The role of zooplankton fecal pellets in the sedimentation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Dabob Bay,Washington

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compositions were determined in plankton, sediment-trap-collected particulate material and sediment cores from Dabob Bay using a high performance liquid Chromatographie (HPLC)/fluorescence technique. The annual flux of individual PAH measured in a series of sediment traps was compared with the flux of corresponding compounds determined from ²¹⁰Pb dated bottom sediments. Systematic seasonal variations in the fluxes and concentrations of PAH, Al and organic carbon in the trap-collected particulates and seasonally collected plankton were also investigated to determine whether or not PAH are associated with either terrestrial or marine-derived materials.Concentrations of all PAH studied increased tenfold within the last 80–100 yr of sediment deposition, except for perylene which displayed a reasonably constant concentration profile. This suggests at least two sources contribute to the observed sedimentary PAH compositions in Dabob Bay, i.e., anthropogenic combustion and a natural source. Plankton and sediment trap-collected particulates contained PAH mixtures qualitatively similar to underlying surface sediments. Microscopic examination indicated fecal pellets were the major form of particulate material in the sediment traps. The fecal pellets collected in the sediment trap time series quantitatively account for essentially 100% of the PAH fluxes measured in the ²¹⁰Pb dated sediments, implying Zooplankton fecal pellets control the removal of PAH to Dabob Bay sediments. These measurements provide clear evidence that the PAH studied are not produced after sediment deposition. The observed seasonal covariations of PAH and Al in both sediment trap and plankton samples further indicate that PAH originate from terrestrially-based sources, are introduced into the marine environment by runoff and erosion or atmospheric deposition and are not produced by marine plankton.     

Turbidity as a proxy for total suspended solids (TSS) and particle facilitated pollutant transport in catchments

Transport of hydrophobic organic pollutants in rivers is mainly coupled to transport of suspended particles. Turbidity measurements are often used to assess the amount of suspended solids in water. In this study, a monitoring campaign is presented where the total concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the amount of total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity was measured in water samples from five neighboring catchments in southwest Germany. Linear correlations of turbidity and TSS were obtained which were in close agreement to the literature data. From linear regressions of turbidity versus total PAH concentrations in water, mean concentrations of PAH on suspended particles could be calculated and these varied by catchment. These values furthermore comprise a robust measure of the average sediment quality in a given catchment. Since in the catchments investigated in this study, PAH concentrations on suspended particles were stable over a large turbidity range (1–114 Nephelometric Turbidity Units), turbidity could be used as a proxy for total PAHs and likely other highly hydrophobic organic pollutants in river water if the associated correlations are established. Based on that, online monitoring of turbidity (e.g., by optical backscattering sensors) seems very promising to determine annual pollutant fluxes.     

Sediment-water column exchange of persistent organic pollutants (PAH<Subscript>s</Subscript> and PCB<Subscript>s</Subscript>) and their transport vector in El Bey watershed,Tunisia

El Bey river, which drains 60% of the pollutant load of several urban cities in the northeast of Tunisia, provides a good example of the transfer of organic and metallic pollutants that result from industrial and urban activity, and can be used to show how these charges are transported and discharged into the Gulf of Tunis. Persistent organic pollutants (PAH and PCB) in dissolved, particulate matter, bed sediments, and three wastewater effluents in El Bey watershed were analyzed. PAH (∑14PAHs) concentration ranged from 0.248 to 9.955 mg L^?1 and from 0.836 to 28.539 mg L^?1 in dissolved and particulate fraction respectively. The particulate/dissolved partition coefficient value (Kd) was less than one which confirmed the affinity of PAH to be adsorbed. In sediment, the high-molecular weight PAHs were found principally with percentage between 50 and 100% witch present 239.99 to 5362.19 μg kg^?1, which is relatively higher in comparison with other estuaries river. Contrary to PAH patterns, PCB were bound to dissolve fraction. Kd _(PCB) value (Kd?>?1) reflected this affinity which is related to environment energy. The spatial distribution and profile of analyzed organic pollutants confirmed the direct impact of wastewater effluent on the organic pollution level in three compartment of El Bey watershed and his profiles suggested different transport patterns.     

