灌水定额对玉米膜孔灌土壤水氮运移特性影响试验研究

通过玉米膜孔灌测坑试验,分析了灌水定额条件下的膜孔灌农田土壤垂直剖面水氮分布规律。经研究表明：灌水定额越大,土壤含水量越大,分布范围越广,土壤80~100 cm层的含水量越高;灌水定额越大,土壤表层（0~20.0 cm）含水量变化越大,硝态氮含量越小,变化越大,对深层80~100 cm硝态氮含量影响越大;随灌水定额的增加,硝态氮累积峰越靠下,低、中、高灌水定额的硝态氮累积峰分别出现在30 cm4、0 cm5、0 cm左右,高灌水定额时,增加了硝态氮的淋失,不利于作物对水氮的吸收。     

农村家庭利用自酿米酒去除地下水中硝酸盐的初步研究

为去除农村家庭饮用地下水中的硝酸盐,以农村自酿米酒为碳源,利用简易的沙桶装置开展了反硝化去除硝酸盐的实验,对比了不同乙醇浓度下的反硝化效果。实验结果表明,以沙桶为实验装置,自酿米酒为碳源,在家庭中异位反硝化去除抽取地下水中的硝酸盐方法是有效果,易操作的。硝酸盐的去除率和C/N质量比有直接关系,当C/N质量比大于1.99时,硝酸盐去除率达99%,亚硝酸盐零积累,但易积累乙酸盐;当C/N质量比为0.89时,硝酸盐去除率达99%,生成物亚硝酸盐浓度远高于国家饮用水限值(1 mg/L);当C/N质量比为0.43时,反硝化过程不彻底,硝酸盐去除率不高,且易生成溶度较高的亚硝酸盐。溶解氧的存在不会对反硝化产生显著影响。米酒和硝酸盐之间的C/N最佳比例,宜大于本次实验的0.89,小于1.99,利用农村自酿米酒作为碳源去除地下水中硝酸盐是可行的。     

包气带硝酸盐分布的差异性及其形成机理:以正定、栾城为例

在地表等量氮输入条件下,包气带中硝酸盐含量分布是其抗污染能力的直接表征。阐明不同包气带中硝酸盐分布的差异并分析其成因对于评价下覆含水层的硝酸盐污染脆弱性、保护地下水资源免遭硝酸盐污染,具有重要意义。本文基于太行山山前冲洪积扇上栾城和正定两个16m深包气带硝酸盐含量数据,指出两个剖面上包气带中硝酸盐分布特征的差异性。分析研究区的施肥历史、大气降水的入渗补给强度及土壤有机质含量,认为包气带水分运移速度和反硝化能力是导致包气带硝酸盐分布差异的两个关键因素。在分析N同位素测试技术进步的基础上,指出利用同位素技术对包气带中的反硝化能力的定量化研究有望取得新进展。     

干湿交替条件下包气带土柱中氮素迁移转化规律实验

干湿交替的回灌方法常被用于解决地面回灌补给地下水的堵塞问题。研究干湿交替条件下地面回灌对地下水的影响对于指导再生水回灌地下水具有重要实际意义。通过室内土柱模拟实验,在入渗强度为10.5 mm/h的条件下,日均进水量3 888 mL;用干湿交替的地面回灌模式持续运行136 d,累计灌入氨氮含量为5 mg/L的模拟再生水23 894 L,研究包气带土柱对氨氮的去除效果及氮素在包气带中的迁移转化规律。研究表明,充分利用包气带的好氧、兼氧和厌氧环境,生物脱氮是地下水回灌过程中脱氮的主要途径。包气带对氨氮的去除机理主要为土壤对氨氮的吸附作用和微生物的降解作用。回灌过程中累积在土颗粒表面的氨氮在干期发生硝化作用,干湿交替会加强氮素在包气带的迁移转化,导致干期后的回灌初期大量硝态氮迁移到饱和带地下水中。     

基于HYDRUS-1D模型模拟关中盆地氮在包气带中的迁移转化规律

以陕西关中盆地为研究区,利用HYDRUS-1D软件构建土壤水分运移模型、作物根系吸水模型和溶质运移模型,模拟了"三氮"在包气带中的迁移转化过程。结果表明:1)作物根系吸水吸氮规律一致,且主要吸收氨氮形式的氮素,吸收率为35%;2)亚硝态氮和硝态氮更容易被淋失到地下水中,且主要以硝态氮为主;3)不同包气带岩性对"三氮"向下迁移的速率和迁移量影响很大。     

