非洲外商直接投资的时空变化与影响因素

基于2006—2017年非洲52个国家FDI数据以及其经济、政治、资源等数据,运用泰尔指数和面板数据固定效应模型对非洲外商直接投资的时空变化与影响因素进行研究。研究结果表明：1）非洲FDI流入量整体呈现出波动上升的趋势,其中北非呈现下降趋势,西非和中非呈现出波动上升的趋势,东非的上升趋势相对稳定且强势,南部非洲地区波动变化显著,趋势不明显;随着非洲经济发展,五大区域中北非和西非的FDI流入量最多,呈现出“两强三弱”的区域分布格局。2）非洲FDI总体差异呈现出缓慢上升趋势,年际变化呈现出“减—增—减”的波动;影响FDI总体差异的主要因素是区域内部差异,西非、南部非洲和中非区域内部的差异尤为明显,其中西非内部差异贡献最大。3）经济社会环境因素整体上对非洲FDI影响有限,但局部对西非影响较大;经济发展水平对东非、南非的外资流入起着积极作用,而对西非起着抑制作用;对外开放度对西非起着消极影响;聚集效应对西非、中非、北非的作用有限。政治制度因素整体上对非洲外资具有显著的作用,但局部对北非和东非作用有限。资源禀赋因素总体上是外企对非洲区位选择的决定性因素,但局部对北非和东非影响不大。基础设施因素总体上对非洲大陆FDI的流入量影响不大,但对南部非洲地区除外。     

基于TOPSIS法的非洲区域经济社会综合发展水平评价

通过构建区域经济社会综合发展水平指标体系,结合TOPSIS方法与变异系数法确定权重,从经济生产、人口与健康、基础教育和产业结构水平4个方面出发,对2012年非洲52个主要国家的区域经济社会综合发展水平进行定量评价与比较,研究表明：非洲地区区域经济社会发展水平呈现出“南北发达,中部落后”的空间分布格局,区域经济社会综合发展水平北非＞南非＞东非＞中非＞西非;中非、西非地区人口与健康水平与南非、北非和东非地区差距较大,发展滞后;基础教育水平呈现“阶梯式”空间格局,南非与北非地区基础教育水平较高,中非与东非地区其次,西非地区相对落后;产业结构的地域差异较大,西非和东非地区产业结构水平较低,中非、南非和北非地区相对较高。在此基础上,提出了针对非洲区域经济社会发展特点,展开对非援助与合作的建议。     

1996—2015年非洲人口扩张区域类型划分与区域演变分析

采用总人口和劳动力等直接指标单独测度,结合出生率、死亡率、少年系数和老年系数等指标进行综合测度,分析1996—2015年非洲51个国家（地区）人口扩张区的数量变化、空间分布及演化特征,并对比了不同测度指标和方法之间的差异。发现：①总人口扩张区的比重虽高,但扩张程度有所放缓,地域分布整体呈现“南北弱、中部强”的特征,其在东非地区缩减明显;②劳动力扩张区较总人口扩张区扩张程度更为明显,两者在北非和南非部分地区差异较大,其地域分布整体呈现“北退南进”的变化过程;③“劳动力增长率大于总人口增长率”地区比重高于“总人口增长率大于劳动力增长率”,且差距有不断拉大的趋势,前者以北非地区西北部、西非地区几内亚湾沿岸较为集中,后者主要集中分布在中非、东非与西非部分地区;④基于综合指标结果显示,重度扩张型占有较高的比重,中度扩张型增速较快,轻度扩张型占比呈波动下降;⑤综合指标与单一指标结果有一定的趋同性,但区别也比较明显,综合指标在综合性、前瞻性方面有一定优势。     

