的混层等等。     

滇西梁河龙塘花岗岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学及其构造意义

为了查明出露于滇西梁河县的龙塘二长花岗岩体的形成时代和构造背景,对其进行了锫石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学研究.结果显示:该花岗岩的锆石具有清晰的生长振荡环带,其Th/U值为0.11 ～1.79,属于典型的岩浆成因锆石.锆石的15个测点206pb/238U加权平均年龄为(232.1±5.6) Ma (...     

西藏甲玛矿床硅钙界面对矽卡岩成岩及多金属成矿的影响

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床为冈底斯成矿带的超大型矿床之一,其矽卡岩型主矿体受林布宗组砂板岩、角岩(硅铝质岩石)和多底沟组大理岩(钙质岩石)的岩性界面所控制。基于岩、矿心地质编录,开展矽卡岩岩石、矿物分带及矽卡岩地球化学、矿物化学研究,探讨硅钙岩性界面对矽卡岩及多金属矿体形成的影响。从顶板至底板由石榴子石矽卡岩、硅灰石石榴子石矽卡岩至硅灰石矽卡岩表现出Si O2、Ca O逐渐增加和Al2O3、Fe2O3+Fe O逐渐减少的趋势,石榴子石矽卡岩、硅灰石矽卡岩的稀土元素和微量元素特征对顶板、底板岩石表现出明显的继承性。靠近顶板的矽卡岩中石榴子石属于钙铝-钙铁过渡系列,由石榴石核部向外环带具有Al含量减少、Fe含量增加的特点;靠近底板矽卡岩相对于靠近顶板具有钙铁榴石比例增加、钙铝榴石比例减少特征,由核部向外围未见明显的环带成分演变特征。矽卡岩是流体与硅铝质、钙质岩石水岩反应的产物,沿硅钙界面流体减压沸腾、地下水混合作用和界面内垂向的流体地球化学障是主要的致矿机制。硅、铝质岩石化学性质、物理性质差异是界面控矿的主要因素,硅钙面复合张性构造带、岩浆热事件增加界面渗透率差异有利于矿体规模的增加和品位提高。     

關於河南湖北廣西三省已知的幾個含鉛鋅重晶石脈型礦床

一.序言在有色金屬礦床中,重晶石是經常伴生的脈石礦物。重晶石不但作為脈石磺物與有色金屬礦石為伴,與硫化物及其他礦物在一起成為脈狀的裂隙充填;在鋁矽酸鹽質的岩石或碳酸鹽質岩石中,重晶石亦能形成交代礦體。尤其是對中溫的多金屬礦床和低     

川西巴亨碱性岩

巴亨碱性岩,其岩石组合具双模式岩套特征。碱性岩体环带构造特征明显。岩石类型特殊,有霓辉正长岩,黑榴石霓辉正长岩等,在川西地区尚属首次发现。岩石化学成分富碱。碱性岩在时空上与晚三叠世基性火山岩密切相关,其铁镁比值较高等表明,是其双模式岩套岩石组合中重要的一员。     

Textural studies on red sediments of Bhimunipatnam,Andhra Pradesh,east coast of India

The study presents the textural characteristics of late Quaternary red sediments of Bhimunipatnam to understand the process of formation of these sediments. The red sediments are classified into (a) yellow sediments (b) reddish brown sediments (c) brick red sediments and (d) light yellow sediments sequence in the vertical litho section. The yellow sediments, rests on the khondalite basement, comprises of medium grained, moderate to poorly sorted and positively skewed. The rounded pebble beds with trough cross bedding indicate high energy turbulent conditions of deposition. The fining upward sequences indicate sediments were deposited under decreasing energy conditions under fluvial regime.The iron bearing minerals like garnets and pyriboles have undergone chemical weathering under high oxidizing environment resulting in addition of silt and clay to the reddish brown and brick red sediments and concretions were formed by carbonate precipitation. These processes caused changes in the mean grain size and sorting nature of these sediments which are originally aeolian in origin. The light yellow sediments were medium to fine grained, well sorted and similar to modern dune sands in terms of textural parameters. These sediments were deposited under low oxidation environmental conditions and acquired yellow colour due to Fe hydroxides.     