Assessment of organic pollutants (PAH and PCB) in surface water: sediments and shallow groundwater of Grombalia watershed in northeast of Tunisia

Toxic organic compounds in wastewater are serious threats for both human and environment healthy states. This study investigates the potential sources of surface water, sediment and groundwater pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) as discharged by wastewater into the River of Oued El bey in northeastern Tunisia. Analysis indicates that the concentration of PAHs and PCBs are high in wastewater and vary from 0.37 to 0.83 mg/L and from 0.28 and 1.18 mg/L, respectively. The spatial distribution of PAHs and PCB in surface water showed a variation between 0.37 to 9.91 mg/L and between 0.1 to 0.47 mg/L, respectively. However, the quality of surface water is changed after wastewater evacuation at Oued Tahouna. The determination of PAH and PCB pollutants in groundwater shows a great interest in the development of water resources. The Concentration of these pollutants varying from 0.0204 to 1.93 mg/L and from 0.0052 to 0.196 mg/L, respectively. For PAH, analysis reveals also that naphtelene, fluorene, anthracene and chrysene are the most detected PAHs compounds in water and sediment samples while benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene are less present and in trace level. Higher concentrations of PAHs and PCBs are found in samples taken close to industrial areas of Bouargoub and Soliman, and wastewater discharge locations in Soliman. Analysis of the spatial distribution of PAHs and PCBs clearly link their higher concentration in water and sediments to wastewater and manufacturing discharges in the study area. In surface sediment, the organic pollutants are present. The cluster analysis for organic pollutants in different state and different matrix highlight a relationship between the wastewater evacuation and the water qualities which confirmed the direct response of the pollution sources on the surface water and groundwater organic pollution quality.     

Distribution and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of different tropical water ecosystems in Niger Delta,Nigeria

Sediments are considered as suitable matrices to study the contamination levels of aquatic environment since they represent a sink for multiple contaminant sources. In this study, the influence of sediment characteristics on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and its potential risk in euryhaline, freshwater and humic aquatic bodies of Douglas/Stubbs creek, Ikpa River and Eniong River, respectively, were investigated. The level of PAHs in sediment was quantified using GC–MS, while sediment properties including total organic carbon (TOC) content and grain size were determined by the wet oxidation and hydrometer methods, respectively. The results revealed that the total levels of PAHs in sediment varied significantly between the euryhaline, freshwater and humic freshwater ecosystems. In Ikpa River freshwater ecosystem, a total PAHs load of 1055.2 ng/g was recorded with the suites concentration ranging from 13.0 ng/g (for acenaphthylene) to 161 ng/g (for pyrene). The humic ecosystem of Eniong River had a total PAH load of 11.06 ng/g, while the suites level recorded ranged from 0.04 ng/g for acenaphthene to 2.65 ng/g for chrysene. The total level of PAHs detected in the euryhaline Douglas/Stubbs creek was 14.47 ng/g, and suite concentrations varied between 4.27 ng/g for naphthalene and 5.13 ng/g for acenaphthylene. This shows variation in quantity and quality of PAH contaminants with the nature of ecosystems. It implies complex and diverse contamination sources as well as different capabilities to recover from PAH contamination. Correlation analysis has shown that sediment particle and TOC content influenced PAHs burden in bottom sediments, but the effects varied with the molecular weight of PAHs and the nature of the ecosystems. The TOC was the most significant determinant of PAHs load and distribution in sediment of the freshwater Ikpa River and euryhaline Douglas/Stubbs but had little or no influence in the humic sediment of Eniong River, while the influence of particle size was generally indefinite but slightly associated with PAHs accumulation in the euryhaline sediment. Generally, the total PAH levels (11.0–1055.2 ng/g) recorded were low and below the allowable limit for aquatic sediments. The ecological risk assessment revealed that these levels were lower than the effects range low and effects range medium values. This indicates no acute adverse biological effect although the accumulation of PAHs in freshwater ecosystem of Ikpa River may pose ecological risks as most of the carcinogenic PAH suites had relatively high pollution indices compared to other ecosystem types studied.     

Effects of estuarine organic matter biogeochemistry on the bioaccumulation of PAHs by two epibenthic species

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) were quantified in sediments from two sites in southeastern Louisiana in a 14 d microcosm study usingPalaemonetes pugio, andRangia cuneata and two radiolabeled PAHs, phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene (b[a]p). For both PAHs studied, mean BSAFs were significantly higher (p<0.0001) in both organisms in sediments from Bayou Trepagnier, (BSAF=0.628 g OC g TLE⁻¹), a brackish swamp, compared to Pass Fourchon (0.065 g OC g TLE⁻¹), a coastal salt marsh. In order to explain observed patterns in BSAFs, organic carbon-normalized PAH distribution coefficients between the sediment and freely dissolved phases (K_OC)_OBS were determined as well as the various geochemical variables of particulate and dissolved organic matter (POM and DOM, respectively). These included analyses of particle surface area, total organic carbon (TOC), carbon to nitrogen ratios (C∶N), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Bayou Trepagnier was higher in surface area, TOC, C∶N, as well as DOC suggesting that the difference in BSAFs may be attributed to compositional differences in POM and DOM between sites. We can not exclude the possibility that other factors (such as differences in organism behavior resulting from contrasting sediment characteristics) were responsible for BSAFs varying between the two sites. Phenanthrene BSAFs were typically higher than b[a]p BSAFs, suggesting contaminants were limited in their desorption from sediment particles as a function of PAH molecular weight. Mean BSAFs for both PAHs were higher on Day 7 than on Day 14. The reason for this decrease is unclear, but did not appear to be due to organisms becoming increasingly stressed in the microcosms. Visual observations indicated that animals remained feeding while no decreases in organism total lipid levels were detected. The trends in BSAFs between sites and over the time course of this experiment suggest that contaminant bioaccumulation in estuarine systems should not be considered to be an equilibrium process.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Recent lake sediments—I. Compounds having anthropogenic origins

