低渗透岩体饱和渗流研究进展

低渗透介质中的水流会影响水文地质系统和地球化学系统的演化,影响石油和矿藏的形成。低渗透介质在废弃物的处置和填埋、工程安全以及环境变化方面都是非常重要的。长期以来,人们在分析中一直以达西定律为基础,却没有在符合实际的低压力梯度下对其进行验证。由于低渗透介质中的水文地质条件的复杂性以及在测量水头和孔隙流体取样上的难度,分析比较困难。通过对低渗透介质饱和渗流研究的回顾,就非达西流、多因素作用下的耦合渗流以及渗透和超滤现象进行了讨论,对影响和阻碍低渗透渗流研究的因素进行探讨,并就开展进一步研究提出了相应的建议。     

低渗透油藏非达西渗流地层压力计算方法及分析

低渗透油藏非达西渗流时,地层的压力分布与常规达西流动情况下不同,储层存在压力波及不到的区域,难以有效动用。为此,基于渗流理论中质量守恒和动量守恒方程,建立了考虑启动压力梯度存在的新的不稳定渗流数学模型,推导出非达西径向流解析解和产能方程,形成了低渗透油藏新的地层压力计算方法,为低渗透储层的油藏评价和开发设计提供了理论依据。计算分析表明：低渗透油藏非达西流动下压力分布不同于以往有激励即有响应的达西流动情况,近井地带能量递减远快于常规油藏达西流动的情况,储层波及范围小,井筒外围有很大一部分面积的油藏没能有效动用。     

Experimental Investigation of Non-Darcy Flow in Sandstone

A study was conducted to investigate non-Darcy flow for sandstone using an experimental system designed and constructed by the research group. Non-Darcy flow was found to exist for both the pre-peak and post-peak strains; post-peak flow behavior showed a higher level of non-Darcy flow. In addition, the post peak permeability turned out to be about 2–3 times that of the pre-peak permeability. This sudden change in permeability that occurs when sedimentary rock masses around underground excavations develop new fractures may lead to water inrush in coal mines. All three non-Darcy permeability parameters showed significant changes between the pre-peak and post peak strains. The main reason for that is the formation of new cracks around and after the peak stress. Relations are developed among the three non-Darcy permeability parameters.     

油气成藏条件下低渗透砂岩石油运移的渗流特征实验研究

在室内低速渗流实验的基础上,采用恒压测试法,对成藏条件下石油在低渗透砂岩中的运移渗流规律及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：(1)石油在低渗透砂岩中低速渗流时存在着启动压力梯度,非达西渗流特征明显。(2)低渗透砂岩中石油非达西渗流曲线主要有两种基本类型,视流度≤1时,非达西渗流曲线表现为上凹型曲线;视流度＞1时,表现为变性达西流曲线。(3)低渗透砂岩的物性、石油性质以及它们的相互作用对渗流曲线的位置、非线性段的曲率和变化范围以及直线段在压力梯度轴的截距具有重要影响。(4)随着低渗透砂岩渗透率的降低和石油粘度的增加或视流度的减小,石油在低渗透砂岩储层的非达西渗流特征更加明显。     

Visualizing complex pore structure and fluid flow in porous media using 3D printing technology and LBM simulation

Pore structures of porous media and properties of fluid flow are key factors for the study of non-Darcy groundwater flow. However, it is difficult to directly observe pore structures and flow properties, resulting in a “black box” problem of porous media. This problem has hindered the in-depth study of the groundwater flow mechanism at the pore scale. In recent years, 3D rapid prototyping technology has seen tremendous development. 3D printing provides digital models and printing models of porous media with clear internal structure. Thus, Lattice Boltzmann Method can be used to simulate the flow processes at the pore scale based on real pore structures. In this study, 3D printing cores and Lattice Boltzmann Method were coupled to conduct both laboratory and numerical experiments in spherical porous media with different sphere diameters and periodic arrays. The LBM simulation results show a good agreement with laboratory experimental results. With the advantages of LBM and 3D printing, this approach provides a visualization of the complex pore structure and fluid flow in pores, which is a promising method for studies of non-Darcy groundwater flow at the pore scale.     

