金沙江寨子村滑坡坝堰塞湖沉积及其对昔格达组地层成因的启示

金沙江干流右岸寨子村滑坡后缘与前缘高差638 m,滑坡体积约2.5×108m3,曾诱发严重的滑坡堵江事件,左岸坡残留滑坡坝顶面高出江面118 m,方量约180×104m3。寨子村滑坡坝堰塞湖沉积沿江连续分布长度46 km,平均宽度26 km,对金沙江干流及其支流的追踪使得堰塞湖沉积平面上呈现树枝状结构。堰塞湖沉积分布于1180 ~1500 m标高之间,主要由纹层状粉土、粉质粘土、粘土及粉细砂构成,偶夹砂卵石层,以水平层理为主,粉细砂层中见有小型交错层理,湖相沉积特征显著,而树枝状平面分布格局进一步证实其形成于堰塞湖环境,属于典型的昔格达组地层。大部分昔格达组地层应形成于滑坡坝堰塞湖,堰塞湖成因模式可以很好地解释昔格达组地层的露头区平面形态、埋藏特征、与冲积砂卵石层之间的成生关系、对河流的高度依赖性、不同地区昔格达组地层之间的沉积规模差异及空间离散性。     

滑坡堵江的地貌效应

综合采用现场调查、测量及室内理论分析等方法,以金沙江干流寨子村巨型滑坡群和金沙江支流海口大型滑坡为例,对滑坡堵江的地貌效应进行了初步探讨.寨子村古滑坡群的滑坡坝及堰塞湖沉积均有残留,后者沿江分布长度55km,面积约120km2.堵江段的金沙江平面弯曲、纵断面比降小、横断面宽而浅,具有平原区河流特征,与非堵江段差异显著.堰塞湖沉积分布区地形开阔,发育有土塬、冲沟及土梁等地貌单元,有时还会发生沙尘暴.海口滑坡的滑坡坝和堰塞湖沉积均保存完整:前者顺河水平投影长约1000m、最大厚度135m,后者沿河长3krn、面积8km2;两者分别使海口河河床比降增大、减小了11‰ 和95‰.滑坡堵江的地貌效应显著,它可以抑制高1山峡谷区的河流底蚀,使之成为“走两步退一步”的自我调节过程,而营造开阔空间的堰塞湖沉积大多都可开垦为农田,在长期影响所在区域地貌演化的同时,也为人类在复杂山区创造了若干宜居场所.     

金沙江上游特米古滑坡堰塞湖形成与溃决时间讨论

开展古滑坡堰塞湖形成演化过程研究,可以揭示古灾害地质环境效应,重建区域构造历史活动序列和古气候演变特征.特米古滑坡发育于金沙江上游巴塘段,滑坡堆积地貌和堰塞湖相沉积物保存较好,是研究区内古地质环境的良好载体.在遥感解译、无人机测绘、现场调查和地质测年的基础上,结合前人研究成果,分析探讨了特米古滑坡发育特征、堰塞湖形成时...     

堵江滑坡作坝主要工程地质问题及实例

国内外大量的文献资料和作者的野外现场调查表明,滑坡堵江成坝形成堰塞湖在山区一带广泛发育.研究发现堵江滑坡作坝存在的工程地质问题,主要包括坝体的渗透变形、稳定性、沉降及不均匀沉降和砂土液化问题.对上述工程地质问题进行探讨,并对堵江滑坡坝进行实例分析,对开发利用滑坡堵江形成堰塞湖蕴藏的丰富水能资源具有指导作用.     