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sediment cores from Lake Lucerne, Lake Zürich, and Greifensee, Switzerland, and Lake Washington, northwest U.S.A., have been isolated, identified and quantified by glass capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Surface sediment layers are greatly enriched in PAH—up to 40 times—compared to deeper layers. In addition, concentration increases in upper sediments generally correspond to increasing industrialization and urbanization in the catchment basins of the lakes. Few PAH could be detected in pre-industrial revolution sediments, indicating that background levels for most PAH in aquatic sediments are extremely low.These results are consistent with an anthropogenic source for most of the aromatic hydrocarbons present in the modern sediments. A comparison of PAH distributions in the sediments and in possible source materials shows that urban runoff of street dust may be the most important PAH input to these lacustrine sediments. There is evidence that a significant contribution to the PAH content of street dust comes from material associated with asphalt.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an anoxic sediment core from the Pettaquamscutt River (Rhode Island,U.S.A.)

Fifteen sections from an anoxic sediment core were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Two types of PAH were observed: (a) those from combustion sources such as pyrene and chrysene and (b) those from natural sources such as retene and perylene. The combustion PAH levels in core sections dated between 1900 and 1970 were much higher than in earlier sections; this indicated an anthropogenic origin of these PAH at this location. The perylene and retene core profiles show significant anomalies during the period 1850–1880. Organic carbon does not fluctuate markedly but δC-13 of organic carbon shows several unexplained excursions; one of which correlates with the perylene and retene anomalies.     

Biogenic and abiogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from two remote Adirondack lakes

Sediment cores from Sagamore Lake and Woods Lake in New York State's Adirondack Park, an area remote from industrial activities, were analyzed for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Their composition and distribution with depth in the sediment indicate that the parental PAH in the surface sediments are primarily produced by anthropogenic combustion of fossil fuels. Perylene in deep sediments is apparently transformed from natural precursors in the reducing environment, however, the exact precursors remain unknown. The rather even sediment distributions of the non-parental PAH differ from the parental, suggesting biogenic origins. Based on their chemical structures, retene and alkylated and partially hydrogenated phenanthrenes are believed to be biogenically converted from abietic acid; hydrochrysenes and hydropicenes, from pentacyclic triterpenes.     

Anomalous behaviour of uranium isotopes in coastal marine environment of the west coast of India

During the last few years, a remarkable anomaly between ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U activities has been observed in the top layers of the coastal sediments along the western region of the Indian sub-continent. Sediment samples from Bombay (19°N, 73°E) to Kottilppad (8°N, 77°E) were leached with saturated ammonium carbonate solution to extract uranium isotopes from the surface layers of the sediment particles without attacking the mineral cores. The ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios in these leachates are in the range of 1.12–1.14 while ²³⁵U/²³⁸U activity ratio is 0.046 which is the same as for other natural uranium.

The surface organic matter from the sediment particles was removed by treatment with hydrogen peroxide in presence of 0.05 M hydrochloric acid. ²³⁴U/²³⁸U and ²³⁵u/²³⁸U activity ratios in the extract and the residues were determined.

It is observed that disequilibrium between ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U exists only on the surface of sediment particles. ²³⁴U/²³⁸U on the surface of the sediment particles is the same as in the ambient water and as the surface organic matter is removed from the particle surface, the cores show equilibrium activities.     

Source apportionment of elevated PAH concentrations in sediments near deep marine outfalls in Esquimalt and Victoria,BC, Canada: Is coal from an 1891 shipwreck the source?