Composition and assemblage characteristics of magnetic minerals in layer S<Subscript>5-1</Subscript> of Xifeng and Duanjiapo sections

Relatively strongly magnetic fine components (< 30μm, XS-4J and DS-4J) which are most environmentally sensitive were separated from layer S_5-1 in the Xifeng and Duanjiapo loess sections and analyzed by MPV-3 for their morphometric characteristics and reflectance, SEM-ESD for their element contents and XRD for their mineral phases, respectively. The results showed that minerals in both samples are dominated by detrial Fe-Ti oxides of aeolian origin. In sample XS-4J the reflectance and iron contents of magnetic minerals are usually high. In addition to magnetite (Fe₃O₄), maghemite (γFe₂O₃) and hematite (Fe₂O₃), some Fe-high oxide (72.25 wt%–86.67 wt%), ilmenite (FeTiO₃), and magnetite-ulvöspinel [Fe(FeCr)O₄, Fe (FeNi)O₄] were also detected. In sample DS-4J obvious negative linear correlations were found between Ti and Fe, and the contents of Mn, Si, Al and Ca are usually high and the minerals are dominated by magnetite (maghemite), goethite (FeOOH) and limonite (containing Si and OH). In addition, the signs of corrosion of magnetic minerals and newly crystallized magnetite (maghemite) were recognized. Differences in the composition and assemblage characteristics of magnetite minerals between XS and DS reflect significant differences in source rocks and preserving conditions.     

Mayenite-supergroup minerals from burned dump of the Chelyabinsk Coal Basin

Three minerals of the mayenite supergroup have been found in fluorellestadite-bearing metacarbonate rock (former fragment of petrified wood of ankeritic composition) from the dump at the Baturinskaya-Vostochnaya-1-2 mine. These are eltyubyuite Ca₁₂Fe1°Si₄O3₂Cl6, its fluorine analog Ca₁₂Fe₁₀³⁺Si₄O₃₀F₁₀, and chlormayenite-wadalite Ca₁₂(Al,Fe)₁₄O₃₂Cl₂-Ca₁₂(Al,Fe)₁₀Si₄O₃₂Cl₂. The first two phases occur in the reaction mantle around hematite, magnesioferrite, and Ca-ferrite aggregates (“calciohexaferrite” CaFe₁₂O₁₉, “grandiferrite” CaFe₄O₇, and “dorrite phase” Ca₂(Fe₅^3 +Mn0^0.5Mg_0.5)(Si_0.5Fe_5.5³⁺)O₂₀) and, rarely, as individuals in grained aggregates of fluorellestadite-cuspidine (± lar- nite ± rusinovite Ca₁₀(Si₂O₇)₃Cl₂). Assemblages of zoned chlormayenite-wadalite crystals are found in grained aggregates of fluorellestadite- cuspidine, which lack Ca-ferrite. Also, harmunite CaFe₂O₄, chlorellestadite, fluorapatite, anhydrite, rondorfite CasMg(SiO₄)₄Cl₂, fluorine analog of rondorfite CasMg(SiO₄)₄F₂, “Mg-cuspidine” Ca_3.5(Mg,Fe)_0.5(Si₂O₇)F₂, fluorite, barioferrite BaFe₁₂O₁9, zhangpeishanite BaFCl, and other rare phases are identified in this rock. Data on the chemical composition and Raman spectroscopy of the mayenite-supergroup minerals are given. The genesis of metacarbonate rock is considered in detail: “oxidizing calcination” of Ca-Fe-carbonates with the formation of hematite and lime; reaction between hematite and lime with the formation of different Ca-ferrites; formation of larnite as a result of reaction between SiO₂ and lime or CaCO₃; and reactionary impact of hot Cl-F-S-bearing gases on early assemblages. Eltyubyuite and its fluorine analog crystallized at the stages of gas impact. It is presumed that the maximum temperature during the formation of rock reached 1200–1230 °C. © 2015, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

热带地区碳酸盐岩上覆红色风化壳的成因机理及元素演化

开展热带岩溶地区红色风化壳元素地球化学演化规律研究,有助于丰富碳酸盐岩风化成土理论的认识。在越南北部选取典型的碳酸盐岩风化剖面,分析热带气候条件下碳酸盐岩上覆红色风化壳中主量元素的物质来源和演化特征。结果表明:无论Ti/Zr的元素比值分析,Hf-Zr、Nb-Ta及Sm-Nd的元素对协变分析,还是上地壳元素平均值(UCC)标准化分析,两个剖面的上覆风化壳均显示原地残积的特征,即两个剖面是碳酸盐岩的原位风化产物。碳酸盐岩风化成土过程中,CaO、MgO淋失明显,Al_2O_3和Fe_2O_3发生富集,显示两个剖面均经历较强的风化过程,但是白云岩和灰岩剖面有一定的分异特征。越南北部白云岩风化剖面从基岩到上部土层显示出稳定的Ti-Fe元素共富集特征,而灰岩剖面中Fe的增长速率明显超过Ti。白云岩上覆风化壳经历了强烈的风化作用,其脱硅作用弱于灰岩风化剖面,而富集铝的作用强于灰岩。迁移系数的演化规律说明两个剖面中长石成分(钾长石、钠长石等)或次生矿物(伊利石等)在风化成土过程中逐渐分解,同时Al、Fe、Si等稳定元素的在风化剖面中不断富集。     