低渗透岩芯水驱油试验相似理论

以相似理论为基础,考虑低渗透多孔介质非达西渗流特性,研究了油水两相渗流模拟试验理论。应用方程分析法,推导出油水两相渗流控制方程的无量纲形式,获得了低渗透岩芯水驱油模拟试验的相似准则。采用隐式求解压力、显式求解饱和度的方法（IMPES）对无量纲控制方程进行求解,得到包含相似准数的数值模拟器。通过敏感性分析,得到了每个相似准数对试验结果的影响程度,并通过实际低渗透岩芯的水驱油试验结果进行了验证。结果表明,敏感因子大的相似准数对试验结果影响较大,反之影响则较小。因此,在设计物理模拟试验时,当无法满足模型和原型所有相似准数相等时,应该优先满足敏感因子较大的相似准数相等。     

A new insight into onset of inertial flow in porous media using network modeling with converging/diverging pores

The network modeling approach is applied to provide a new insight into the onset of non-Darcy flow through porous media. The analytical solutions of one-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation in sinusoidal and conical converging/diverging throats are used to calculate the pressure drop/flow rate responses in the capillaries of the network. The analysis of flow in a single pore revealed that there are two different regions for the flow coefficient ratio as a function of the aspect ratio. It is found that the critical Reynolds number strongly depends on the pore geometrical properties including throat length, average aspect ratio, and average coordination number of the porous media, and an estimation of such properties is required to achieve more reliable predictions. New criteria for the onset of non-Darcy flow are also proposed to overcome the lack of geometrical data. Although the average aspect ratio is the main parameter which controls the inertia effects, the effect of tortuosity on the onset of non-Darcy flow increases when the coordination number of media decreases. In addition, the higher non-Darcy coefficient does not essentially accelerate the onset of inertial flow. The results of this work can help to better understand how the onset of inertial flow may be controlled/changed by the pore architecture of porous media.     

破碎砂岩渗透特性与孔隙率关系的试验研究

利用一种专利装置与MTS815.02型岩石力学试验系统,进行了破碎砂岩的稳态渗透试验,得到了不同孔隙率下破碎砂岩的渗透率和非Darcy流 因子。通过线性回归得到了渗透率、非Darcy流 因子与孔隙率之间的关系。认为破碎岩石的渗透特性主要是由孔隙率决定的,孔隙率不仅与当前的应力有关,更取决于加载历史。研究表明,水在破碎砂岩中的渗流一般不服从Darcy定律,而服从Forchheimer关系,特别是在小孔隙率下,非Darcy性更为突出;渗透率、非Darcy流 因子与孔隙率之间的关系可用幂函数拟合。     

加载历程对配径碎煤渗透特性影响的试验研究

为了证实加载历程对破碎煤样渗透特性的影响,利用一套由齿轮泵、换向阀、溢流阀和渗透仪等组成的渗透回路,在CMT5305型电子万能试验机试验系统上测试了配径碎煤在两种不同试验方案下的渗透特性,得到了两种方案配径碎煤的渗流速度、渗透率、非Darcy流? 因子与孔隙度的关系。研究表明：①第1种试验方案的渗流速度和渗透率与孔隙度的关系用幂函数拟合,第2种试验方案的渗流速度和渗透率与孔隙度的关系可用指数函数拟合。②孔隙度较大时,渗透率和非Darcy流? 因子与加载历程有关;孔隙度较小时,渗透率和非Darcy流? 因子趋于稳定,与加载历程无关。③随着孔隙度的减小,方案1非Darcy流? 因子由负变正,配径碎煤的渗透性加强;方案2非Darcy流? 因子始终为负值,配径碎煤的渗透性减弱。④两种方案的非Darcy流? 因子与孔隙度均可采用三次多项式拟合,多项式的系数与加载历程有关。     