地下水NO -3污染的微生物修复实验研究

随着农业的发展,尤其是化肥和农药的超量施用,产生了一系列的环境问题,已危及地下水的质量安全。大量的氮素没有被农作物吸收,经微生物硝化作用后,以硝态氮的形式进入土体和地下水。浅层地下水已普遍受到氮素不同程度的污染。本文以硝态氮污染为例,在实验室探索了硝态氮污染地下水微生物修复的实验方法,通过室内模拟含水层地下水静止条件和流动条件下,利用优选的菌群制剂和少量营养碳源,对试验区高含NO-3地下水的修复试验效果是显著的,去除率可达90%～100%。其作用还是持续的,静止条件下试验进行到256d时,其去除率仍达89 74%;流动条件下试验进行到112d时,试验主孔下游的观测孔3#、4#中的去除率也还有16 22%和27 26%。试验结果为野外现场原位微生物修复提供了技术支撑。     

包气带土体NO-3污染的微生态修复实验研究

社会经济的发展和资源的利用产生了一系列环境问题，尤其是化肥的超量施用，已经危及包气带土体和地下水的质量安全。大量的氮素没有被农作物吸收，经微生物硝化作用后，以硝态氮的形式进入包气带土体，使包气带土体普遍受到氮素不同程度的污染。本文简述了包气带土体硝态氮污染的室内微生态修复、阻控技术和实验研究，探讨了今后应用的可行性。     

再生水干湿交替入渗过程中添加碳源对包气带脱氮的影响

干湿交替的回灌方法常被用于解决再生水地表回灌的堵塞问题,但干湿交替回灌可能造成硝态氮被淋洗进入地下水.通过室内土柱模拟入渗实验,对比研究了以葡萄糖作为碳源的低碳氮比再生水干湿交替回灌、干期前蒸馏水淋洗、干期前添加甲醇溶液和干期后添加甲醇溶液4种条件下对包气带氮素迁移转化和脱氮效果的影响.实验表明,对于碳氮比为2.5∶1...     

包气带反硝化强度空间分布规律的整合分析

依据1970~2017年间发表的3955篇包气带反硝化强度相关论文,筛选出197组反硝化强度数据,利用整合分析,重点研究了包气带反硝化强度在典型生态类型（水平）和不同采样深度（垂向）的空间分布规律,识别了包气带反硝化强度的主控因素并研究其函数关系。结果表明:水平空间上,包气带表层0~0.5 m反硝化强度的分布特征显著,由大到小排序为:森林（8.03±0.21 mg/（kg·d））、农田（3.54±0.08 mg/（kg·d））、草地（3.38±0.12 mg/（kg·d））、湿地（2.32±0.23 mg/（kg·d））、沙漠（2.15±0.56 mg/（kg·d））。垂向空间上（6 m内）,各生态类型反硝化强度随深度的增加均呈“S”型变化规律。不同生态类型和不同采样深度下包气带反硝化强度的主控因素存在一定差异,主要为黏粒、有机质、全氮、硝态氮、有效磷,并给出了包气带反硝化强度与主控因素的回归方程。     

包气带土层防护地下水污染的反硝化测定影响综述

施加氮肥是农业增产的有效途径,土壤反硝化作用可使其中的剩余、淋洗氮素得到消散和净化,使地下水免受污染。但影响包气带土层中反硝化测定的因素较复杂,目前还没有较完善的测定方法。文章在论述包气带土层反硝化作用的实质与影响因素基础上,总结了现行反硝化测定方法的影响与不足。结合现有监测技术的发展及对包气带土层中物质、能量的转化和分布认识,探讨分析了适宜于研究包气带土层防护地下水污染的反硝化测定方法,为相关学科研究提供借鉴。     

