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1.
为探索涝渍连续抑制天数指标作为水稻排水标准,通过测坑模拟水稻抽穗开花期涝渍连续动态试验,构建了水稻涝渍连续抑制天数指标(Continuous Stress-Day Index of Water Logging,CSDI)的模型,提出了CSDI和涝害权重系数的求解方法,通过对实测数据的分析,建立了水稻相对产量与CSDI的关系模型。研究结果表明:单纯受渍和涝渍连续灾害均会造成水稻不同程度的减产,但涝渍连续灾害减产程度比单纯受渍高;涝害权重系数是一个随涝渍状态变化而变化的状态变量;在涝渍连续情况下,水稻的相对产量与CSDI具有良好的线性关系,涝渍连续抑制天数指标可作为水稻排水设计标准。利用文中CSDI的模型,可制定水稻控制排水策略。 相似文献
2.
对15组粘土分别进行分级剪与连续剪试验,分析、对比、统计检验试验数据得出,两种方法所得的抗剪强度参数C、及C′、′无显著差异,而连续剪所得的C值与分级剪所得的C′值有一定的差别。只有通过对连续剪所得的C值进行适当修正,粘土的固结不排水连续剪切试验结果才更加接近分级剪切试验结果。 相似文献
3.
As a source of nutrient supplements, the deficiency or excess of micronutrients in soil is directly connected to the plant
uptake and, thereby, status of micronutrients in the human population. Proper management of micronutrients requires an understanding
of the variations of soil micronutrients across the fields. This study is to investigate the spatial patterns of soil available
Zn and Cu in paddy rice fields. Four hundred and sixty three soil samples were taken in Hangzhou–Jiaxing–Huzhou (HJH) watershed
in Zhejiang Province, China, and available Zn and Cu were analyzed using an atomic adsorption spectrometer. Geostatistical
semivariograms analysis indicated that the available Zn and Cu were best fitted to a spherical model with a range of 40.5
and 210.4 km, respectively. There were moderate spatial dependences for Zn and Cu over a long distance and the dependence
were attributed to soil types and anthropogenic activities. The overlay analysis of spatial patterns and soil types gave us
greater understanding about how intrinsic factors affect the spatial variation of available micronutrients. Based on the above,
macroscopically regionalized management of soil available micronutrients and the implications to potential risk were discussed. 相似文献
4.
Coal mining has serious impacts on local environment, including damage to the land and soil by subsidence, damage to ground-water systems through the fracturing and subsiding of overlying rocks, contamination of surface waters with acid mine drainage, and pollution of the atmosphere by release of toxic gases. The damage to ground water and its consequent impacts on the regional environment is the core of research of the coal mining from the perspective of environment protection. The present paper focuses on the changes of surface vegetation coverage, the pollutants released from pit coal power plants, and the damages to the ground aquifers induced by mining activities in arid Eastern Junggar coalfield of China. At first, the authors investigated the changes of surface vegetation coverage, since mining began in the 2000s using Landsat data. Results show that the low surface vegetation coverage (grade 1 plus grade 2) in the southern part of the region decreased from 11.62?×?108 m2 in 2003 to 9.57?×?108 m2 in 2017 (?17.6%), while it increased from 11.58?×?108 m2 in 2003 to 12.70?×?108 m2 in 2017 (+?9.7%) in the eastern part. The high surface vegetation coverage (grade 3 plus grade 4) in the southern part increased from 1.94?×?108 m2 in 2003 to 4.00?×?108 m2 in 2017 (+?106.2%), while it decreased from 4.39?×?108 m2 in 2003 to 3.26?×?108 m2 in 2017 (?25.74%) in the eastern part. The data of annual precipitation during the same period in this area show that the changes of surface vegetation coverage have less relationship with the annual precipitation, which indicates that the mining activities is probably the major factor for that. Second, a statistic of air pollutants generated from pit coal power plants was made based on data of references. Results show that the estimated gaseous pollutant emissions increased as 865.23 tons of smoke particles, 5940.73 tons of SO2, and 7584.48 tons of NO2 in 2013, which increased rapidly with 9.73 times the smoke particle, 21.69 times the SO2, and 9.24 times the NO2 than that of 2007. And then, the physical and numerical simulation of the damage of mining activities to aquifers was made to show the permeability of the reference points of overlying aquifers varies associated with mining activities. Results show that the porous rock matrix permeability has a negative relationship with fluctuation during mining, while the fracture permeability shows a positive one. Finally, a case investigation in southern area surrounding this coalfield was illustrated. Result shows that the local ground-water level decreased by 16 m difference from the altitude level of?+?774 m in 2003 to?+?758 m in 2013. Data and results from this study presented the already and the potential pollutions and damages to local environment induced by the mining activities in this region. 相似文献
5.