高水力梯度条件下颗粒堆积型多孔介质渗流规律试验研究

煤矿开采面临的水文地质条件越来越复杂,尤其是遭遇承压含水层的水压力越来越大,突水灾害发生时必然会带来高水力梯度引起的破碎岩体突水通道内高速非线性渗流问题。据此,研制高水力梯度（最大600）条件下堆积型多孔介质中高速非线性渗流试验装置,采用堆积型钢球模拟破碎岩体,对粒径为1、2、3、4、5、6 mm共6种光滑钢球分别开展了一维均质圆柱渗流试验。试验结果表明：对于由1～6 mm钢球堆积而成的孔隙率为0.44～0.45的多孔介质,当水力梯度大于145时,通过分析水力梯度-平均流速（J-v）曲线和水力梯度-雷诺数（J-Re）关系曲线,将流动状态划分为3个模式：线性层流、非线性层流、紊流,并获得了从线性层流过渡到非线性层流的临界流速为0.23～0.78 cm/s、临界水力梯度为3～8;从层流到紊流转捩的临界流速为1.6～4.8 cm/s、临界水力梯度为90～145。从小粒径多孔介质到大粒径多孔介质的渗流过程中,临界流速越来越大,而临界水力梯度逐渐减小。 渗透率与粒径的平方、非达西流影响系数与粒径的倒数均呈线性正相关,非达西流影响系数随着渗透率的增加呈指数减小。该研究对多孔介质非线性渗流的理论研究以及实际工程中高承压含水层突涌水问题有重要借鉴意义。     

堆浸铀矿堆液体饱和渗流规律的研究

铀矿堆浸,溶浸液在铀矿堆中的渗流对浸出效果有非常重要的影响,研究堆浸铀矿堆的渗透特性,对改善铀矿堆浸效果具有重要的意义。采用取自我国南方某铀矿山的堆浸铀矿石,配制10组不同粒径分维数的试样,利用自制的饱和渗流试验装置,对其液体饱和渗流的规律进行试验研究,获得相应的渗透率和流态指数。利用试验结果,分析粒径分维数对渗透率的影响。采用支持向量机（SVM）模型,以粒径分维数和孔隙率作为输入量,建立渗透率和流态指数预测模型。结果表明,（1）在文中试验条件下,堆浸铀矿堆的液体饱和渗流遵循非Darcy指数定律,流态指数在1.1～1.5之间,且渗透率随着粒径分维数的增加而逐渐减小;（2）渗透率的SVM预测模型和流态指数的SVM 预测模型给出预测值的相对误差分别低于8%和7%,可以满足工程应用的要求。     

三轴应力下不同粒径破碎砂岩渗透特性试验

地下工程中破碎岩体往往处于三向应力状态,此类岩体具有孔隙率大、渗透性高等特点,在地应力与高水头作用下易发生渗流失稳破坏,诱发突水灾害。为研究三轴应力下破碎砂岩的渗透特性,运用自主研发的破碎岩石三轴渗流试验系统,采用稳态渗透法进行5种粒径破碎砂岩的渗流试验,得到了三轴应力下破碎砂岩渗透特性变化规律,推导了有效应力与渗流速度之间的关系。试验结果表明：三轴应力下破碎砂岩的有效应力与渗流速度呈线性关系,且轴向位移越大时,随有效应力的增加渗流速度减小的幅度越小;三轴应力下5种粒径破碎砂岩的孔压梯度与渗流速度服从Forchheimer关系,两者之间的相关系数达0.95以上;轴向位移恒定时,随着围压的增大,破碎砂岩渗透率k减小,非Darcy流β因子增大,各级轴向位移下,破碎砂岩的渗透率与围压之间呈指数函数关系;随着孔隙率的减小,5种粒径的破碎砂岩渗透率呈减小趋势,非Darcy流β因子整体增大,且渗透率量级为10-14～10-11 m2,非Darcy流β因子的量级为106～1012 m-1。     

低渗透油藏菱形反九点压裂井网两相渗流分析

依据低渗透油藏菱形反九点压裂井网不同流动区域的流动规律,建立了反映压裂开采过程物理本质的三区模型,推导出了考虑启动压力梯度的基质非达西渗流、椭圆渗流和裂缝非线性流动的三区两相渗流数学模型。研究表明：裂缝越长,累积产量越高,含水率增加越快;裂缝的导流能力越低,其累积产量越小,含水率也越小,随着导流能力的增加,累积产量的增加幅度变小;注水井排与裂缝的夹角对产量的影响不大;井排距对产量影响明显,对压裂井应采取较大的井排距。     