地下水位波动带三氮迁移转化过程研究进展

三氮是我国地下水中典型污染物,其在包气带和含水层中的迁移转化过程受到高度关注。近几年,地下水位波动带中的三氮迁移转化已经成为新的研究领域。在综合运用文献计量分析法,定量分析相关研究趋势的基础上,系统总结地下水位波动带形成及特点,梳理波动带中三氮迁移转化过程及生物地球化学过程最新研究表述及成果,并对今后可能的研究热点和方向进行了展望。现有研究表明:水位波动带中环境指标如土壤含水率、氧化还原电位、溶解氧和有机质含量均表现出一定的分带性规律,微生物菌群结构和功能基因更多样化,并呈现一定的分布特征。随着地下水位波动,包气带中的三氮易浸溶进入地下水并发生迁移。地下水位上升,硝化作用减弱,反硝化作用增强;地下水位下降,硝化作用增强,反硝化作用减弱。为完善水位波动带三氮迁移转化过程研究,应进一步关注:（1）将水化学演化分析与分子生物学高通量测序方法相结合,深入探究水位波动带三氮转化与微生物作用机理;（2）除关注硝化、反硝化作用外,增加异化还原、同化还原和厌氧氨氧化等作用过程的研究;（3）细化分析更多情境、更多影响因素的水位波动过程,识别水位波动带三氮转化的关键影响要素。     

Nitrate removal from groundwater using solid-phase denitrification process without inoculating with external microorganisms

Denitrification of groundwater was studied using a laboratory-scale reactor packed with biodegradable snack ware served as both carbon source and biofilm support for microorganisms. The complete removal of 50 mg/L of nitrate-nitrogen was achieved in a 23-day-old reactor with 2.1 h of hydraulic retention time without inoculating with any external microorganisms, which indicates that indigenous microorganisms in groundwater proliferate readily and result in stable biofilm formation onto biodegradable snack ware. Accumulation of nitrite and nitrate residue was detected when hydraulic retention time was lower than 2.1 h. The breakthrough of nitrate-nitrogen up to over 10 mg/L in the effluent water was observed with nitrate removal efficiency reducing to about 75 % when hydraulic retention time was lowered to 1.4 h. The highest rate of denitrification was observed with 1.5 h of hydraulic retention time. Dissolved organic carbon concentration in the effluent water ranged between 10 and 20 mg/L during the stable operation of the reactor, and nitrite-nitrogen concentration was never higher than 0.09 mg/L. Considering its relatively low price and high denitrification rate, biodegradable snack ware can become a good alternative for denitrification process.     

Pump-and-treat method to remove nitrate from groundwater with liquor as the carbon source

As a common pollutant in groundwater, nitrate poses a significant threat to drinking water safety, especially in rural areas. A feasible solution to this problem must be established. In this study, a simple sand bucket was designed to investigate the capability of denitrification with liquor as the carbon source to remove nitrate from pumped groundwater, and the feasibility of the pump-and-treat method. Results showed that addition of a proper amount of liquor enhanced the growth and metabolism of denitrifying bacteria, efficiently reduced the nitrate content in pumped groundwater, and restricted the accumulation of intermediate products. The removal rate of nitrate exceeded 99% and reached about 16.0 mg/L/day when the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio was higher than 0.8. The accumulated concentration of nitrite as an intermediate was less than 1.0 mg/L when the C/N ratio was higher than 1.5. However, acetate accumulation was significant. Considering the accumulation of intermediates, the appropriate range of the C/N ratio should be 1.5–1.8. In addition, onset and maintenance of denitrification were not significantly influenced by dissolved oxygen and pH. The pump-and-treat method can provide a convenient and practical channel for household or collective removal of nitrate from pumped groundwater in rural areas because liquor as a household drink is frequently accessible and inexpensive in many areas.     

Denitrification capacity in a subterranean estuary below a Rhode Island fringing salt marsh

Coastal waters are severely threatened by nitrogen (N) loading from direct groundwater discharge. The subterranean estuary, the mixing zone of fresh groundwater and sea water in a coastal aquifer, has a high potential to remove substantial N. A network of piezometers was used to characterize the denitrification capacity and groundwater flow paths in the subterranean estuary below a Rhode Island fringing salt marsh.¹⁵N-enriched nitrate was injected into the subterranean estuary (in situ push-pull method) to evaluate the denitrification capacity of the saturated zone at multiple depths (125–300 cm) below different zones (upland-marsh transition zone, high marsh, and low marsh). From the upland to low marsh, the water table became shallower, groundwater dissolved oxygen decreased, and groundwater pH, soil organic carbon, and total root biomass increased. As groundwater approached the high and low marsh, the hydraulic gradient increased and deep groundwater upwelled. In the warm season (groundwater temperature >12 °C), elevated groundwater denitrification capacity within each zone was observed. The warm season low marsh groundwater denitrification capacity was significantly higher than all other zones and depths. In the cool season (groundwater temperature <10.5 °C), elevated groundwater denitrification capacity was only found in the low marsh. Additions of dissolved organic carbon did not alter groundwater denitrification capacity suggesting that an alternative electron donor, possibly transported by tidal inundation from the root zone, may be limiting. Combining flow paths with denitrification capacity and saturated porewater residence time, we estimated that as much as 29–60 mg N could be removed from 11 of water flowing through the subterranean estuary below the low marsh, arguing for the significance of subterranean estuaries in annual watershed scale N budgets.     