东非国家小城镇形成与发展的潜力——基于最大熵模型分析

21世纪以来,小城镇已成为东非快速城市化的重点区域。论文对坦桑尼亚、乌干达2个东非典型国家的城市进行了等级划分与数量统计,确定以10万人以下的城镇、小城市为研究对象。选取7个自然环境变量与6个社会经济变量,结合城市数据,构建最大熵模型。利用模型得到的平均生境适宜性指数(HSI)判别小城镇形成适宜度、划分潜力区,并与人口密度进行对比分析。研究发现：(1)距区域性主要交通干线距离、距全国性主要交通干线距离、归一化植被指数(NDVI)与距大城市距离对两国城镇、小城市的贡献率均较高;不同国家不同规模城市有其特有的高贡献率变量。(2)随城市规模增大,交通干线贡献率下降,自然环境变量贡献率上升。(3)坦桑尼亚北部HSI值整体高于南部,HSI高值区城镇呈团块状,小城市呈条带状。乌干达全境HSI较低,HSI高值区城镇以坎帕拉为起点呈放射网状,小城市为碎片状。两国HSI高值区基本位于路网、河流湖泊附近。(4)坦桑尼亚人口密度普遍小于乌干达,潜力区总面积则大于乌干达。潜力区与人口密度关系主要分为3种：比周边人口密度大,为历史悠久、经济实力强、靠近大中城市地区;与周边人口密度相近,为快速发展中的地区;比周边...     

俄罗斯西伯利亚和远东联邦区首府的空间经济联系与格局特征研究

利用经济等级指数、经济联系强度研究2010—2018年俄罗斯西伯利亚和远东联邦区首府的空间经济联系与格局特征,在此基础上,分析西伯利亚和远东区各联邦主体、及与毗邻中国东北省域的经济联系,结果表明：① 西伯利亚和远东区首府的经济等级2010—2015年上升显著,2015—2018年上升缓慢,等级序列存在“断裂”现象,繁荣的发达首府与停滞的偏远首府两极分化现象突出。② 西伯利亚和远东区首府经济联系量不断增强,以乌兰乌德市为分界的西伯利亚区首府经济联系强于远东区首府,呈“西高东低”的格局特征。西伯利亚区形成以新西伯利亚市为极核,辐射克拉斯诺亚尔斯克市、鄂木斯克市、托木斯克市等的“一极、多心组团”格局,首位经济联系为新西伯利亚市;远东区呈现以哈巴罗夫斯克（伯力）市、符拉迪沃斯托克（海参崴）市为中心的“双核”格局,首位经济联系为哈巴罗夫斯克（伯力）市。③ 西伯利亚和远东区联邦主体间经济联系不断提升,同中国东北省域的经济联系也不断增强,其中滨海边疆区、哈巴罗夫斯克（伯力）边疆区、阿穆尔州同中国东北省域的经济联系最强,与黑龙江省的经济联系量高于吉林省和辽宁省。     

21世纪以来非洲跨国移民空间格局及其对FDI影响

运用ArcGIS软件与DPS软件,结合世界银行数据库与《非洲统计年鉴》等,分析21世纪以来非洲跨国移民空间格局及其对FDI影响,结果表明:基于目的地国、原籍国的跨国移民分别集中于北非地区与撒哈拉以南的非洲,其中前者呈现以"摩洛哥-埃及-苏丹"为中心的集聚格局,而后者先以科特迪瓦最为集中,随后逐渐被南非所取代;北非地区F...     

新疆冬季气温年际异常的主模态及其成因分析

基于新疆1961—2016年89个观测站冬季平均气温经验正交分解的空间模态,讨论了与各空间模态及其相联系的北半球中高纬度环流特征,结果表明：新疆冬季平均气温的年际异常空间模态分为全区一致类、南北反相类、东西反相类,根据这三类空间模态的正负位相不同分别分为一致偏冷型、一致偏暖型、北冷南暖型、北暖南冷型、东冷西暖型和东暖西冷型等6个空间分布型。新疆冬季平均气温各空间分布型的环流影响因子既表现了极地和中纬度环流相互作用,也有纬圈方向的波列传播的影响。当北半球中纬度西风偏弱,中高纬度环流经向度加大,乌拉尔山地区的高压脊发展和东亚大槽偏深,50°N以南为负高度距平,新疆冬季平均气温一致偏低;反之则一致偏高。北冷南暖型在40°N以北的区域与一致偏冷型的环流特征基本类似,但在中亚至新疆40°N偏南的区域位势高度偏高;北暖南冷型出现时,乌拉尔山负高度距平和东亚大槽偏弱,新疆上空为浅脊控制,新疆南部受脊后的浅槽影响。东冷西暖型和东暖西冷型区别在于中纬度的500 hPa正高度距平中心的位置和700 hPa气流方向。北极涛动（AO）、区域西风指数、乌拉尔山关键区因子、欧亚纬向环流指数、西藏高原-1指数、西藏高原-2指数、斯堪的纳维亚遥相关型指数(SCA)、亚洲区极涡面积指数等8个气候指数都对新疆冬季平均气温产生了重要的影响。     