Controls on Fe reduction and mineral formation by a subsurface bacterium

The reductive dissolution of FeIII (hydr)oxides by dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria (DIRB) could have a large impact on sediment genesis and Fe transport. If DIRB are able to reduce FeIII in minerals of high structural order to carry out anaerobic respiration, their range could encompass virtually every O₂-free environment containing FeIII and adequate conditions for cell growth. Previous studies have established that Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, a known DIRB, will reduce crystalline Fe oxides when initially grown at high densities in a nutrient-rich broth, conditions that poorly model the environments where CN32 is found. By contrast, we grew CN32 by batch culture solely in a minimal growth medium. The stringent conditions imposed by the growth method better represent the conditions that cells are likely to encounter in their natural habitat. Furthermore, the expression of reductases necessary to carry out dissimilatory Fe reduction depends on the method of growth. It was found that under anaerobic conditions CN32 reduced hydrous ferric oxide (HFO), a poorly crystalline FeIII mineral, and did not reduce suspensions containing 4 mM FeIII in the form of poorly ordered nanometer-sized goethite (α-FeOOH), well-ordered micron-sized goethite, or nanometer-sized hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) crystallites. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that all minerals but the micron-sized goethite attached extensively to the bacteria and appeared to penetrate the outer cellular membrane. In the treatment with HFO, new FeII and FeIII minerals formed during reduction of HFO-Fe in culture medium containing 4.0 mmol/L P_i (soluble inorganic P), as observed by TEM with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction. The minerals included magnetite (Fe₃O₄), goethite, green rust, and vivianite [Fe₃(PO₄)₂ · 8H₂O]. Vivianite appeared to be the stable end product and the mean coherence length was influenced by the rate of FeIII reduction. When P_i was 0.4 mol/L under otherwise identical conditions, goethite was the only mineral observed to form, and less Fe²⁺ was produced overall. Hence, the ability of DIRB to reduce Fe (hydr)oxides may be limited when the bacteria are grown under nutrient-limited conditions, and the minerals that result depend on the vigor of FeIII reduction.     

长白山天池火山天文峰期黄色浮岩成因研究

长白山天池火口北侧天文峰之上,一套醒目的黄色浮岩引起广泛的关注,其颜色成因问题更是讨论的热点。本文通过野外地质调查、显微形貌和地球化学分析等方法,探索了黄色浮岩的颜色成因问题,并对此次喷发活动(天文峰期喷发)有了更进一步的认识。黄色浮岩与其下部灰白色浮岩应为同一期喷发所形成,两者成分一致且特征相似。黄色浮岩初始颜色为灰白色,后期受所处环境(降水丰富)与本身气孔特征的影响,浮岩内发生了元素析出和元素沉淀的过程。首先,浮岩内Si与H2O结合形成弱硅酸(H2Si O3),而大气中CO2与H2O结合形成弱碳酸(H2CO3),在弱酸环境下火山玻璃逐渐析出Si、K、Al、Ca和Fe等阳离子,而析出的元素易溶于水的部分被流水带走,难溶于水的Fe与Al富集并粘附在火山玻璃壁上,同时由于Fe可与H2O络合形成黄色的Fe的水合物(Fe2O3·n H2O),而Al与H2O络合形成凝胶状白色水合物(Al2O3·n H2O),两者混合形成了黄色胶状物粘附在火山玻璃壁上,改变了浮岩原本的灰白色,形成了黄色浮岩。因此,天文峰期浮岩的黄色是由于后期风化淋滤作用所造成,属于次生色。本研究提高了对火山喷发堆积物风化淋滤作用过程的认识,也为其他地区相似颜色变化问题的讨论提供了借鉴。     

电子微探针-X射线衍射-扫描电镜研究老挝石岩石矿物学特征

新近发现的老挝石因与寿山石多个品种高度相似,给老挝石的科学定名和印材质量评价带来困难。本文采用常规宝玉石学测试结合电子微探针(EPMA)、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)以及扫描电镜(SEM)等矿物谱学分析测试方法,系统解析其化学成分、矿物组成及显微结构特征。结果表明,老挝石由高岭石亚族矿物多型组成,其中主要为高岭石、地开石及其过渡矿物,少量为珍珠陶石。红、黄色老挝石颜色与铁含量呈正相关性,表明铁元素可能为老挝石常见红、黄两色的主要致色原因。老挝石主要组成矿物晶体以不规则鳞片状或假六方片状为主,其粒径越细小、镶嵌越紧密,相应表现为质地细腻和篆刻工艺性能优异,作为印章石的工艺价值也就越高。老挝石的密度(2.58~2.60 g/cm3)及折射率(1.561~1.570)等常规宝石学特征均与地开石型寿山石较为一致,其中颜色鲜艳、结构细腻者可作为优质的篆刻印材新资源。     