Role of degree of saturation in denitrification of unsaturated sand specimens

Nitrate contamination of groundwater arises from anthropogenic activities, such as, fertilizer and animal manure applications and infiltration of wastewater/leachates. During migration of wastewater and leachates, the vadose zone (zone residing above the groundwater table), is considered to facilitate microbial denitrification. Particle voids in vadose zone are deficient in dissolved oxygen as the voids are partially filled by water and the remainder by air. Discontinuities in liquid phase would also restrict oxygen diffusion and therefore facilitate denitrification in the vadose/unsaturated soil zone. The degree of saturation of soil specimen (S _r) quantifies the relative volume of voids filled with air and water. Unsaturated specimens have S _r values ranging between 0 and 100 %. Earlier studies from naturally occurring nitrate losses in groundwater aquifers in Mulbagal town, Kolar District, Karnataka, showed that the sub-surface soils composed of residually derived sandy soil; hence, natural sand was chosen in the laboratory denitrification experiments. With a view to understand the role of vadose zone in denitrification process, experiments are performed with unsaturated sand specimens (S _r = 73–90 %) whose pore water was spiked with nitrate and ethanol solutions. Experimental results revealed 73 % S _r specimen facilitates nitrate reduction to 45 mg/L in relatively short durations of 5.5–7.5 h using the available natural organic matter (0.41 % on mass basis of sand); consequently, ethanol addition did not impact rate of denitrification. However, at higher S _r values of 81 and 90 %, extraneous ethanol addition (C/N = 0.5–3) was needed to accelerate the denitrification rates.     

Impact of pit-toilet leachate on groundwater chemistry and role of vadose zone in removal of nitrate and E. coli pollutants in Kolar District, Karnataka, India

Assessment of chemistry of groundwater infiltrated by pit-toilet leachate and contaminant removal by vadose zone form the focus of this study. The study area is Mulbagal Town in Karnataka State, India. Groundwater level measurements and estimation of unsaturated permeability indicated that the leachate recharged the groundwater inside the town at the rate of 1 m/day. The average nitrate concentration of groundwater inside the town (148 mg/L) was three times larger than the permissible limit (45 mg/L), while the average nitrate concentration of groundwater outside the town (30 mg/L) was below the permissible limit. The groundwater inside the town exhibited E. coli contamination, while groundwater outside the town was free of pathogen contamination. Infiltration of alkalis (Na⁺, K⁺) and strong acids (Cl^?, SO₄ ^2?) caused the mixed Ca–Mg–Cl type (60 %) and Na–Cl type (28 %) facies to predominate groundwater inside the town, while, Ca–HCO₃ (35 %), mixed Ca–Mg–Cl type (35 %) and mixed Ca–Na–HCO₃ type (28 %) facies predominated groundwater outside/periphery of town. Reductions in E. coli and nitrate concentrations with vadose zone thickness indicated its participation in contaminant removal. A 4-m thickness of unsaturated sand + soft, disintegrated weathered rock deposit facilitates the removal of 1 log of E. coli pathogen. The anoxic conditions prevailing in the deeper layers of the vadose zone (>19 m thickness) favor denitrification resulting in lower nitrate concentrations (28–96 mg/L) in deeper water tables (located at depths of ?29 to ?39 m).     