金沙江上游特米古滑坡堰塞湖成因与演化

金沙江上游巴塘—中咱河段位于青藏高原东南缘,该河段两岸岸坡发育众多的大型古滑坡,且部分古滑坡曾堵塞金沙江形成了堰塞湖,特米大型古滑坡堰塞湖是其中之一。关于特米古滑坡堰塞湖的形成与演化过程目前尚未见有过详细的报道。本文在野外调查的基础上,结合遥感影像解译和年代学测试,对特米古滑坡堰塞湖的地貌和沉积特征进行了详细研究,并对其形成与演化过程进行了分析。研究结果表明,特米古滑坡堰塞湖很可能是由该地区的古地震活动触发大型滑坡并堵塞金沙江形成的,最大湖面面积约为1.42×10⁷ m²,库容蓄水量约为1.46×10⁹ m³。该古堰塞湖的形成时间约为1.8 ka BP,其溃决消亡的时间约为1.4 ka BP,溃决洪峰流量约为55 858 m³/s,该滑坡堰塞湖持续稳定了约400年的时间。     

滑坡堰塞湖溃决风险与过程研究进展

滑坡堰塞湖是山区常见的一种自然灾害,对其溃决风险与过程的科学认知和合理评估是应急处置的关键。外荷载作用下滑坡堰塞体的力学响应、滑坡堰塞湖渐进破坏机理与溃决洪水预测理论是滑坡堰塞湖风险评估研究领域的关键科学问题。本文围绕滑坡堰塞湖形成后的溃决风险与过程展开综述,从定性和定量的角度分别对堰塞湖危险性评价方法进行分析总结,从小尺度、大尺度和超重力场试验技术的角度总结了堰塞湖的溃决机理、溃决过程及其影响因素,从数学方法的角度对堰塞湖溃决洪水预测中经验公式法、简化和精细化数值模拟方法的进展进行总结评价。然而,国内外关于滑坡堰塞湖风险评估领域的研究仍处于起步阶段,空-天-地一体化监测技术、堰塞湖危险性评价中的不确定性问题、堰塞体材料冲蚀特性与溃决机理、堰塞湖溃决洪水精细化模拟等将是未来的重点研究方向。本综述可为堰塞湖防灾减灾和流域水工程风险管理提供有价值的参考。     

古滑坡测年方法与定年精度的提高途径

明确滑坡每次活动准确的年代对于揭示一个地区滑坡在时间上的活动规律,进而评价该地区的滑坡灾害风险至关重要.本文对宇宙成因核素(TCN)、光释光(OSL)和14C等古滑坡测年方法研究的现状和成果进行了总结,简要介绍了不同的古滑坡测年方法,重点阐释了滑坡体、次生沉积物、滑动面、滑坡塘、滑坡后壁、滑床以及滑坡伴生堰塞湖等不同的...     

岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的研究意义

近年来,在岷江上游及其支流杂谷脑河中发现了多处滑坡古堰塞湖沉积物,并受到广泛关注,但也有不少学者质疑是否是堰塞湖相沉积物.2008年5月12日四川汶川地震引发了几十个规模较大的滑坡堰塞湖,叠溪古堰塞湖展示的重大地质历史事件再次引起学术界广泛的关注.本文根据最新调查、勘查和测试资料对古堰塞湖的形成与消亡过程做了进一步查证...     

岷江上游河流阶地发育特征及与古滑坡关系初步分析

河流阶地形成演化及其对滑坡的控制是近年来古滑坡研究的热点问题。笔者在对岷江上游河流阶地和古滑坡实地调查测试的基础上,对岷江上游河流阶地的级序、拔河高度、成因类型等进行了分析,绘制了阶地高程位相图和年龄位相图,并结合阶地和古滑坡年代,讨论了阶地与古滑坡的发育关系等。主要取得了以下认识:1)岷江上游的河流阶地具有分段性,成因主要为气候多期次波动与构造活动共同作用,古滑坡及堰塞湖是影响高山峡谷区河流阶地发育的重要因素;2)叠溪-茂县段在20~30 ka B.P.发生了多处大型古滑坡,其中20 ka B.P.的古滑坡可能主要是气候波动引发,30 ka B.P.发生的古滑坡可能主要受控于构造活动(地震);3)岷江上游大量分布的古滑坡堆积体与阶地发育的叠置关系有待进一步理清,开展该地区的河流阶地级序研究要充分考虑古滑坡和堰塞湖的影响.     