The acidification of paddy fields was studied in Guizhou Province, China. Affected by acid mine drainage, the pH value of irrigation water was 2.9 with the concentrations of iron and aluminium above 40 mg/L. Based on the pH(H 2O) of topsoil, the paddy fields studied were classified spatially into three zones, the natural zone (pH value from 6.2 to 5.5), the acidified zone (pH value from 5.5 to 4.5), and the seriously acidified zone (pH value from 4.5 to 3.2), respectively. Comparing to the natural zone, the buffering processes for acidification of paddy soil were discussed by considering the changes of calcium, magnesium, potassium and aluminium in soils. The Ca, Mg and K were leached from the soil by the decomposition of carbonate and kaolinite. The leaching of Mg became less with the enrichment of iron in topsoil layer. When the soil pH was below 5.0, aluminium was leached from soil because of the dissolution of alumino silicate minerals. In addition, the hydrolysis of iron and aluminium in soil provided more protons to promote the soil acidification. Furthermore, the buffer capacity of paddy soil was discussed by the results of buffer experiment, based on which the pH buffer curve was drawn and the empirical formula for calculating the acidification rate was developed. Because pH buffer capacity of soil is about 2.78 cmol c/kg pH for the pH(H 2O) value above 5.0, it is estimated that only another 50 years are needed for the pH(H 2O) of the paddy soil decrease to 3.5 in the acidified zone if the acid water is used for irrigation continuously. 相似文献
6.
在荷载的作用下孔隙水压力的消散是揭示冻土整体变形机理的关键,为了研究高温冻土中孔隙水压力变化规律,在不同温度、不同排水条件下,对高温冻土开展了压缩固结试验,并监测其在-1℃、-0.5℃和-0.3℃的条件下孔隙水压力及位移变化情况。结果表明:温度对孔压、变形有较大影响,温度越高,土体的变形速率越大,孔隙水压力峰值越大,消散速率也越快;而温度相同时,排水条件下的孔压峰值比不排水条件下的低,位移比不排水条件下的大;从试验结果中可以认识到,孔隙水压力在受骨架挤压增大的同时也在缓慢消散。 相似文献
8.
针对不同的水肥处理,采用15N示踪方法,观测分析了氮素在稻田的时空分布及运移规律、挥发及淋失损失规律、氮素在水稻植株中的分布特征、稻田氮量平衡等。结果表明:不同灌溉方式下,由于稻田水分状况的差异导致土壤养分时空分布不同,从而影响其对作物的有效性;由于节水灌溉稻田水分相对较少,基质浓度较高,挥发损失高于淹灌。虽然节水灌溉下稻田渗漏液NH 4及NO 3-浓度较淹灌高,但由于此时总渗漏量显著减少,氮的总淋失较淹灌条件少;节水灌溉下,适当增加追肥次数,有利于减少各种氮素养分的损失,提高氮肥利用率;节水灌溉下水稻对氮素的吸收利用率高于淹灌,且有利于氮素养分向稻谷转移。 相似文献
9.
采煤沉陷区土地生态复垦是当前土地整治面临的主要焦点问题之一。以重庆松藻矿区沉陷区受损水田为研究对象,通过实地考察和文献总结,分析水田土壤水系统组成特征,系统探讨了采煤沉陷前后土壤水系统的含水土壤剖面层物理特性和土壤水流入渗状态,针对这些变化提出了矿区生态恢复和土地复垦的具体对策。 相似文献
10.
采用一维积水垂直入渗法测定含碎石土壤的入渗过程,分析碎石含量和碎石组成对土壤水分运动影响。对试验数据采用Kostiakov入渗公式拟合,得出反映入渗速率的拟合参数比值与土石比成幂函数关系;采用简略的Philip垂直入渗方程幂级数解拟合湿润峰随时间的变化,拟合精度高,并发现拟合参数与土石比仍成幂函数关系。采用简单相关分析碎石粒径对入渗过程影响,得出粒径2~3 mm碎石与入渗过程成显著的负相关关系,而>25 mm碎石有利于入渗。研究结果可为含碎石土壤的水循环提供重要的基础。 相似文献
11.
改变边界温度和土样高度,对饱和粉土进行了冻结试验,研究其水分迁移、水分重分布、冻胀和冰透镜体的发展规律。试验结果表明:当温度稳定时,水分持续迁移到冻结锋面附近,含水率急剧增大,易形成冰透镜体。饱和粉土冰透镜体几何形态较为规则,无枝状交叉结构,已冻土为整体状且无网状裂隙。冻结过程中存在起始冻胀时间,在起始冻胀时间之前,土中水分被排出,冻胀发生之后水分补给到冻土中,且补给水分产生的冻胀量和总冻胀量数值接近。土样高度影响水分迁移量和冻胀量,土样越高,冻胀量越小,冻土含水率增量越小,但水分增量分布区域越分散,且起始冻胀时间越长。 相似文献
12.
蒸发浓缩作用是引起水体咸化的重要原因。利用华北浅层地下水样,设计持续蒸发和补给蒸发两种实验方案,探讨不同蒸发过程中水化学和同位素的演化差异。结果表明,持续蒸发过程中水体盐分浓缩速率明显大于补给蒸发;Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~-在两种蒸发实验下出现分离,主要受方解石沉淀影响,Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+、Cl~–和SO_4~(2-)含量随着盐度的升高而增加,在两种蒸发实验中无差异。蒸发过程中,氢氧同位素逐渐富集,与剩余水比例呈指数关系,与阴阳离子呈两段式线性关系。持续蒸发过程中氢氧同位素随着盐分(电导率)的升高逐渐富集,δ~(18)O最大值达20.81‰,蒸发线方程为δD=4.11δ~(18)O–25.23;而补给蒸发过程中,随着盐分(电导率)的增加氢氧同位素富集缓慢,后期相对稳定,δ~(18)O最大值为2.9‰,蒸发线方程为δD=3.41δ~(18)O–28.2。两种实验方案结果说明氢氧同位素在水相的富集不成比例,氢同位素在蒸发过程中富集速率大于氧同位素。 相似文献
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