污灌区地下水硝酸盐污染来源的氮同位素示踪

为了识别石家庄市南部污灌区地下水硝酸盐污染来源, 采集5种潜在污染源和19组地下水样用于化学和氮同位素分析.灌溉污水NH₄+的δ15N值较低(4.0‰), 施化肥土壤和粪堆下土壤NO₃-的δ15N值分别为1.4‰和12.4‰; 仅施厩肥的蔬菜种植区下伏近30 m厚包气带沉积物NO₃-的δ15N分布显示, 来自动物粪便的NO₃-已运移到11.5 m以下包气带, 均值10.9‰; 污水灌溉农田下伏厚层包气带沉积物样品分析结果指示, 土壤层下伏包气带沉积物δ15N值变幅较小, 均值5.7‰.污灌区内除一深井外, 其他水井地下水硝酸盐浓度变化在52.6~124.5 mg/L之间, 均值79.72 mg/L, δ15N值变化在5.3‰~8.3‰之间, 均值7.0‰.污灌区地下水的δ15N值较污灌区土壤层下伏包气带沉积物的δ15N值高, 表明地下水NO₃-除了来自灌溉的污水外, 还有δ15N值更高的其他来源, 这些来源主要是人和动物粪便.利用线性混合模型计算, 污灌区地下水NO₃-来自灌溉的污水, 约占76%, 而来自人和动物粪便的NO₃-约占24%.为控制污灌区地下水NO₃-浓度进一步增长, 不仅要加强污水灌溉管理, 还要加强人和动物粪便的管理.      

Denitrification of nitrate-contaminated groundwater using biodegradable snack ware as carbon source under low-temperature condition

A considerable increase in nitrate concentration in groundwater has been observed in many countries. This research focuses on nitrate removal using biodegradable snack ware (BSW) as both carbon source and biofilm support for denitrifiers. The denitrification efficiency of a laboratory-scale denitrification reactor packed with BSW was examined in a low-temperature condition. The nitrate removal efficiency supported by BSW decreased to approximately 40% at 12°C from nearly 100% at 25°C with 50?mg/L of nitrate-nitrogen in the influent and 2?h of hydraulic retention time (HRT). The complete nitrate removal was obtained when nitrate-nitrogen concentration was no more than 15?mg/L at 2?h of HRT and at 12°C. If the initial concentration of nitrate-nitrogen was 50?mg/L, 5?h of HRT was needed for the complete nitrate removal. Nitrite concentration in the treated water decreased evidently as HRT was increased from 2 to 5?h, or as nitrate-nitrogen concentration in the influent decreased to 15?mg/L from 50?mg/L. It was observed that varying HRT and nitrate concentration in the influent had no noticeable effect on dissolved organic carbon content in the effluent under the experimental conditions. This study indicated that the complete nitrate removal could be achieved readily even at 12°C using BSW as carbon source by changing HRT or the initial concentration of nitrate in the influent, which has some useful implications in environmental engineering practice.     

污水灌溉土壤及地下水三氮的变化动态分析

取徐州奎河的生活污水进行饱和灌溉实验,由埋设在田间的一对蒸渗仪(地下水位保持在1m)观测,结果表明:污水中含量高达5035mg/L的氨氮进入土壤后,大部分被土壤胶体所吸附,迁移能力差,一般不会直接污染地下水。但污水在下渗时,能淋溶土壤中积存的NO₂-和NO₃-离子,使它们在地下水中的含量迅速增加。污灌以后,随土壤含水量、氧化还原电位和Ph值的变化,氨化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用依次成为氮素转化的主要机制。污灌10d之内,由于淋溶和硝化作用产生的NO₂-、NO₃-会造成浅层地下水的严重污染。     

Nitrogen isotope studies of nitrate contamination of the thick vadose zones in the wastewater-irrigated area

The objective of this study was to investigate natural abundance and the distribution of nitrogen isotopic compositions to assess denitrification in two ~30 m thick vadose zones beneath the different land uses in the wastewater-irrigated area located in southern Shijiazhuang, China. Sediment samples were collected from cores of boreholes drilled in the vegetable growth plot and the wastewater-irrigated farmland for analyses of nitrogen isotopes, physical and chemical properties, respectively. The profile of borehole A drilled in the vegetable growth plot only applied animal wastes had lower δ¹⁵N values of mean +7.5 ‰ in the upper vadose zone, but higher values of mean +10.9 ‰ in the lower vadose zone. δ¹⁵N values in each part varied little with depth, indicating no or little denitrification occurred in the deep vadose zone below the soil zone. The profile of borehole B drilled in the wastewater-irrigated farmland had low δ¹⁵N values of mean +5.7 ‰ below the soil zone and little variations of δ¹⁵N values with depth, indicating no or little denitrification occurred in the deep vadose zone below the soil zone. This was also verified by consistent variations of NO₃ ^? and SO₄ ^2? contents with Cl^? contents. Our results suggested most of leachable nitrate from the soil zone was hardly subjected to biological attenuation into groundwater.