弱透水层中地下水化学渗透效应的研究现状与展望

弱透水层对地下水的运移过程具有不同于一般含水层的水力影响,开展弱透水层中的渗透试验是模拟该影响的直接手段。本文跟踪了国内外化学渗透的研究进展,当前室内模拟试验仍然是该领域的主要研究方法,对不同溶液的渗透试验发现弱透水层有半透膜的作用,可以过滤部分盐分。已经开展的原位试验主要针对泥岩、页岩的渗透特性,对黏性土的原位渗透研究较少。国外已经开展了化学渗透的数值模拟工作,建立了联合水力驱动和化学驱动的模型,进行了部分参数的模拟分析。未来,高精度原位化学渗透和反渗透试验研究将成为该领域的一个主要研究方向。     

滨海地区分层含水层中陆源溶质运移过程

为更好地保护沿海水环境和水生态功能，亟需探究陆源溶质在滨海分层含水层中的迁移机制。构建二维分层含水层数值模型，采用地下水软件SUTRA-MS模拟分析潮汐作用下陆源溶质在分层含水层中的运移特征。结果表明：(1)与均质含水层相比，弱透水层的存在会延长溶质在含水层中的滞留时间、增大溶质最大扩散面积、削弱溶质在水平方向和垂直方向的扩散程度；(2)弱透水层能够降低陆源溶质向海水排放的最大通量，并且延长溶质排放的持续时间；(3)溶质扩散面积、弱透水层中溶质残余量、水平和垂向扩散程度等对弱透水层水力传导系数和厚度的敏感性优于弱透水层深度。     

滨海多层含水层系统中海潮引起的地下水位波动

通过对一个滨海多层含水层系统的考察,该含水层系统由上、下弱透水层和介于中间的承压含水层组成,海底露头处被淤泥层覆盖.建立了描述该系统中地下水水头随潮汐波动的数学模型,并得到其解析解.该解析解与六个基本参数有关,分别是承压含水层的海潮传播参数,淤泥层的无量纲透水系数,上下弱透层与承压含水层贮水率的比率 (无量纲)和上下弱透层的无量纲越流.当这些参数取某些特殊值时,我们的解便化简为前人考虑的几种简单情形对应的解.分析表明,承压含水层中地下水水头波幅是上、下弱透水层贮水率和越流系数的减函数,是淤泥层相对透水系数的增函数;波动相位(时滞)是上、下弱透水层贮水率和越流系数的增函数,是淤泥层相对透水系数的减函数.     

不同Eh条件下弱透水层中硝酸盐截留能力

为了研究硝酸盐在不同Eh条件下通过弱透水层的迁移机理及转化形式,用天然黏土作为渗透介质弱透水层,在高渗透压条件下进行室内实验,模拟地下水中硝酸盐通过弱透水层的迁移转化过程。结果表明：单位质量黏土截污容量为1.45 mg/g,阻截率R=92%,不同Eh条件下（Eh分别为0、-100、-200 mV）弱透水层对硝酸盐的阻截能力都很强;低氧化还原电位有利于弱透水层吸附硝酸盐。弱透水层中硝酸盐的转化途径表明,弱透水层对硝酸盐的阻截能力很强,是微孔隙截留作用、机械过滤、离子吸附、协同吸附以及较弱的微生物共同作用的结果。     

弱透水层饱和粘性土中水分渗透规律研究

本文利用渗压仪,对弱透水层一饱和粘性土类的原状土样,进行不同水头差作用下的渗透试验,获得水在弱透水层不同孔隙类型中的渗透规律:V—I关系曲线及V—I关系方程等,为地下水资源评价提供了理论依据,具有重要的理论与实际意义。     