THE ROLE OF ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION PATTERNS IN AGROCLIMATE VARIABILITY IN FINLAND, 1961–2011

This study evaluates interannual variations and trends in growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum in Finland during 1961–2011, and their connections to well known atmospheric circulation patterns. Changes in summer (June–August) climate partially explain changes in growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum over Finland, which naturally decreased from south to north. On a national scale, growing season warmed and became wetter during 1961–2011, as growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 5.01 ± 3.17°C year^–1 and 1.39 ± 0.91 mm year^–1, respectively. The East Atlantic pattern was the most influential atmospheric circulation pattern for variations in growing season daily temperature sum (rho = 0.40) across Finland and the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern was most influential for growing season daily precipitation sum variability (rho = –0.54). There were significant (p < 0.05) increasing trends in growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum throughout Finland during 1961–2011. Increased growing season daily temperature sum was mainly observed in northern, central, western, eastern and coastal areas of south‐western Finland. This warming was positively associated with the East Atlantic pattern in the north, centre and south, but negatively associated with the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern in eastern Finland. Increased GSP mostly occurred in southern, eastern, western, central, northern and north‐western Finland. These wetting trends were positively correlated with the East Atlantic pattern in the north and negatively correlated with the Polar pattern in the south and the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern in the east, west, centre and north‐east of Finland. The overall agroclimatic year‐to‐year variability in Finland between 1961 and 2011 was mostly linked to variations in the East Atlantic and East Atlantic/West Russia patterns.     

中国区域知识资本时空差异及影响因素分析

以区域创新系统能力表征区域知识资本,对其不均衡地理演变及影响因素的分析表明：① 创新综合能力年际变异程度由东向西逐渐递减,东部与中西地区创新综合能力差异持续扩大。② 区域创新综合能力总体呈现东部沿海创新带、中部内陆创新片区及西部普遍低下的梯度式空间分布格局。③ 劳动力集中指数、人均资本形成额、经济民营化程度、基础设施水平及对外开放度是影响创新能力空间分异的主要驱动因素,而财政支出占比影响较小;各变量对创新综合能力影响的空间异质效应明显,对东中地区往往具有积极的促进作用,对西部地区多呈负向影响,强化了创新综合能力“东高西低”的分异特征。     

Paleolimnological investigations of anthropogenic environmental change in Lake Tanganyika: IX. Summary of paleorecords of environmental change and catchment deforestation at Lake Tanganyika and impacts on the Lake Tanganyika ecosystem

Paleorecords from multiple indicators of environmental change provide evidence for the interactions between climate, human alteration of watersheds and lake ecosystem processes at Lake Tanganyika, Africa, a lake renowned for its extraordinary biodiversity, endemism and fisheries. This paper synthesizes geochronology, sedimentology, paleoecology, geochemistry and hydrology studies comparing the history of deltaic deposits from watersheds of various sizes and deforestation disturbance levels along the eastern coast of the lake in Tanzania and Burundi. Intersite differences are related to climate change, differences in the histories of forested vs. deforested watersheds, differences related to regional patterns of deforestation, and differences related to interactions of deforestation and climate effects. Climate change is linked to variations in sediment accumulation rates, charcoal accumulation, lake level and water chemistry, especially during the arid-humid fluctuations of the latter part of the Little Ice Age. Differences between forested and deforested watersheds are manifested by major increases in sediment accumulation rates in the latter (outside the range of climatically driven variability and for the last 40 years unprecedented in comparison with other records from the lake in the late Holocene), differences in eroded sediment and watershed stream composition, and compositional or diversity trends in lake faunal communities related to sediment inundation. Variability in regional patterns of deforestation is illustrated by the timing of transitions from numerous sedimentologic, paleoecologic and geochemical indicators. These data suggest that extensive watershed deforestation occurred as early as the late-18th to the early-19th centuries in the northern part of the Lake Tanganyika catchment, in the late-19th to early-20th centuries in the northern parts of modern-day Tanzania, and in the mid-20th century in central Tanzania. Rapid increases in sediment and charcoal accumulation rates, palynological and lake faunal changes occurred in the early-1960s. We interpret this to be the result of greatly enhanced flushing of sediments in previously deforested watersheds triggered by extraordinary rainfall in 1961/62. Regional differences in deforestation histories can be understood in light of the very different cultural and demographic histories of the northern and central parts of the lake shoreline. Incursion of slaving and ivory caravans from the Indian Ocean to the central coast of Lake Tanganyika by the early-19th century, with their attendant diseases, reduced human and elephant populations and therefore maintained forest cover in this region through the late-19th to early-20th centuries. In contrast, the northeastern portion of the lakeshore did not experience the effects of the caravan trades and consequently experienced high human population densities and widespread deforestation much earlier. These studies demonstrate the importance of paleolimnological data for making informed risk assessments of the potential effects of watershed deforestation on long-term lake ecosystem response in the Lake Tanganyika catchment. Differences in sediment yield and lake floor distribution of that yield, linked to factors such as watershed size, slope, and sediment retention, must be accounted for in management plans for both human occupation of currently forested watersheds and the development of future underwater reserves.     