Linked four-membered silicate rings: vibrational analysis of Gillespite

Raman spectra and lattice dynamics calculations are presented for the silicate mineral gillespite, BaFeSi₄O₁₀, which contains sheets of linked four-membered silicate rings. The results are analyzed in relation to earlier work done on the isolated four-membered ring silicate BaCuSi₂O₆ and to published claims that vibrational modes of four-membered rings are responsible for the sharp D ₁“defect line” observed in the Raman spectra of SiO₂ glass. The crystal structure of gillespite (space group P4/ncc or D ) consists of puckered Si₄O₁₂ rings, where each SiO₄ tetrahedron is linked to two neighboring tetrahedra within a ring and to a third tetrahedron within a different ring. The rings are linked to each other in a staggered configuration to form sheets, which are also bonded together by Ba²⁺ and Fe²⁺. The calculation adjusts the bond bending and bond stretching force constants so that calculated fundamental mode frequencies best fit observed fundamental frequencies in the Raman spectra; eigenmodes associated with each calculated fundamental mode are then generated. Some eigenmodes calculated are unique to the gillespite structure, but many of the more localized four-membered ring modes are similar to those calculated for the four-membered rings in BaCuSi₂O₆ and for the three- and six-membered rings in the cyclosilicates studied earlier. The results for gillespite indicate that the Raman-active A _1g mode at 450 cm⁻¹ is a four-membered ring bridging oxygen breathing mode that is mixed with other minor ring deformation displacements; because of this mixing, the calculated frequency of this mode is 45 to 61 cm⁻¹ lower than that calculated for bridging oxygen binding breathing modes of puckered four-membered rings in BaCuSi₂O₆ and in simulated glass structures. Received: 9 April 1997 / Revised, accepted: 19 August 1997     

Secondary Fe–Mn-oxides in minerals heavily damaged by α-recoil: possible implications for palaeomagnetism

Sub-micron Fe,Mn-oxides in columbite–tantalite minerals are bound to metamict domains in the host. These nano-oxides are secondary minerals as the metamict zones formed through accumulation of damages from α-recoil, each of which in a small volume destroys the crystal lattice of the U and Th bearing columbite–tantalite host. Transmission electron microscope investigations demonstrate that the oxides fall in the compositional range of magnetite–jacobsite–iwakiite (Fe,Mn)₃O₄ and of hematite-type minerals along the Fe₂O₃–Mn₂O₃ join, i.e., minerals that are known to be major carriers of magnetic remanence. Measured magnetic properties of isolated columbite–tantalite crystals demonstrate in some samples magnetic remanence, which is bound to sub-micron pseudosingle-domain crystals rather than to the host. Thus, the magnetic remanence is not related to the formation of columbite–tantalite, but to the crystallization of the nano-oxides, which occur in metamict domains of the host and therefore are secondary. Depending on the content and distribution of U and Th, the nano-oxides may form diachronously within an individual and among several host crystals. Magnetic secondary nano-oxides are not restricted to columbite–tantalite minerals, but may occur in other minerals where high contents of Fe and Mn are associated with high contents of U and Th. Rocks that show the same spatial distribution for U and Fe, as for instance some red sandstones, may display magnetic properties that are controlled by recoil-induced growth of secondary Fe-oxides.

Diagenetic crystallization and oxidation of siderite in red bed (Buntsandstein) sediments from the Central Iberian Chain,Spain

Compactional deformation facilitated replacement of dolomite and calcite by siderite and its subsequent oxidation in carbonate cemented red beds of the Triassic Buntsandstein in the Iberian Chain. Locally, the sedimentary clasts were cemented by carbonate that was derived from dissolution of locally exposed dolomite in the basement. Microstructures indicate that during sedimentation of the rocks, oxidizing conditions prevailed in the sediments and the basement was reddened by impregnation of hematite. Reducing conditions prevailed during deformation of the sediments. Ferric iron was reduced to Fe²⁺, that reacted with deformed dolomite and calcite cement to produce fine grained siderite. At a later stage, siderite crystallites were (partly) oxidized to form a secondary phase of brown ferric oxide (goethite). Locally, goethite transformed to fine grained hematite that caused secondary reddening of the sediments. The reactions are associated with a combined volume loss of the solid phases of c. 50% per reaction mol; this was accommodated by the formation of pores. Oxidation of siderite was associated with release of CO₂; localized dissolution took place of feldspar and concurrently growth of kaolinite occurred by acidifying condition during release of CO₂. The relation of redox reactions and deformation is comparable to those in red bed conglomerates in the region. Reductive dissolution occurred at sites of stress concentration, particularly at contact points of pebbles. Late stage precipitation of ferric oxides and pyrolusite took place at oxidizing conditions in association with uplift.