一种确定超固结弱透水层水力参数的方法

弱透水层是含水层系统的重要组成部分。弱透水层的渗透系数K_v和弹性贮水率值S_(ske)对研究地面沉降及地下水资源评价具有重要的意义。在相邻含水层降深随时间周期性波动的条件下,推得了超固结弱透水层中无量纲形式的降深解析解,并基于该解析解进一步得到了超固结弱透水层累计变形量随时间变化的理论曲线。由于弱透水层的低渗透性,其变形总是滞后于相邻含水层的降深变化。根据弱透水层变形的滞后时间与含水层降深波动半周期的关系,提出了一种用以确定超固结弱透水层垂向渗透系数和弹性贮水率的方法,该方法对于弹性变形的超固结土具有很好的适用性。使用该方法之前,首先要根据分层标和水位资料确定含水层降深的变化周期以及弱透水层变形的滞后时间。应用该方法确定了上海地区f_(10-7)分层标处第2弱透水层的水力参数为K_v=4.12×10~(-10)m/s,S_(ske)=1.07×10~(-4) m~(-1)。经实例计算结果具有一定的可靠性。     

深部弱透水层固结变形模型建议

地面沉降模型是地面沉降研究的重要内容,由于弱透水层的变形量占地层全部变形量的比重较大,因此对弱透水层固结模型的研究是地面沉降模型研究中的重要部分。笔者通过对深部弱透水层中粘性土孔隙水类型进行分析,得出深度弱透水层中孔隙水类型并对该类型孔隙水变形特性进行了研究,总结出深部弱透水层固结机理。在机理分析的基础上,提出采用非达西流计算模式对深部弱透水层计算模型进行了修正,并提出了深部弱透水层固结计算模型建议：孔隙水类型主要为扩散层内结合水时,可以采用利用非达西流修正的太沙基固结方程对深部弱透水层变形进行计算,可以参考给出的采用非达西定律修正过的一维固结方程 孔隙水类型主要为吸附结合水时,可以利用弹性本构关系模型对深部弱透水层进行变形计算。     

弱透水层中有机污染物(菲)的衰减研究

本文以高渗透压渗流试验装置模拟已被污染的浅层地下水越流通过弱透水层污染深层地下水的过程,研究了有机污染物(菲)通过饱和粘性土弱透水层时的自然衰减特征,以及非生物因子-配位体对于弱透水层中菲迁移转化的影响作用。研究表明,菲的衰减曲线明显分为三阶段:初期吸附截留显著期,中期微生物降解旺盛期,后期微生物降解稳定期;溶液中共存离子HCO 3-、Ca2+与菲形成络合物,SO42-参与菲的生物降解;溶液中主要配位体不同时,菲与阴、阳离子之间相互作用的方式也不同,以络合作用为主。渗透水中菲含量有99%以上被衰减,仅有极少量菲穿透弱透水层。     

双重介质模型在岩溶地下水流动系统模拟中的应用

文章采用不稳定层状裂隙水流模型,应用有限元-卷积结合法,模拟了岩溶地下水流动系统。相对于等效多孔介质模型,双重介质模型模拟的水位下降速度更小,达到稳定的时间更长。距抽水井较近的观测孔处,双重介质模型模拟的水位变化过程阶段性较明显,水位变化过程类似于承压含水层-弱透水层的释水过程,裂隙和孔隙基质分别相当于承压含水层和弱透水层。然后讨论了影响裂隙和孔隙基质间水流交换项的因素,分析了孔组抽水后的渗流场特征。     