金沙江上游特米古滑坡堰塞湖形成与溃决时间讨论

开展古滑坡堰塞湖形成演化过程研究,可以揭示古灾害地质环境效应,重建区域构造历史活动序列和古气候演变特征。特米古滑坡发育于金沙江上游巴塘段,滑坡堆积地貌和堰塞湖相沉积物保存较好,是研究区内古地质环境的良好载体。在遥感解译、无人机测绘、现场调查和地质测年的基础上,结合前人研究成果,分析探讨了特米古滑坡发育特征、堰塞湖形成时间与溃决演化过程。结果表明,特米古滑坡是特大型岩质历史堵江滑坡,滑坡堰塞湖实际形成时间应该远早于2.15 ka BP,历史上曾发生过多次溃决,完全溃决时间大约为1.08 ka BP,堰塞湖稳定保存时间大于1.07 ka。金沙江巴塘段大型堵江滑坡群并非由单次地质事件形成,而是由金沙江断裂带多次强烈地震诱发。     

青海尖扎盆地寺门村滑坡发育特征及成因分析

滑坡形成演化及复活一直是滑坡防灾减灾领域研究的热点问题。本文在对黄河上游尖扎盆地地质环境背景分析和滑坡体野外调查、遥感解译、实验测试的基础上,分析研究了盆地内寺门村滑坡的变形过程、滑带土和堆积体特征,还原了滑坡的演化过程,厘定了滑坡复活因素,提出了黄河上游滑坡堆积体开发利用对策建议,认为（1）该滑坡是2005年之前发生的老滑坡因河流侧蚀和2018年春季人工灌溉引发的复活性滑坡;（2）滑坡体综合治理应与土地整治相结合且应选择合适的灌溉方式。研究结果对于青藏高原东北缘黄河上游地区的滑坡防灾减灾及滑坡体开发利用具有重要意义。     

Dynamic process analysis for the formation of Yangjiagou landslide-dammed lake triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake, China

The damming of rivers by landslides resulting in the formation of a lake was one of the typical secondary geological hazards triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake which occurred on May 12, 2008. Some landslide-dammed lakes were at a high risk of causing further damage since the rainstorm season was expected soon after the earthquake. Understanding the dynamic processes in the formation of landslide-dammed lakes is helpful in planning the mitigation measures. The Yangjiagou landslide-dammed lake was selected as a case study to investigate the typical processes of dam formation. The dynamic simulation of the formation of the Yangjiagou landslide-dammed lake was divided into two steps: the landslide step and the overflow/overtopping step. Two-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) was adopted to investigate the mechanics of the Yangjiagou landslide. The landslide process was found to be controlled by the bond strength and residual friction coefficient of the DEM models. Computational results show that the formation of the landslide dam took approximately 35 s. The maximum velocity of a typical particle was approximately 26.8 m/s. The shallow-water equation and finite difference method were used to analyze the hydrodynamic mechanisms of the overflow process of the landslide-dammed lake. Computational results show that overflow would have occurred 15.1 h after the river was blocked, and overtopping failure occurs for the landslide dam in the rainstorm season when the water flow is large enough, causing a major disaster.     

黄河上游德恒隆-锁子滑坡堵塞黄河事件

黄河上游龙羊峡刘家峡河段两岸岸坡形成了众多残留体积超过10⁸ m³的古巨型滑坡,最大体积近30×10⁸ m³,且大部分堵塞过黄河。但部分巨型滑坡至今未有学者进行科学研究,其中包括德恒隆滑坡和锁子滑坡。结合区域地质环境条件,通过对德恒隆-锁子两个巨型滑坡基本特征和滑坡堵塞黄河的野外7个地质现象进行分析,并对德恒隆-锁子滑坡形成机制进行初步探讨,认为德恒隆-锁子滑坡为地震型滑坡,且形成原因与青藏高原8万 a的构造期有密切关系。通过分析黄河沿岸堰塞湖湖相沉积,认为堰塞湖形成时间为8万 a左右,这与德恒隆-锁子滑坡的形成年代一致。因此德恒隆-锁子滑坡在地震作用下触发并堵塞黄河。     

