青藏工程走廊热融湖塘水理化特性分析

为查明青藏工程走廊热融湖塘水理化特性及其理化特性与湖塘分布之间的关系,选取青藏工程走廊楚玛尔河至风火山段为研究区域,沿青藏公路从北向南依次选取19个热融湖塘进行水深、面积等几何特征调研并取水样,进行阴阳离子等理化参数测定。分析了热融湖塘水的理化特性,并结合调研资料探讨了热融湖塘理化特性与区域环境及湖塘分布之间的相关性。结果表明在3个研究亚区湖的水理化特性有较大差别,楚玛尔河高平原从北向南湖水矿化度逐渐升高,水质由淡水向咸水再到强咸水过渡,主要与该区域"碟"状湖的分布特征和寒旱多风及蒸发量大有关;可可西里山区和北麓河盆地的湖水矿化度较低,水质以弱咸水或淡水为主。这两个亚区湖较深,地形以丘陵盆地为主,降低了湖面的蒸发量。     

青藏工程走廊热融湖湖底热状态

热融湖塘对寒区环境可产生较大影响, 其侧向热侵蚀会诱发冻土工程病害.选取青藏工程走廊热融湖塘分布密集的楚玛尔河、五道梁、北麓河3个亚区, 于2009—2010年通过HOBO水位传感器对4个固定湖塘的连续监测和大量湖塘的随机观测, 探讨了不同季节、不同水深湖底的热状态.在结冰期的1月中旬, 楚玛尔河90%以上的湖塘湖底温度都在0 ℃以下, 主要与湖塘较浅和湖水高矿化度有关.五道梁和北麓河湖底温度相对较高, 只有约20%的湖底温度低于0 ℃, 这些湖水深小于最大冻结冰层厚度; 最高温度高于4 ℃, 主要与湖较深有关.但3个亚区湖底温度均随着水深增加而增加.在6~9月融冰期, 湖底温度普遍增加, 最高达到18 ℃以上, 浅湖增温快于深湖, 湖底温度随着水深增加而递减.湖底温度年际变化近似为正弦曲线, 在1~2月, 湖底温度最低, 之后逐渐升高, 到7~8月, 湖底温度达到最高.      

鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地地下水矿化度和主要离子浓度的分布规律

文章在对鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地1124件地下水化学样品进行分析的基础上,总结出了研究区浅、中、深三个不同循环深度地下水中矿化度和主要离子浓度的分布规律。总体上,白垩系盆地地下水具有盆地北区矿化度和主要离子浓度较低、淡水发育,盆地南区矿化度和主要离子浓度较高、微咸水和咸水发育的分布特点。盆地北区地下淡水主要分布在地表分水岭两侧的浅、中层地下水中和安边—东胜梁—四十里梁地表分水岭以东的无定河—乌兰木伦河地下水系统中。盆地南区除罗汉洞含水岩组地下水以淡水为主外,环河和洛河含水岩组中主要分布大面积的微咸水和咸水。     

气候变化情景下青藏工程走廊融沉灾害风险性区划研究

气候变暖会加剧青藏工程走廊多年冻土区融沉灾害的发生,威胁重大工程的安全运营. 选取冻土体积含冰量和活动层厚度变化量为指标,借助ArcGIS软件,采用融沉指数模型对青藏工程走廊融沉灾害做出了区划. 结果表明：在未来50 a,青藏工程走廊内融沉灾害在A1B和A2情景下主要为中高风险性,在B1情景下主要为中低风险性. 高风险区主要分布在楚玛尔河高平原、五道梁和开心岭等高温高含冰量冻土区.     

青藏工程走廊典型热融灾害现象及其热影响研究

在全球变暖及人类工程活动的影响下,青藏工程走廊内的热融灾害普遍发育。研究走廊内各类热融灾害的发育现状及其对多年冻土的热影响对今后的工程规划和冻土环境保护具有一定的指导意义。本文通过大量的野外调查工作,总结了走廊内热融灾害的类型及其发育现状,并选取3种典型热融灾害进行现场地温监测,分析其对多年冻土的热影响方式和程度。研究结果表明:3种热融灾害对其发育区域及附近的多年冻土都产生了巨大的热影响,热融滑塌和热融沟主要影响浅层的地温状况,而热融湖塘的影响范围更大,其发育甚至会导致湖塘下部形成多年融区。此外,侧向热流计算结果表明,3种热融灾害全年都在向其周边的多年冻土放热,通过对比发现热融湖塘的侧向热侵蚀能力最强,其次是热融沟,侧向热侵蚀最小的是热融滑塌。     