露头处具有淤泥层的滨海含水层系统中海潮引起的水头波动

滨海地区社会与经济的发展引发了各种各样的水文地质问题, 因此对滨海地区的水文地质条件, 尤其是地下水与海水之间的水力联系的研究尤为重要.本文考察了海底露头处具有淤泥层的滨海含水层系统中由海潮引起的水头波动.该系统由潜水含水层、承压含水层和介于其间的弱透水层构成.建立了该系统的数学模型, 得到了该模型的解析解.该解析解包含2个无量纲参数: 弱透水层的相对越流系数和淤泥层的相对透水系数.解析解表明, 淤泥层使各处的水头波幅被缩小了一个常数倍(波幅缩减因子), 并使各处的波动相位产生了一个不超过45°的正位移常数(时滞).该时滞对半日潮不超过1.5h, 对全日潮不超过3h.波幅缩减因子和正位移常数只与弱透水层的相对越流系数和淤泥层的相对透水系数有关.当这两个无量纲参数取某些特殊值时, 本次研究的解和前人考虑的几种较简单情形所对应的解一致.承压含水层中水头波幅随着淤泥层的相对透水系数的递增而严格递增, 随弱透水层的相对越流系数的递增而严格递减; 波动相位随着这2个无量纲参数的递增均严格递减.分析表明弱透水层的越流和淤泥层的存在均对承压含水层水头波动有显著影响.      

Experimental study on the vertical deformation of aquifer soils under conditions of withdrawing and recharging of groundwater in Tongchuan region,China

Land subsidence due to aquifer-system compaction accompanying groundwater extraction is a global hazard. Rising urban construction and groundwater demand necessitate increased awareness and better understanding of the geological problem. Motivated by the lack of laboratory-scale studies on this issue, an experimental investigation on the newly developed Tongchuan region, China, is presented. The study addresses the deformation behaviors of three soil samples, with the lithology of silty clay, silt, and fine sand, under the conditions of groundwater withdrawal and recharge using the GDS Consolidation Testing System. Results indicate that all three samples were characterized by elastic–plastic deformation under the conditions of withdrawing and recharging. The vertical deformation of the silty clay in the aquitard above the first confined aquifer was larger than those of the other two samples, and its deformation is a gradual and long process; thus, considerable attention should be paid to deformation in this aquitard due to the apparent creep effect and tiny rebound deformation. However, the settlement of the fine sand in the second confined aquifer cannot be ignored due to the great thickness of the aquifer. For the same soil, as the pore-water pressure declined, the unit rate of vertical deformation decreased gradually, whereas the creep effect of deformation in the later declining stage of pore-water pressure was more apparent than that in the former declining stage. These observations are highly important to the local government, which is developing measures to prevent and control subsidence.     

The drainage of the aquitard and its implication for groundwater exploitation in Hengshui City

The deformation and the drainage of the aquitard is the main concern in the North China Plain(NCP), and the water released from aquitard compaction may be a large portion of the exploited groundwater. The skeletal specific storage of aquitard is the element parameter to the drainage of aquitard, and the undisturbed core samples are the best choice for the measurement of the physical parameters. In this study, the consolidation test was employed to analyze the skeleton specific storage of the clay sample drilled from Hengshui City, and the contribution from the drainage of aquitard to the groundwater exploitation. The results suggest the consolidation test can be utilized to understand the skeletal specific storage of aquitard, which is about 3.92×10-4 m-1 in the Hengshui. The water-saturation content of the aquitard was less than 100%, and the amount of the drainage of the aquitard was about 69% of the volume of land subsidence. The water released from aquitard compaction was about 35% of the groundwater exploitation to the deep aquifers.     

