区域新构造活动的水下事件沉积响应:以死海盆地和柴达木盆地为例

自20世纪70年代以来,位于构造活跃区的盆地沉积序列的岩性、粒度与沉积速率的正向突变,常被用来指示区域新构造活动。然而,这种常规方法已经受到国内外学者强有力的质疑——用来推断构造活动的沉积学证据也可由气候因素引起。因而,需寻找某种独立于气候因素的沉积学证据来可靠地指示新构造活动。震积岩,由地震震动引起的、保存于湖相或海相地层序列中的事件沉积,能可靠的指示区域新构造活动。新兴的交叉研究方向——湖泊/海洋古地震学,通过研究保存于水下沉积序列中的震积岩,可延长强震记录,加深对断裂带活动性的认识。文章以死海盆地（中东地区）和柴达木盆地（青藏高原东北缘）为例,从水下事件沉积响应的视角,借助超长尺度的震积岩序列,理解千年-构造尺度上的区域新构造活动特性。基于死海湖心457 m长的ICDP 5017-1岩芯保存的震积岩序列,我们建立了一条由151个M_W≥7地震事件组成的,全球最长的（220 ka）连续大地震记录,该记录揭示了缓慢滑动的死海断裂带上的大地震具有聚类式的复发特征,以及不同断层分支相互作用、聚类活动的模式;基于青藏高原东北缘柴达木盆地西部的碱山背斜顶部SG-1b岩芯上...     

青藏高原清水河冻结湖相沉积有机质特征和古湖泊环境变化

青藏高原清水河冻结湖相沉积有机质以内源为主并保存较好;钻孔５０￣４００ｃｍ深度样品中有机质组成特征参数具有相同的变化趋势,可溶有机质／有机碳和烷烃／非烃分别为５％￣１３％和０．２￣０．５,这些比值作为指示水生高等植物和浮游生物对总有机质的贡献大小的指标,可用以指示古湖泊水深的相对变化。     

济阳坳陷早第三纪地震事件沉积序列

济阳坳陷下第三系沙河街组砂四段上部至砂三段地层中发育有以小规模阶梯状正断层为主、阶梯状正断层与振动扭曲变形构造为主和振动液化砂岩脉为主等3种垂向序列的震积岩.它们分别出现在盆地北部陡坡带、洼陷带和中央隆起带.震积岩的发育是控盆边界断裂强烈幕式活动导致的地震作用的直接结果,不同构造单元具有不同的震积序列,反映了随着距震中越来越远地震作用能量逐渐衰减的过程.根据震积岩发育的层位可以研究边界断裂强烈活动的时期,同时,震积岩在地层剖面中的重复出现表明了边界断裂活动具有周期性和幕式特征.     

沉积物的地震及古地震效应*

古地震是依据地层中保留的沉积物变形记录而确定的。系统归纳总结地震诱发沉积物变形将为古地震研究提供理论基础,也有助于野外调查辨认这些记录。作者提出了一个初步的、供讨论与补充修正的地震触发沉积物变形分类的方案。变形的成因机制是分类的基础。这些特殊沉积物变形主要与地震有关,但其中一些变形往往也受其他多种因素的影响,因此要确定地震成因变形必须详尽研究相关的区域地质背景构造。     

山东惠民凹陷古近系湖泊地震涌浪记录的新发现

在陆相湖盆中,地震引起的各种作用力可以对各种先成沉积物进行改造而形成原地震积岩,同样地震可引发涌浪、浊流及碎屑流而形成地震涌浪沉积及震浊积岩.通过大量岩心观察描述和成像测井资料分析,首次提出惠民凹陷中央隆起带沙河街组含有丘状交错层理的碎屑岩与典型的原地震积岩(包括震裂岩、震褶岩、自碎屑角砾岩等)紧密共生,当属于地震作用引发涌浪的沉积产物.本区地震涌浪沉积中发育丘状及洼状层理、包卷层理、平行层理、块状层理、波痕、冲刷及截切面等沉积构造.根据沉积特征和分布位置,本区地震涌浪沉积划分为两种类型,即位于涌浪基面附近的含塑性泥砾的搅动型和涌浪基面与正常浪基面之间的回流型.垂向上地震涌浪沉积一般位于原地震积岩之上,震浊积岩之下,组成完整的原地震积岩—地震涌浪沉积—地震浊积岩序列或原地震积岩—地震涌浪沉积序列.本区地震涌浪沉积的发现和研究,将为地质学家识别陆相湖盆地震事件沉积提供对比标准.     