青藏高原热融湖塘动态监测中高分辨率遥感数据处理方法研究

遥感技术由于能够快速、 宏观的获得研究区域的数据, 已成为青藏高原热融湖塘动态监测的重要技术手段. 基于野外现场调查和SPOT-5、 QuickBird两种高分辨率遥感卫星数据的特性分析, 结合影响青藏高原热融湖塘发育的一系列特征因素, 探讨了最适合于青藏高原热融湖塘动态监测的高分辨率遥感数据的纠正、 融合和信息提取方法. 应用该方法对2006-2009年间北麓河盆地北侧的红梁河至秀水河段公路沿线局部63 km²范围的热融湖塘进行了变化特征分析, 结果表明该区的热融湖塘个数和总面积在研究时段都有所增加, 其中湖塘由70个增加到75个, 湖塘总面积增量19.65%.     

青藏高原北麓河地区典型热融湖塘周边多年冻土特征研究

青藏高原多年冻土区广泛分布着热融湖塘, 热融湖塘的形成会对周边的多年冻土产生显著的影响. 选取北麓河地区一典型热融湖, 运用探地雷达技术对该湖塘周边的多年冻土进行了探测.结果表明: 湖岸坍塌剧烈区一侧的多年冻土上限深度大于湖岸轻微坍塌区和湖岸稳定区, 并且在湖水的热作用下, 湖岸多年冻土的上限深度随离湖岸距离的减小而增大; 湖岸坍塌剧烈区上限附近的地下冰含量也明显高于湖岸轻微坍塌区和湖岸稳定区. 同时, 通过对湖岸测温孔的地温观测数据的分析可以看出, 湖岸地温正在逐年升高且升高的速率快于天然状态, 湖岸地温随离湖岸距离的减小逐渐增大.     

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的西大滩——昆仑垭口地区多年冻土形变分析

多年冻土活动层内部冰-水相变会导致多年冻土地表出现季节性的冻胀和融沉,而其上限处地下冰融化将引起地表的长期沉降,因此揭示地表形变的季节和长期变化规律可为多年冻土变化研究提供新的视角和方法。本文以青藏高原多年冻土区北界(西大滩—昆仑垭口)为研究区,利用C波段降轨Sentinel-1数据,采用SBAS-InSAR技术获取该地区多年冻土2014—2020年的地表形变时间序列结果,并基于长期形变速率和季节性形变量探讨了该地区的多年冻土形变规律。结果表明:在多年冻土北界西大滩沟谷地区,不连续多年冻土区形变空间差异较大,多年冻土区的长期沉降速率和季节性的形变量高于季节冻土区。此外,高温多年冻土地表沉降比低温多年冻土更为显著,形变空间分布特征与地貌单元紧密联系。与西大滩谷地相比,昆仑山垭口地区和楚玛尔河高平原区域的长期形变速率与季节性形变量都明显增大。同时热融湖塘的形成过程与地表形变有着直接的关联,在热融湖塘发展早期,地下冰融化使得区域季节性形变量增大,随着热融湖塘扩张,区域长期沉降速率加剧,热融湖塘进一步发展后,区域季节性形变量可能降低。     

咸淡水混合灌溉技术应用与实践

咸水与淡水混合灌溉技术,将两种矿化度不同的灌溉水混合使用,目的是降低灌溉水的含盐量或改变其盐分组成.咸淡水混合灌溉在提高灌溉水水质的同时,也增加了可灌水的总量,使以前不能使用的高盐渍度的咸水得以利用.通过对邢台市平原区咸水灌溉条件的实验研究、咸淡水混合灌溉技术分析,邢台市咸淡水混合后矿化度应控制在3g/L以下.结合近年来开展咸淡水混合灌溉实践,在咸水区开展咸淡水混合灌溉,充分利用咸水资源,既减少了淡水的开采量,又对改善当地的生态环境发挥了重要作用.     

青藏公路沿线热喀斯特湖分布特征及其热效应研究

热喀斯特湖的出现和发育是多年冻土变暖的指示器,研究热喀斯特湖发育及其热效应是应对青藏高原气候变化和人类活动诱发冻土灾害的基础工作.基于SPOT-5卫星影像资料,在ArcGIS平台下解译遥感影像,获取了青藏公路沿线楚玛尔河至风火山段热喀斯特湖的数量和分布特征,这些热喀斯特湖以楚玛尔河高平原和北麓河盆地为主要分布区,且80％发育于高含冰量多年冻土区.热喀斯特湖通过竖向和侧向2种传热方式影响多年冻土,竖向传热会造成其下部多年冻土融穿,侧向传热会造成湖岸多年冻土增温,扩大热影响范围.通过北麓河地区一典型热喀斯特湖的数值计算,湖全年都在向湖岸放热.当热喀斯特湖离路基较近,将会对公路产生潜在或者直接的危害,其侧向热侵蚀往往会导致冻土路基温度升高,诱发路基病害.     