上海市地下水位大幅抬升条件下土层变形特征分析

过去对地下水位持续下降条件的地面沉降研究较多,但对水位大幅持续抬升过程中的地面沉降研究较少。本文根据 上海大量地面沉降、水位观测和钻孔资料,系统分析上海市90年代末以来地下水位大幅抬升条件下各土层的变形特征。自 1998年以来,上海市通过大幅压缩开采量、回灌地下水等措施使第二、三、四和五承压含水层水位分别平均抬升2.1 m, 3.6 m, 12.4 m, 12.7 m。水位的抬升使上海市地面沉降平均速率由1998年的12.2 mm/a减小到2011年的1.83 mm/a,减少85%。 通过对27组分层标数据分析发现：现阶段主要压缩层位在第一、二软土层,年沉降速率为2~4 mm/a;而第二含水层以下土 层已经有少量回弹。在水位持续大幅抬升过程中,本文总结了两种变形特征：1） 变形和水位变化基本同步,残余变形量非 常小,变形可概化为线弹性变形,这种变形主要发生在第一、二、三和五承压含水层、第五和六弱透水层;2） 压缩速率逐 渐减小,无明显持续回弹趋势,有较大残余压缩量且存在变形滞后现象,变形可概化为弹塑性变形,这种变形主要发生在 地第二、三和四弱透水层。第四承压含水层变形较复杂,两种变形特征都有。其中较大残余变形量主要由塑性贮水率比弹 性贮水率大2个数量级引起;变形滞后主要由弱透水层中超孔隙水压力消散较慢引起。本文研究成果对于掌握水位抬升过 程中土层变形方式、发生发展机理、预测未来地面沉降及地下水科学管理和资源评价具有重要意义。     

基于DFOS的苏州第四纪沉积层变形及地面沉降监测分析

苏州地区广泛分布松散第四纪沉积物,大量抽取地下水导致了苏州大范围的地面沉降,严重影响了该区经济发展。本文在苏州盛泽200m钻孔内安装了分布式感测光纤,采用BOTDR及FBG等分布式光纤感测技术(DFOS),对第四纪沉积层压缩及地面沉降进行了长期的监测分析。分析结果表明:苏州盛泽地区第四纪土层可分为3个含水层(Af)及4个弱透水层(Ad),现阶段含水层压缩已不明显,主要压缩层为与抽水含水层相邻的两个隔水层,且与抽水含水层距离越近的部位压缩越明显; 第四纪沉积层的变形与抽水含水层孔隙水压变化基本一致,呈现出夏季压缩,冬季略回弹的趋势,并且存在滞后现象; 定义压缩度为各层累计压缩量与其自身厚度的比值,即每米压缩量。各土层沉降趋势可用压缩度判断,对于黏土隔水层沉降程度Ad2 Ad3 Ad4 Ad1,对于含水砂层,Af2为主要变形层,Af1及Af3变形基本稳定。DFOS技术为研究地面沉降机理,评价土层压缩变形潜力提供了十分先进的监测手段。     

Competition between topography- and compaction-driven flow in a confined aquifer: Some analytical results

 An analysis is presented of the competition between topography- and compaction-driven flow in a confined aquifer. The aquifer crops out and is unconfined in an area with an elevated water table. In the absence of compaction, the elevated water table drives the flow toward areas with a lower water table, and leakage occurs from the aquifer through an overlying aquitard. Under these conditions, recharge occurs in the outcrop area. When sedimentation occurs above the aquifer away from the outcrop area, compaction tends to reverse the flow direction in the aquifer, causing expulsion of groundwater in the outcrop area. The actual flow field arises from the competition between the two driving mechanisms. An analytical expression for the combined flow field is derived in which the contribution from both mechanisms is apparent. The expression is useful as a practical guideline for estimating whether or not compaction can be safely ignored in regional groundwater-flow studies of confined aquifers. Received, July 1998 / Revised, February 1999 / Acccepted, February 1999     

Characteristics of aquifer system deformation in the Southern Yangtse Delta, China

Excessive groundwater pumpage has caused regional cones of depression and severe land subsidence in the Southern Yangtse Delta, China. The characteristics of aquifer system compaction are complex because of the difference in the types, compositions and structures of the soils that the hydrostratigraphic units are composed of, and in the histories of groundwater level change the hydrostratigraphic units have experienced. Based on the data measured from extensometer groups and observation wells, the characteristics of deformation for individual hydrostratigraphic units are analyzed. The results show that different hydrostratigraphic units have different kinds of deformation and that an identical unit may also present different deformation characteristics, such as elasticity, elasto-plasticity, and visco-elasto-plasticity, at different sites of the cone of depression or in different periods. If the groundwater level rises continuously and remains constant later, the aquifers and the aquitard units that consist of hard clay primarily exhibit elastic behaviour, but the aquitard units that consist of soft clay deform plastically and by creep and exhibit visco-elasto-plastic behaviour. If the groundwater level falls but is much higher than the previous lowest value, aquifers and aquitards consisting of hard clay exhibit elasto-plastic behaviour. If the groundwater level falls below the previous lowest value, aquifers and aquitards consisting of hard clay deform plastically and by creep and exhibit visco-elasto-plastic behaviour.     