软沉积变形构造的分类和形成机制研究

软沉积变形构造是指沉积物沉积之后、固结之前在处于软沉积物阶段时由于物理作用发生变形所形成的一系列构造.作为一种广泛发育的沉积构造,对其分类和成因机制的研究一直是国内外研究的热点.目前主流的分类方案是依据其成因机制为主再考虑其他因素将软沉积变形构造分为负载构造、包卷层理、变形交错层、滑塌构造、泄水和沉积物挤入构造、塌陷构造以及由生物和化学作用所形成的变形构造.而作为一种重要的软沉积变形构造,震积构造可以依据地震对沉积物改造的时间划分为同生、准同生和后生变形三种基本类型,而每一种基本类型可以分别受到伸展、挤压、剪切、液化以及震动而形成不同的软沉积变形构造.软沉积变形构造的触发因素多样,但主要是地震引起沉积物的液化产生的变形,因此可以按照沉积相分析、触发因素评估和标准评估三个步骤对软沉积变形构造的成因进行识别.作为一种广泛分布的沉积构造,软沉积变形构造成因机制的识别和判断仍然将是其研究的一个重要方向;其次软沉积变形在地质工程方面的应用也是一个研究方向;最后,随着油气勘探走向深水,发现软沉积变形构造有关的油气藏也将是另外一个研究的方向.     

中国地震事件沉积研究的若干问题探讨

地震事件沉积已经成为当今沉积地质学的一个热点领域.文中通过回顾国内震积岩的研究历史,总结了中国震积岩研究的成果及其存在的问题,重点讨论了地震引起的软沉积物变形、地震事件沉积的时序、地震事件沉积的空间分布和地震事件沉积序列等.按照地震对沉积物改造的时间,将软沉积物变形划分为同生、准同生、后生变形3类,并对地震同生断裂、准...     

东澳大利亚南悉尼盆地二叠系与地震沉积有关的软沉积变形构造

悉尼盆地位于澳大利亚东部,Lachlan褶皱带和New England褶皱带之间。悉尼盆地从晚石炭世末到中三叠世经历了弧后扩张到前陆盆地的不同阶段:弧后扩张阶段(石炭纪)、被动热沉降阶段(早、中二叠世Berry组)和挤压挠曲负载阶段(中二叠世Broughton组—三叠纪)。此时位于悉尼盆地东侧的New England褶皱带为岛弧背景。因此,二叠纪处于弧后盆地的南悉尼盆地受弧后扩张和东侧弧前海沟俯冲的影响地震活动强烈,发育一系列与地震有关的震积岩,形成多种类型的与地震活动有关的软沉积物变形构造。南悉尼盆地二叠系的软沉积物变形包括地裂缝、震褶层、液化脉、沙火山、负荷构造、火焰构造、枕状构造、球状构造、枕状层、滑塌构造、角砾岩化等。其中地裂缝、震褶层是地震颤动直接引起的断裂和褶皱;枕状层是地震颤动引起的砂层脱水、下沉形成的;液化脉、沙火山为液化的砂层穿入地震形成的裂隙形成的;负荷构造、火焰构造、枕状构造、球状构造是受地震颤动在砂、泥岩界面上由于砂层下沉、泥层上穿形成的;滑塌构造和角砾岩化是地震引起的重力滑塌或泥石流形成的。地裂缝、震褶层、液化脉、沙火山、负荷构造、火焰构造、枕状构造、球状构造、枕状层相当于原地震积岩,而滑塌构造和角砾岩化属于异地震积岩。     