向斜成藏理论及其石油地质意义

传统的石油成藏理论适用于中高渗透储层,流体的渗流特征是达西渗流,主要作用力是浮力,油气分布在构造高部位或砂体高部位,主要是寻找圈闭。但是在低超低渗透储层和致密储层中,流体的渗流特征是非达西渗流,传统理论不再适用,油水不能发生正常的重力分异,流体在超压作用下以幕式排烃方式发生初次运移,石油在储层中运移要以非达西渗流方式通过变形才能缓慢通过,这种运移必然降低流速产生滞留效应导致石油在低部位大量滞留并聚集成连续油藏。这种滞留油藏的产生,可以形成背斜区圈闭含油、斜坡区相对高部位含水、而相对低部位却连续含油的油水倒置现象。由于滞留油藏无需构造和岩性边界圈闭,无需统一压力系统和油水边界,改变了传统上的圈闭找油模式,拓展了油气藏的概念,形成了低超低渗透储层、非常规、致密油等成藏研究的理论基础。向斜成藏理论的提出,是对传统石油成藏理论的重要补充,拓展了油气勘探领域,使油气勘探从构造高部位转向构造低部位,增大了石油资源量,对勘探开发具有重要的指导作用。     

我国北方型裂隙岩溶水流及污染物运移数值模拟研究进展

简要回顾了近几十年来我国北方型裂隙岩溶水流及污染物运移数值模拟方面的研究成果,评述了裂隙岩溶水资源评价和污染物运移模拟的计算方法和模拟技术,其中对一些与数值模拟相关的重要问题、近年来研究的热点问题,如模型参数识别及其尺度效应问题、数值弥散和数值振荡问题、Non-Darcy流和Non-Fickian运移问题以及随机方法研究等进行了重点评述,对已有的解决办法进行了比较和对照,并探讨了今后的研究趋势.     

软土地层浅埋圆形隧道非达西渗流场解析研究

软土在低水力坡降下的渗流会偏离达西定律,即为非达西渗流模式。假设孔隙水渗透服从指数渗流模式,采用镜像法原理推导了浅埋单孔和双孔圆形隧道非达西渗流场的解析解。结合算例,对浅埋圆形隧道非达西渗流解析解与达西渗流解析解进行了对比分析与验证,并对非达西渗流指数、隧道周围土体与衬砌渗流系数比值对隧道渗流场的影响进行了讨论。结果表明：非达西渗流指数、渗流系数比值对隧道渗流量和周围土体孔压均有较大的影响;随着渗流指数逐渐增大,土体内水头损失加快,隧道周围土体孔压及渗流量逐渐减小;随着土体与衬砌渗流系数比值逐渐增大,衬砌排水能力增强,隧道渗流量逐渐增大,隧道周围土体孔压减小更大。     

考虑非达西效应的酸蚀裂缝流场数值模拟

酸压改造后的酸蚀裂缝是储层流体的主要流动通道,研究流体在酸蚀裂缝中的流动规律是十分必要的。本文介绍了目前裂隙流动研究中的4种常用控制方程及各自的适用条件,确定了Navier-Stokes方程为酸蚀裂缝流场数值模拟的控制方程。为了分析酸蚀裂缝流场分布规律以及非达西效应对裂缝导流能力的影响,利用逆向工程技术对两种不同刻蚀形态的酸蚀岩样壁面进行了实体重构,并采用有限元数值模拟方法进行了不同流量下的酸蚀裂缝流动试验。结果表明：酸刻蚀形态和裂缝接触关系对流场分布的影响较大。隙宽分布平滑的均匀刻蚀裂缝,其流态稳定、曲折度低,但由于裂缝开度较窄且比表面较高,边界层效应明显,流体流动时产生的黏滞阻力较高;沟槽裂缝曲面粗糙,隙宽分布复杂,流体流动时流态不稳定,曲折度高,在高流量下会产生明显的涡流流动,增大惯性阻力。裂缝通道存在缩颈现象会引起流体绕流和多次加减速,产生额外的压力损耗。随着模拟流量的增大,压降与流量会逐渐偏离线性关系而呈现出非达西流动现象。酸蚀裂缝壁面越粗糙,产生非达西效应时的临界流量和临界雷诺数就越小,在相同流量下非达西效应就越强烈,导流能力下降速率更快。     