地下水与环境变化研究

环境变化研究是当前国际地球科学和环境科学界最为活跃的研究领域之一。作为全球水循环的重要环节,地下水是全球环境变化的受体和信息载体。地下水及其沉积物的物理、化学指标,诸如地下水水位、宏量组分、微量组分、同位素、惰性气体等可以用作不同时间尺度上环境变化的指示剂。从地下水及其沉积物中识别和提取高分辨率的环境变化信息,实现对环境变化的预警功能是地下水科学向环境科学延伸的重要方向;而随着全球淡水资源紧缺形势不断恶化,全球环境变化、特别是全球气候变化对地下水资源的影响成为水文地质研究的新课题。     

江汉平原第四系弱透水层渗透系数求算方法

弱透水层的渗透系数是区域地下水流系统划分和关键带水-土-生作用的重要参数.结合江汉平原关键带调查采集1:5万杨林尾-陆溪口图幅钻孔52组不同深度、不同岩性的原状土样,利用改进的渗透仪进行室内渗透实验,对粘性土样的渗透系数和粒度特征参数进行经验公式修正.发现研究区沉积物渗透系数与含水岩组埋深和岩性有关.浅层孔隙潜水含水岩组以粉质粘土、粘土为主,沉积环境稳定,渗透系数约10-9 m/s,变异系数为1.56;中深层承压含水岩组夹有多层粘土和粉砂,呈现多旋回分布的典型河湖交互作用的沉积环境,渗透系数为10-10~10-6 m/s,变异系数为2.04,变异性较大.利用有效孔隙比e_u与黏粒含量P的显著二项式关系,修正预测粘性土渗透系数的太沙基经验公式,预测值与室内实测数据基本吻合,二者比值均小于10,验证了太沙基修正公式在河湖相平原区的适用性.      

基于地下水渗流方程的三维地面沉降模型

针对地下水抽取引起的大面积地面沉降的问题,提出了一种计算方法。该方法基于饱和与不饱和岩土介质中地下水渗流理论,计算出三维状态下的大面积地面沉降。提出的方法被结合到地下水渗流的三维有限元法分析中,计算时考虑了地层的可压缩性,并被用来分析软土的固结,将该法与太沙基理论及固结试验的结果进行比较,结果表明其误差小于2 %。该法还被用来分析单井抽取承压地下水引起的周围地基的沉降及承压水层由于挡水板的阻断作用而引起的下游侧的地基的沉降。     

Groundwater potential assessment in a sedimentary terrain,southwestern Nigeria

Geoelectrical resistivity techniques are increasingly being applied in addressing a wide range of hydrological, environmental, and geotechnical problems. This is due to their effectiveness in near-surface characterization. In the present study, a suite of vertical electrical soundings (VESs) was integrated with 2D geoelectrical resistivity and time-domain induced polarization (IP) imaging to characterize the near-surface and delineate the underlying aquifer in a sedimentary terrain. The geophysical survey was conducted as part of preliminary studies to evaluate the potential of groundwater resource in Iyana-Iyesi and Canaan Land area of Ota, southwestern Nigeria. A high-yield confined sandy aquifer overlain by a low-yield aquitard was delineated; overlying the aquitard is a very resistive and thick layer that is predominantly composed of kaolinitic swelling clay intercalated with phosphate mineral.