青藏高原腹地湖泊沉积序列与古气候变化

在青藏高原综合科学考察中,选择其腹地系列剖面的沉积物记录进行地层气候学和同位素气候学的研究。沉积物记录的气候变化与同位素丰度变化的响应关系十分吻合,其时间尺度和分辨率也能够互为补偿,在较大范围内覆盖了３２ｋａＢＰ以来的古气候环境变化。更为有意义的是,清晰准确地检出新仙女木期气候冷干颤动事件,用同位素丰度变化拟合的降温幅度可达１１Ｃ;并且识别出“仙女木期”（包括老－中－新仙女木事件）高分辩率气候变化     

惠民凹陷中央隆起带古近系地震浊积岩特征研究

通过大量岩心、薄片、粒度和成像测井资料分析,首次提出山东惠民凹陷中央隆起带沙三段上部浊积岩与典型的原地震积岩(包括震裂岩、震褶岩、自碎屑角砾岩等)紧密伴生,当属于地震成因浊积岩,地震浊积岩与原地震积岩之间被震积不整合面分割。地震浊积岩与非地震浊积岩具有类似的鲍玛序列,不同的是地震浊积岩鲍玛序列底部的含砾砂岩中颗粒具有碎裂结构。根据地震浊积岩所处位置,垂向上一般可组成完整的原地震积岩—“似海啸岩”—震浊积岩序列、原地震积岩—震浊积岩序列或者未震层—地震浊积岩序列。地震成因浊积岩的发现和研究,将为研究陆相湖盆地震事件沉积及正确判断济阳坳陷储集砂体的“多元”性提供地质理论依据。      

基于湖泊沉积物多指标的水生植被长期演替过程的定量重建

水生植被是湖泊生态系统最重要的一种生态组份,了解其群落的结构与演化,是理解湖泊生态系统特征的必备条件,对揭示水生生态系统演替过程及驱动效应、水生生态系统的修复等具有重要意义。然而,除了有限的既往观测/文献记录外,重建历史时期的水生植被演替过程一直是第四纪地质、水环境变化研究的一个难点。文章在概述国内外目前已有的多种重建历史水生植被的研究方法的基础上,重点关注基于湖泊沉积物多指标,主要包括利用孢粉、植物残体、硅藻、生物标志化合物等指标的重建方法及研究进展;并以湖北省梁子湖一个岩芯上部21cm的沉积物为例,探讨了各种指标在重建该湖60年以来历史时期水生植被信息的优点及不足,就加强关键属种个体生态学/沉积代表性、古今生态学相结合、多指标相互验证等未来亟待加强的研究方向做一展望。

     

Lateglacial and Holocene variation in aeolian sediment flux over the northeastern Tibetan Plateau recorded by laminated sediments of a saline meromictic lake

Predominantly laminated lake sediments from a saline closed‐basin lake on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau were investigated using a multi‐proxy approach (¹⁴C‐accelerator mass spectrometry dating, smear‐slide analysis, loss on ignition, grain size, X‐ray diffraction, elemental concentration, ostracod assemblages, stable isotopes of ostracod shells) to trace the regional environmental and climatic history in the Lateglacial and Holocene. Before about 15 cal. ka BP, small saline water bodies probably filled the basin under unstable cold and harsh environmental conditions. Soon after about 14.9 cal. ka BP, a relatively deep saline lake was established, probably as a result of runoff from melting snow, ice and frozen ground in the lake's catchment. Large changes in flux of aeolian material to the lake were recorded during this initial period of formation of Lake Kuhai. Highest lake levels, a low sediment accumulation rate and less saline conditions were maintained between about 12.8 and 7.1 cal. ka BP when the aeolian influx diminished significantly. After about 7.1 cal. ka BP, the aeolian influx remained at a moderate level apart from a strongly increased dust delivery to the lake between about 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP and a minor short‐lived period of slightly enhanced aeolian influx at about 2.7 cal. ka BP. The strongly enhanced dust input to the lake between 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP represented the largest influx of aeolian material to Lake Kuhai during the entire Holocene. However, evidence for climatic deterioration during this period is not seen at most other palaeoclimate sites on the Tibetan Plateau, but instead a significant increase in aridity has been recorded at numerous sites in the northern foreland of the Tibetan Plateau and on the Chinese Loess Plateau. The large dust input to Lake Kuhai between 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP probably did not result from a severe climate deterioration on the Tibetan Plateau itself, but from the pronounced aridity in its northern and eastern foreland. In contrast, the increase in dust influx about 2.7 cal. ka BP seems to correspond to a brief warming spell recorded at other sites on the Tibetan Plateau too. A slight increase in lake level and decrease in salinity after about 0.6 cal. ka BP suggests a slightly higher effective moisture during the final lake stage, accompanied by a somewhat larger dust influx. This apparent contradiction possibly results from enhanced human activities on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the last 600 years. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Palaeoecology of two lake basins from Disko,West Greenland