长江源北麓河流域多年冻土区热融湖塘形成对高寒草甸土壤环境的影响

通过对长江源北麓河流域多年冻土区热融湖塘及湖塘影响周边条件下高寒草甸土壤理化性质的比较研究,结果表明:热融湖塘的形成对高寒草甸土壤环境产生了明显影响,热融湖塘形成对土壤质地、含水量、容重以及土壤养分等产生强烈改变,尤其表层土壤;土壤机质(SOM)、全氮(N)等化学物质和其他养分成分在不同退化的土壤中都有所改变.有机质和...     

Facies analysis and depositional systems of Cenozoic sediments in the Hoh Xil basin, northern Tibet

A sedimentary succession more than 5800 m thick, including the Lower Eocene to Lower Oligocene Fenghuoshan Group, the Lower Oligocene Yaxicuo Group, and the Lower Miocene Wudaoliang Group, is widely distributed in the Hoh Xil piggyback basin, the largest Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the hinterland of the Tibetan plateau. The strata of the Fenghuoshan and Yaxicuo groups have undergone strong deformation, whereas only minor tilting has occurred in the Wudaoliang Group. We analyze their sedimentary facies and depositional systems to help characterize continental collision and early uplift of the Tibetan plateau. The results indicate fluvial, lacustrine, and fan-delta facies for the Fenghuoshan Group, fluvial and lacustrine facies for the Yaxicuo Group, and lacustrine facies for the Wudaoliang Group. Development of the Hoh Xil basin underwent three stages: (1) the Fenghuoshan Group was deposited mainly in the Fenghuoshan-Hantaishan sub-basin between 56.0 and 31.8 Ma ago; (2) the Yaxicuo Group was deposited mainly in the Wudaoliang and Zhuolai Lake sub-basins between 31.8 and 30.0 Ma ago; and (3) the Wudaoliang Group was deposited throughout the entire Hoh Xil basin during the Early Miocene. The Fenghuoshan and Yaxicuo groups were deposited in piggyback basins during the Early Eocene to Early Oligocene, whereas the Wudaoliang Group was deposited in a relatively stable large lake. The Hoh Xil basin underwent two periods of strong north–south shortening, which could have been produced by the collision between India and Asia and the early uplift of the Tibetan plateau. The study suggests the Hoh Xil region could reach a high elevation during the Late Oligocene and the diachronous uplift history for the Tibetan plateau from east to west.     

Progress in Numerical Simulation of Long-Term Impact of Thermokarst Lakes on Permafrost Thermal Regime

Thermokarst lakes are a major heat source for the adjacent permafrost and a significant source of atmospheric methane. These lakes have important impacts on the physical, chemical, biological, geomorphological and hydrological processes occurring in the ground under and around thermokarst lakes, and seriously affect the local environment and the stability of the structures constructed in permafrost regions. Numerical simulation methods provide an effective method for quantitative analysis of the long-term impact of thermokarst lakes and their evolution on permafrost surrounding the lakes, and have deepened our knowledge about the impact of thermokarst lakes immensely. Summarizing the research progresses in numerical simulation of long-term impact of thermokarst lakes on thermal regime of surrounding permafrost has an important guiding function to improve mathematical models and develop more effective models. In this study, the components, functions, advantages and defects of several typical mathematical models having developed over the past ten years or so were reviewed, such as the heat conduction model with phase change, thaw slumping model, the coupled lake-permafrost model, thaw lake expansion model combining thermal processes with mass wasting and thaw-driven subsidence, the coupled heat conduction and moisture migration model, and the moving mesh method based thermokarst lake dynamic evolution model. Several issues deserving to be paid further attention in the future researches were proposed, including creating more effective models, determining the more realistic initial condition, lucubrating thermal and physical parameters of the typical soils, consider the impact of lake water replenishment, quantitative analysis of the thermal effect of supra-permafrost water flow around the thermokarst lakes, creating the coupled governing equation of heat conduction with phase change and convective heat transfer, embed ding the effect of climate warming in the model, numerical investigation of the long-term influence of thermokarst lake drainage on the environment change in permafrost regions, analyzing the long-term joint impact of multiple lakes on adjacent permafrost, simulating the near-shore talik development process and feature beneath shallow water in expanding thermokarst lakes, and continuing to do the systemic and comprehensive field measurements.     