Ancient landslide-dam events in the Jishi Gorge,upper Yellow River valley,China

Some scholars have argued that the formation and outburst of an ancient dammed lake in the Jishi Gorge at ca. 3700 cal yr BP resulted in the destruction of Lajia, the site of a famous prehistoric disaster in the Guanting Basin, upper Yellow River valley, China. However, the cause of the dammed lake and the exact age of the dam breaching are still debated. We investigated ancient landslides and evidence for the dammed lake in the Jishi Gorge, including dating of soil from the shear zone of an ancient landslide, sediments of the ancient dammed lake, and loess above lacustrine sediments using radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating methods. Six radiocarbon dates and two OSL dates suggested that the ancient landslides and dammed lake events in the Jishi Gorge probably occurred around 8100 cal yr BP, and the ancient dammed lake was breached between 6780 cal yr BP and 5750 cal yr BP. Hence, the outburst of the ancient dammed lake in the Jishi Gorge was unrelated to the ruin of the Lajia site, but likely resulted in flood disasters in the Guanting Basin around 6500 cal yr BP.     

黄河上游康杨滑坡堆积体特征及形成机理分析

滑坡堆积体特征及其成因机理是进一步研究滑坡防治及开发利用的基础与前提。位于青藏高原东北缘的黄河上游群科—尖扎盆地内的康杨滑坡属于典型的巨型古滑坡,其堆积体特征及形成机制在该地区具有典型性和代表性,具有较高的学术研究价值。结合工程地质钻孔资料,通过详细的野外调查、粒度分析等方法对康杨滑坡形态特征、形成年代、滑坡体粒度特征及其成因机理进行了研究,主要认识如下:（1）康杨滑坡为晚更新世晚期发生的泥岩滑坡,体积约为12.59×108?m3,为一典型巨型古滑坡,后壁高耸直立;（2）滑坡前缘曾滑移至黄河北岸,堆积体可能堵塞黄河,后被黄河从中部侵蚀切穿,目前在黄河北岸仍存留有古滑坡堆积体;（3）高原抬升和黄河下蚀等作用可能是滑坡发生的背景条件,降水入渗形成软弱滑带和黄河侧蚀作用可能是触发康杨滑坡的主要因素。     

Formation process of a large paleolandslide-dammed lake at Xuelongnang in the upper Jinsha River,SE Tibetan Plateau: constraints from OSL and <Superscript>14</Superscript>C dating

A large number of the landslide dams located on the major rivers at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau have been previously identified through remote sensing analysis and field investigations. The Xuelongnang paleolake was one of the lakes formed by these landslide dams in the upper Jinsha River, where the association of a relict landslide dam, lacustrine sediment, and outburst sediment is well preserved. This preservation provides an opportunity to better understand the formation, evolution, and longevity of a large landslide-dammed lake in the upper Jinsha River. It was inferred that the Xuelongnang dammed lake may have been formed by an earthquake-induced paleoavalanche. The surface area of the lake at its peak was estimated at 7.0?×?10⁶ m², and the corresponding volume was approximately 3.1?×?10⁸ m³. Two outburst flood events were determined to have occurred during the life span of the lake. Based on the 18 ages obtained from optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and carbon-14 (¹⁴C) dating combined with stratigraphic sequences observed in the field, the paleolandslide-dammed lake was formed at approximately 2.1 ka and subsequently breached locally. The dammed lake was sustained for a period of some 900 years based on the chronological constraining. This study confirms that a major landslide-dammed lake can be sustained for at least hundreds of years and breached by several dam breaks in multiple periods, which contributed to the preservation of the knickpoints at millennial scale along the major rivers in the study area.