The macrofossils, lithology and chronology of two lake basins on Disko in central West Greenland have been investigated. Both lakes were isolated from the sea in the mid-Holocene as a result of relative land uplift. A marine-brackish-limnic sequence was recovered from the Qivittut Lake. The marine fauna is unusually diverse, whereas the brackish water fauna consists only of few species. Immediately after isolation the lake passed through a short-lived eutrophic phase, after which stable, mesotrophic conditions were established. From the second lake basin, the Fortunebay Lake, only limnic sediments were recovered. This lake record demonstrates that rather stable conditions have persisted since mid-Holocene times. Both lakes show anomalously high accumulation rates.     

Magnetic properties of lake sediments from Lake Chalco,central Mexico,and their palaeoenvironmental implications

Lake Chalco (99.0°W, 19.5°N) in the Basin of Mexico, was formed during the Pleistocene after the emplacement of the Chichinautzin volcanic field that closed the former drainage system. The lake sediment record has been influenced by a number of factors, including glacial–interglacial cycles, local volcanism, erosion of soils and anthropogenic disturbances. The magnetic properties of the lake sediments and the associated tephra layers of the last 16500 yr have been studied. It is found that the magnetic properties of the Lake Chalco sediments are very distinctive. Magnetic concentration varies by a factor of 1000 and magnetic stability also varies over an extremely wide range. The predominant magnetic mineral is titanomagnetite in addition to an imperfect antiferromagnetic phase, possibly goethite. An unusually large range of coercivities is found in certain of the tephras. Down‐core variations in magnetic properties closely follow climatic/environmental changes previously established by other proxy methods. The late Pleistocene and late Holocene lake sediments display a higher concentration of magnetic minerals than the early–middle Holocene sediments. In the non‐volcanic sediments, fluctuations in the magnetic concentration reflect changes in both the intensity of erosion, as represented by ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic minerals, and by the maturing of soils, as represented by geothite. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Late glacial and holocene lake level fluctuations in Lake Biel,western Switzerland

Cores and outcrops from the southern shore of Lake Biel were studied to reconstruct the nearshore environment of the lake between ca. 12000 and 5000 yr BP. Core correlations were established by lithostratigraphical and pollen analytical correlations. From the Allerød to the Preboreal time quiet hydrodynamic conditions favoured the deposition of lake marl in the littoral zone and peat on the shore. Between the Preboreal(?) and the Atlantic the littoral zone shows a higher hydrodynamic environment with allochthonous material, whereas peat and clay layers are recorded from the shore. During the Older Atlantic severe erosional episodes caused the erosion of Boreal, Preboreal and Younger Atlantic layers. The previously described long hiatus between the Allerød and the Boreal time can now be connected with these erosional episodes. From Younger Atlantic to Subboreal time the littoral zone displays quiet conditions again with sedimentation of lake marl. On the basis of these results a lake level curve for Lake Biel is proposed: high lake level stands can be traced during the Allerød, Boreal, Older Atlantic and Younger Atlantic biozones; low lake level stands are found during the Allerød, Younger Dryas, Preboreal and Older Atlantic biozones.     