1948—2018年国际河流跨境水冲突的时空演化规律

随着全球气候变化和人类社会经济高速发展,水资源供需矛盾日益突出,国际河流流域跨境水冲突不断加剧,其时空演化规律成为当前跨学科研究的热点和难点。为此,从水冲突“事件—关系”视角,对1948—2018年间全球跨境水冲突的时空演化规律进行系统分析发现：① 1948—2018年全球跨境水冲突规模总体呈非单调波动增长态势,在1987年前后发生显著突变,表现出兼具趋势性、突变性和波动性等多维特征的非单调动力过程;② 全球跨境水冲突事件以围绕水文干预和资源权属争夺的低强度事件为主,大坝等水利工程建设引发的冲突显著增加,南亚、西亚和东非地区成为主导全球跨境水冲突趋势演化的“序参量”;③ 全球跨境水冲突呈现由单中心向多中心格局转变的空间扩散趋势,但“北多南少、东多西少、相对集中”的总体不均衡格局基本锁定,形成以30°N为中心、横跨南亚—中亚—西亚—东非高水资源压力区的水冲突密集带;④ 国家间跨境水冲突关系趋于普遍化、复杂化和网络化,发育多个流域性网络社团,但水冲突关系的“马太效应”和极化分布特征持续显著,产生“路径锁定”效应;水冲突“规模—强度”关系存在一定的空间错配。     

International Telephone Calls: Global and Regional Patterns

This study examines patterns in international telephone communications, documenting a close relationship between international call volume aggregated by nation and indicators of global connectivity including volume of international trade, tourism and migration. In addition, the analysis documents the existence of a set of national "communities" of callers. The clear orientation of large portions of the world to former colonial powers (e.g., West Africa and North Africa to France), and the separation of the Muslim Middle East and the Chinese-speaking nations of East and Southeast Asia from other calling communities suggest the importance of continuing historic and cultural influences on information flows.     

新疆黄土分布规律及粉尘来源

通过新疆不同区域地形、黄土时空分布规律、物质组成等资料的对比,结合区域环流形势和沙尘天气的综合分析提出:不同黄土分布亚区,受不同的大气环流、局地环流和地形的作用,具有不同粉尘来源。南亚区主要来自塔克拉玛干沙漠,北亚区主要来自古尔班通古特沙漠,而形成西亚区黄土的粉尘主要来自中亚荒漠。     