青藏高原热融湖横向扩张速率对湖下融区发展影响的数值模拟

热融湖是高纬度和高海拔富冰多年冻土区重要的自然景观。这些湖由于富冰多年冻土或地下冰的融化而形成,由于湖水向周边多年冻土传递热量而持续扩张。以青藏高原北麓河地区一个热融湖的信息和冻土监测资料为基础,运用柱坐标系下伴有相变的热传导模型模拟了以不同的横向扩张速率演化的热融湖湖下融区的发展过程。结果表明：在青藏高原多年冻土厚度为75 m的北麓河盆地,分别以横向扩张速率0.10 m·a^-1、0.15 m·a^-1、0.20 m·a^-1和0.25 m·a^-1演化的热融湖,在湖形成分别达760 a、703 a、671 a和652 a时,湖下形成贯通融区,相应的多年冻土从上向下融化的平均速率分别为8.22 cm·a^-1,8.89 cm·a^-1,9.31 cm·a^-1和9.74 cm·a^-1。热融湖的横向扩张速率对湖下的融区发展和土壤热状况有重要的影响,在现场调查资料的基础上选取正确的热融湖横向扩张速率是热融湖对多年冻土热状况作用数值模拟研究的必要前提。     

多年冻土区热融湖研究现状与展望

热融湖是多年冻土区地下冰融化形成的典型地貌单元,热融湖及其变化对多年冻土热状态、水文过程、生态环境、冻土工程稳定性等有着重要的影响. 热融湖还是重要的温室气体源,与全球气候系统存在着复杂而显著的互馈过程,是气候与环境变化的指示器. 因此,开展热融湖的相关研究是近年来冻土学研究的热点之一. 通过文献综述,从以下方面评述了热融湖研究的现状与进展：1) 热融湖形态特征及其演化过程;2) 热融湖热状况及其热效应研究;3) 热融湖和多年冻土区土壤-植被生态系统的相互作用研究;4) 热融湖对大气中温室气体的贡献. 最后,讨论了该领域目前面临的主要问题,提出了应在热融湖演化的基础理论、动态变化过程的预测、热融湖的冻土水文效应、区域尺度热融湖与冻土、生态、水文和气候耦合过程的综合等方面进一步开展研究,为定量预测和评价冻土区热融湖环境工程效应,应发展不同尺度的计算模型.     

青藏高原热喀斯特湖与多年冻土的相互作用

为深入理解热喀斯特湖与多年冻土间的相互作用,本文以青藏高原北麓河盆地典型热喀斯特湖区域为例,构建考虑热传导和热对流过程的水-冰-热耦合模型,对热喀斯特湖作用下的多年冻土退化特征及热喀斯特湖的水均衡进行模拟,计算地质环境和气候变暖对热喀斯特湖水均衡和冻土的影响。研究结果表明：热喀斯特湖周围冻土逐步退化并形成贯穿融区,导致地下水循环模式发生改变;在地表温度作用下,形成的活动层厚度为3.35 m;热喀斯特湖在整个模拟时段内表现为负均衡,其排泄量在285～388 a间显著增加;地层渗透性能决定了热喀斯特湖和生态环境的发展方向;气候变暖加速多年冻土向季节冻土转变。研究结果可为进一步认识寒旱区生态水文过程提供科学依据。     

Study on Environmental and Hydrological Effects of Thermokarst Lakes in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Thermokarst lake is the most visible morphologic landscape developing during the process of permafrost degradation, and it is still an international hot topic in permafrost research. The climate warming, and the consequent degradation of the permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau aggravate thermokarst lake development. The permafrost is normally considered as an aquiclude, and the permafrost degradation, especially when the permafrost is completely thawed by a thermokarst lake, might influence regional ground water. Therefore, a research program focusing on environmental and hydrological effects of thermokarst lakes in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was started and supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The work proposed by the application includes: To analysis the spatial and temporal distribution rule of thermokarst lakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor (QTEC) under the climate change and engineering activities, and to evaluate the ecological environment effects through remote sensing and field investigation; to reveal the main factors influencing a typical thermokarst lake and its hydrothermal condition, and to elucidate the conversion relationship between the thermokarst lake and the groundwater with hydrological and isotope tracer tests; to make an analysis of the influences of different lake stage and size on regional permafrost, hydrological conditions and ecological environment through numerical simulation and statistical modelling, considering the relationships between the thermokarst lake and the ground water level. The research results will help to accurately assess regional permafrost ecological environment evolution and trend prediction, and to reasonably understand the impact factors of the permafrost hydrological evolution and its response mechanism to the ecological environment in the river source regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this paper, the research status analysis, the main research contents, research objectives and prospects were introduced so as to provide some references for related researchers and engineers.