山东临朐红丝石层中的古地震事件记录

红丝石是产于山东临朐中奥陶统下部的一类具红色丝线状弯曲纹层的用于加工工艺品(砚台、笔筒等)的微晶碳酸盐岩。产有红丝石的这部分地层,厚约60m,被称为“红丝石层”。根据野外观测、室内鉴定及地震地质对比,从临朐红丝石层中识别出了具卷曲变形(包括塑性和半塑性变形)、环形纹层变形、微断裂(包括阶梯状和共轭微断裂)、震裂隙和震碎角砾等地震成因岩石构造的震积岩层。这些震积岩是中奥陶世古地震事件的记录,红丝石仅是古地震作用形成的一种常见的震积岩,由于在中奥陶世郯庐带内也有震积岩生成,因此认为这些地震记录是古郯庐带在中奥陶世强烈活动的证据。     

塔拉哈—齐家地区下白垩统震积岩特征及其油气储集问题

文章通过对松辽盆地塔拉哈一齐家地区白垩系沉积地层钻孔岩心的观察和研究,识别出大量具有震积岩特征的变形构造,并发现了多个完整的震积垂向序列.在震积岩的识别过程中,认识到震积岩自身可能就是一种潜在的油气储集体.     

晚第四纪湖泊沉积物盐类与碎屑矿物反相关关系的沉积学解释

湖泊沉积物中矿物组合是古气候环境研究的敏感性指标之一, 充分认识湖泊沉积物中各类矿物组合类型、沉积过程, 对正确解释矿物学指标有重要意义. 我国晚第四纪湖泊沉积记录中, 盐类矿物与碎屑矿物含量普遍存在反相关关系, 影响了矿物组合作为气候指标的解释和应用. 从地球科学的角度正确理解这种关系, 可以为湖泊动力学以及古气候环境定量研究提供重要的科学依据. 选择甘肃民勤盆地石羊河下游终端湖猪野泽不同位置5个全新世剖面, 在明确湖泊沉积物来源、搬运方式和沉积动力机制的基础上, 研究了以碳酸盐矿物为主的盐类矿物含量与粒度指标之间的关系. 结果表明:猪野泽各剖面砂层富含的中砂、细砂沉积物主要是来自于巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠的风成砂; 水动力作用主导了湖相沉积层200 μm以下沉积物的沉积, 风力作用对20~70 μm粉砂组分沉积也有所贡献. 同时, 猪野泽湖相沉积层中高含量的碳酸盐主要来自于流水搬运, 湖相沉积层位200 μm以下的粉砂和极细砂是碳酸盐的主要富集区. 综上所述, 干旱区湖泊沉积物中盐类矿物含量与其沉积过程密切相关, 盐类矿物在全球变化研究中的应用要建立在充分研究其沉积动力机制的基础上.     

基于Mastersizer 2000的不同前处理方式对滑坡堰塞湖沉积物粒度特征的影响

滑坡堵江形成的堰塞湖沉积物是很好的地质记录体,是古气候和古环境很好的“见证者和记录者”,而沉积物的粒度特征是普遍、常用且重要的解析指标,对其进行精确测量就显得格外重要。本研究以云南省永胜县下院滑坡堰塞湖沉积物10.5 m厚的剖面为研究对象,从顶至底共取得15层样品,对样品采用5种不同的前处理方法以后用Mastersizer 2000粒度仪对其粒度进行测量,对75个样品测试结果从粒度频率、平均粒径、分选系数、偏度、峰度分析等参数来分析不同前处理对粒度特征的影响。结果表明：粒度频率分布曲线随前处理方法不同而不同,但均呈单峰形态,沉积物颗粒物质来源单一,非多物源沉积;加分散剂会使部分样品分选系数小幅增大,但对平均粒径、偏度、峰度均没有明显影响,表明采用超声波振荡也可以有好的分散效果;在本研究低有机质含量的堰塞湖沉积物中采用过氧化氢(H₂O₂)对有机质进行去除不会对平均粒径、分选系数、偏度和峰度产生显著影响;盐酸对粒度特征影响最为明显,特别是对于细粒沉积物,会使粒度整体变粗,20~50 μm粒组颗粒含量大幅增加,使所有粘土质粉砂皆转为粉砂;添加盐酸会使分选系数减小,分选性变好;对低偏度的沉积物使其偏度增加,对高偏度沉积物则使其偏度减小;对低峰度沉积物使其峰度增加。结合矿物分析结果和其他粒度参数分析可知,受不同前处理方法的影响不同类型不同成土条件形成的土样颗粒特征不同,需选择适宜的方法对不同沉积物样品进行前处理,本研究中建议采用C方法对滑坡堰塞湖沉积物进行前处理。