Sub-fossil Chironomidae from East Africa. 1. Tanypodinae and Orthocladiinae

This paper and a companion article present illustrated guides to the identification of sub-fossil chironomid larvae (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) preserved in the sediments of low- and mid-elevation lakes in East Africa. They are based on analysis of surface-sediment death assemblages from 61 lakes located in the humid to semi-arid environments of equatorial East Africa (Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania), supplemented with similar surface-sediment samples from 12 lakes in the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia), and sub-recent core samples from six lakes in Kenya and two in Uganda. We analyzed about 11,000 specimens and identified 98.4% of these to species, species group, genus, or tribe level depending on current -taxonomic knowledge of the various genera considered and the taxonomic resolution of preserved diagnostic features. We distinguished 90 different sub-fossil morphotypes, of which 16 are Tanypodinae, 19 are Orthocladiinae, and 55 are Chironominae. Diagnostic characters distinguishing these morphotypes from each other resemble differences at the species level in the better-known Holarctic fauna, hence we consider most of our morphotypes equivalent to morphological species or groups of closely related species. In this paper we focus on the Tanypodinae and Orthocladiinae, with special attention to the high taxon richness among the Pentaneurini. Patterns of cephalic setation were found to facilitate identification of Tanypodinae both at the genus and species level, and contributed to improved taxonomic resolution in sub-fossil East African material. High taxon richness and numerical abundance of the Orthocladiinae in our study lakes indicates that a considerable number of African Orthocladiinae is adapted to warm standing-water environments.     

Application of the USLE in a Savannah Environment: Comparative Experiences from East and West Africa

The use of empirical models for predicting erosion hazard in Africa is widespread. One of the most commonly used models is the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). This paper explores the applicability of the USLE in the East and West African Savannah environments, using both primary and secondary data. The results show that the USLE can be applied to Savannah conditions if some level of instrumentation is provided to enable model calibration and validation. The rainfall erosivity factor (R) is one variable which is calculated differently in both the East and the West African Savannah, reflecting differences in the storm characteristics between the two regions. The soil erodibility factor (K) is applied to cultivated soils with relatively high organic matter but does not adequately predict soil loss if the soils have large quantities of stone cover or if they exhibit surface sealing properties. The topographic factors (LS) are transferable, but in some parts of the Savannah, very steep slopes are cultivated, limiting the accuracy of the LS factor. The crop and management factor (C) is applicable for single stand crops, but more studies are required to develop C factors for multiple cropping and rangelands as these are more prevalent in the Savannah. The conservation practices factors (P) as described in the USLE routines do not adequately cater for soil conservation structures found in Africa, such as trash lines and stone lines. Thus, local indices need to be developed. In general, the USLE tends to underestimate soil erosion in East Africa while overestimating it in the West African Savannah. User‐friendly Geographical Information Systems (GIS) applications that depict the uncertainty of model estimates should be explored in the future.     

THE GREATER MIDDLE EAST AND REFORM IN THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION'S IDEOLOGICAL IMAGINATION

ABSTRACT. In pursuit of its foreign‐policy goals, the administration of President George W. Bush has attempted a dramatic reshaping of the vision of the Middle East in the American mind. References to the “new” or “greater” Middle East now include countries far outside traditional concepts of the region, including those in West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia. The administration argues that this region is defined not by cultural (Arab) or religious (Islam) characteristics but by a lack of democracy; hence a grand strategy is needed to execute reform. This article examines current U.S. efforts to achieve reform in the region, the components of the ideological construction of the New Middle East, the perceived role of Iraq, Turkey's potential role as a “model” for the region, and responses from the region to current U.S.‐led reform efforts.     

Interannual variation of East Asian summer monsoon and its impacts on general circulation and precipitation

Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis geopotential height (GHT) and wind at 850 hPa, GHT at 500 hPa, precipitation rate, sea level pressure (SLP) and precipitation observations from more than 600 stations nationwide in June–August from 1951 to 2006, and focusing on the East Asia–West Pacific region (10o–80oN, 70o–180oE), interannual variation of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and its correlations with general circulation and precipitation patterns are studied by using statistical diagnostic methods such as 9-point high pass filtering, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, composite analysis and other statistical diagnosis, etc. It is concluded as follows: (1) EOF analysis of SLP in the East Asia–West Pacific region shows the existence of the zonal dipole oscillation mode (APD) between the Mongolia depression and the West Pacific high, and APD index can be used as an intensity index of EASM. (2) EOF analysis of GHT anomalies at 500 hPa in the East Asia–West Pacific region shows that the first EOF mode is characterized with an obvious meridional East Asian pattern (EAP), and EAP index can also be used as an EASM intensity index. (3) The composite analysis of high/low APD index years reveals the close correlation of APD index with EAP at 500 hPa (or 850 hPa). The study shows an obvious opposite correlation exists between APD index and EAP index with a correlation coefficient of –0.23, which passes the confidence test at 0.10 level. (4) Both APD and EAP indexes are closely correlated with precipitation during flood-prone season in China and precipitation rate over the East Asia–West Pacific region. The significant correlation area at 5% confidence level is mainly located from the southern area of the Yangtze River valley to the ocean around southern Japan, and the former is a positive correlation and the latter is a negative one.     