类陷落柱介质渗流突变机制试验研究

岩溶陷落柱是内部结构杂乱无章的特殊地质构造,易成为隐伏于煤层底板下的垂向导水通道,是华北地区石炭二叠系煤田的重大安全隐患。在采动影响下,底板隐伏陷落柱的突水通道通常由底板破坏带和陷落柱共同组成,为了研究其渗流突变机制,利用自行研制的破碎岩体渗透性试验系统,对不同底板破坏带条件下,隐伏陷落柱的渗流特性进行了试验研究。研究结果表明：渗流突变发生的根本原因是大颗粒流失导致破碎岩体孔隙结构改变;发生渗流突变时,流速随渗流边界孔隙直径的增大而增大,同时试样的初始孔隙度均大于0.21;未发生渗流突变时,渗流边界对渗流无显著影响,并且试样的渗透率随孔隙度的增大而增大,渗透率比和孔隙度比存在幂函数关系;非Darcy流 因子为负是渗流突变发生的充分必要条件,非Darcy流 因子的大小决定渗流突变的剧烈程度。     

Stress-Dependent Fluid Flow and Permeability in Fractured Media: from Lab Experiments to Engineering Applications

Summary. Permeability is a physical property in rocks of extreme importance in energy engineering, civil and environmental engineering, and various areas of geology. Early on, fractures in fluid flow models were assumed to be rigid. However, experimental research and field data confirmed that stress-deformation behavior in fractures is a key factor governing their permeability tensor. Although extensive research was conducted in the past, the three-dimensional stress-permeability relationships, particularly in the inelastic deformation stage, still remain unclear. In this paper, laboratory experiments conducted on large concrete blocks with randomly distributed fractures and rock core samples are reported to investigate fluid flow and permeability variations under uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial complete stress-strain process. Experimental relationships among flowrate, permeability and fracture aperture in the fractured media are investigated. Results show that the flowrate and stress/aperture exhibit “cubic law” relationship for the randomly distributed fractures. A permeability-aperture relationship is proposed according to the experimental results. Based on this relationship, stress-dependent permeability in a set of fractures is derived in a three-dimensional domain by using a coupled stress and matrix-fracture interactive model. A double porosity finite element model is extended by incorporating such stress-dependent permeability effects. The proposed model is applied to examine permeability variations induced by stress redistributions for an inclined borehole excavated in a naturally fractured formation. The results indicate that permeability around underground openings depends strongly on stress changes and orientations of the natural fractures.     

Pore to pore validation of pore network modelling against micromodel experiment results

Pore network modelling (PNM) has been widely used to study the multiphase flow and transport in porous media. Although a number of recent papers discussed the PNM validation on core-scale parameters such as permeability, relative permeability and capillary pressure; quantitative predictive potential of PNM on pore by pore basis has rarely been studied. The aim of this paper is to present a direct comparison between PNM simulations and corresponding micro-model experiments at the same scale and the same geometry. A number of well-defined and constrained two-phase flow in porous medium experimental scenarios were utilized to validate the physics solving part in PNM (filling rules, capillary and viscous pressure). This work validates that a dynamic pore network flow solver can predict two-phase flow displacements for these experiments for drainage situations at both pore and plug scales. A glass-etched micro-model is used to quantify the accuracy of a dynamic PNM solver on pore and core levels. Two-phase drainage micro fluidic experiments at different flow conditions are performed on micro-models. PNM simulations are performed on the same pattern and flow conditions as used in micro-model experiments. The two-phase distribution extracted from experiment images is registered onto rsults of PNM simulations for direct pore to pore comparison. Pore-scale matching level is found at around 75 % for all three test cases. The matching level of core-scale parameters such as S _{w c} and oil-phase permeability varies from case to case; the relative error to micro-model experiment measurements varies from 15 to 60 %. Possible reasons leading to discrepancies on core-scale parameters are discussed: missing considerations during validation of the combination of uncertainty in both simulator input parameters and experiments are seen as the principal factors.