Sub-fossil Chironomidae from East Africa. 2. Chironominae (Chironomini and Tanytarsini)

This paper and a companion article present illustrated guides to the identification of sub-fossil chironomid larvae (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) preserved in the sediments of low- and mid-elevation lakes in East Africa. They are based on analysis of surface-sediment death assemblages from 61 lakes located in the humid to semi-arid environments in equatorial East Africa (Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania), supplemented with similar surface-sediment samples from 12 lakes in the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia), and sub-recent core samples from six lakes in Kenya and two in Uganda. We analyzed about 11,000 specimens and identified 98.4% of these to species, species group, genus, or tribe level, depending on current -taxonomic knowledge of the various considered genera and the taxonomic resolution of preserved diagnostic features. We distinguished 90 different sub-fossil morphotypes, of which 16 are Tanypodinae, 19 are Orthocladiinae, and 55 are Chironominae. In this paper we focus on the subfamily Chironominae (tribes Chironomini and Tanytarsini). The diagnostic characters distinguishing these morphotypes from each other resemble differences at the species level in the better-known Holarctic fauna, hence we consider most of our morphotypes equivalent to morphological species or groups of closely related species. Given that core samples yielded only seven morphotypes not also found in the surface-sediment samples, the current inventory of 90 taxa likely represents the large majority of distinct sub-fossil chironomid larval types to be found in East African lakes, excluding the few very large Rift lakes, cold-water lakes above treeline, and special standing-water environments such as fens and bogs. Consistent use of a single set of morphological characters to identify both fossil and living chironomid larvae would ensure exchangeability of information between modem and paleoenvironmental studies on aquatic invertebrate communities in African lakes, and increase the relevance of paleoenvironmental reconstructions to water-quality evaluations aimed at sustainable management of scarce, fluctuating surface-water resources in tropical East Africa.     

低碳约束下中国物流业效率的空间演化及影响因素

以交通运输、仓储和邮政业表征物流业,引入SBM-Undesirable模型,考虑低碳约束下的物流效率,对中国（除港澳台和西藏）的30个省（市、自治区）2003~2014年物流业效率进行测度,基于格局-过程-机理框架系统揭示了低碳约束下物流业效率的空间演化特征及其影响因素：① 低碳约束下物流业效率总体偏低,空间分异呈现出东部>中部>西部的地带性分异态势。② 空间分布具有一定地方依赖性,效率高值区集中于东部沿海,呈现由“大集中、小分散”向“条带状集聚”变化的特征,而低值区高度锁定于西北和西南半壁。③ 空间集聚性较弱,不断趋于收敛,高效率集聚区表现出“北扩西移”的演化趋势。④ 物流业高效率区与高产值区呈现显著的空间同配性。⑤ 物流业效率的空间演化受多种因素综合作用,经济发展、市场环境、产业集聚、信息化水平、政府调控对物流业效率具有显著的正向影响,能源强度则具有负向影响,而对外开放程度、环境规制对物流业效率的提升作用不明显,研究结果可为区域物流协调发展、提高物流业效率提供参考。     

基于不同区域尺度的世界炼油能力分布特征与格局演化

本文基于全球、区域和国家三个不同尺度,对1965年～2011年世界炼油能力进行分析,得出结论：（1）整体而言,世界炼油能力呈现上升的趋势,且年际变化幅度在-3.14%～9.56%之间,1987年以来炼油能力的增长速度稳定,变化幅度在3%以内;（2）不同区域的炼油能力差异显著,其中亚太地区最高,北美和欧洲次之,非洲、中南美洲和中东地区炼油能力较低。各区域炼油能力变化的趋势和占世界炼油能力的比重呈现出不一样的变化特征;（3）从国家尺度来看,世界炼油能力的空间分布极不均衡,炼油能力超过百万桶/日的国家主要分布在北美、欧洲、中东和亚太地区。70年代以来世界炼油的重心呈现出不断东移的趋势,中东和亚太地区是世界炼油能力新的增长极。