Previous studies have suggested that coal from the 1891 shipwreck of a collier off Victoria, BC, Canada is responsible for elevated parent (unsubstituted) PAH concentrations in sediments near deep marine outfalls from Esquimalt and Victoria in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. To resolve this question, we analysed a comprehensive suite of resolved and unresolved complex mixture (UCM) alkanes, tricyclic terpane, hopane and sterane biomarkers, and parent and alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in samples of coal, wastewater and sediments. Composition patterns, principal components analysis (PCA) models and PAH and biomarker ratios all indicate that coal from the collier does not make a dominant contribution to any sediment sample. Mass balance calculations based on the n-C₂₄ content and 24/4 tetracyclic terpane to 26/3R tricyclic terpane ratio in coal provide a particularly good match between predicted and observed alkyl PAH concentrations for sediments with high alkyl naphthalenes and phenanthrene/anthracenes and low UCM, but the predicted coal contribution substantially underestimates the measured parent PAHs for all sediment samples. Methylbenz[a]anthracene/chrysene profiles for sediments with a dominance of parent PAHs are very close to coal tar, with a marked predominance of methylbenz[a]anthracenes and the possible 10-methylbenz[a]anthracene as a major constituent, while the methylchrysenes predominate in coal. Hence, coal from the collier could account for most alkyl PAHs in the sediments, but dredged sediment containing pyrolised coal waste from a former coal gas plant in Victoria Harbour is a more likely source for the samples with elevated parent PAHs. PAH ratios indicate that these sources are superimposed on combustion PAHs introduced by a combination of atmospheric deposition and delivery via stormwater and the outfalls. Parent PAH distributions also suggest that PAHs in wastewater that originate from oils and soot in liquid fossil fuel combustion are dispersed and degraded, while the larger wood char particles (containing PAHs more protected from degradation) settle closer to the outfalls. Overall, results suggest that PAHs have predominant sources in wood combustion, coal and possibly coke, with a likelihood of much lower bioavailability than would be expected from wastewater dominated by oils and soot from vehicle combustion.     

Models of natural organic matter and interactions with organic contaminants

Adsorption of organic contaminants onto soils, sediments and other particulates has the potential to be a major controlling factor in their bioavailability, fate and behavior in the environment. Models for estimating the amount and stability of sorbed organic contaminants based on the fraction of organic carbon in a soil or sediment can oversimplify the process of sorption in the environment. In order to help understand sorption of organic contaminants in soils and sediments, we modeled various components of natural organic matter (NOM) that are possible substrates for sorption. These substrates include soot particles, lignin, humic and fulvic acids. The molecular scale interactions of selected aromatic hydrocarbons with different substrates were also simulated. Results of the simulations include the 3-D structures of the NOM components, changes in structure with protonation state and solvation and the sorption energy between PAH and substrate. This last parameter is an indicator of the amount of contaminant that will sorb and the energy required to free the contaminant from the substrate. Although the simulation results presented in this paper represent a first-order examination of NOM and contaminant interactions, the findings highlight a number of essential features that should be included in future molecular models of NOM and contaminant sorption.     

大气污染物向海洋的输入及其生态环境效应

纵观20年来，特别是近几年来逐渐成为生物地球化学循环研究热点之一的大气对海洋物质输入的研究，从大气物质入海通量，大气物质入海对海洋生态系统和环境的影响，大气物质入海的科学研究计划和项目等方面分析了这一领域的研究现状和未来趋势。给出了不同海区各种主要大气入海物质的通量或在同类物质入海总量中的比例，讨论了氮、磷、铁等营养物质和持续性有毒污染物，如PAH、PCBs、杀虫剂和重金属对海洋生态系统和环境的不同影响。     

Sources of sedimentary humic substances: vascular plant debris

A modern Washington continental shelf sediment was fractionated densimetrically using either an organic solvent, CBrCl₃, or aqueous ZnCl₂. The resulting low density materials (<2.06 g/ml) account for only 1% of the sediment mass but contain 25% of the sedimentary organic carbon and 53% of the lignin. The C/N ratios (30–40) and lignin phenol yields ($\text{Λ = 8}$) and compositions indicate that the low density materials are essentially pure vascular plant debris which is slightly enriched in woody (versus nonwoody) tissues compared to the bulk sediment. The low density materials yield approximately one-third of their organic carbon as humic substances and contribute 23% and 14% of the total sedimentary humic and fulvic acids, respectively. Assuming that the lignin remaining in the sedimentary fraction is also contained in plant fragments that yield similar levels of humic substances, then 50% and 30% of the total humic and fulvic acids, respectively, arise directly from plant debris.Base-extraction of fresh and naturally degraded vascular plant materials reveals that significant levels of humic and fulvic acids are obtained using classical extraction techniques. Approximately 1–2% of the carbon from fresh woods and 10–25% from leaves and bark were isolated as humic acids and 2–4 times those levels as fulvic acids. A highly degraded hardwood yielded up to 44% of its carbon as humic and fulvic acids. The humic acids from fresh plants are generally enriched in lignin components relative to carbohydrates and recognizable biochemicals account for up to 50% of the total carbon. Humic and fulvic acids extracted directly from sedimentary plant debris could be responsible for a major fraction of the biochemical component of humic substances.     

A Study of Pretreatment Methods for Terrigenous Grain-Size Analysis of Marine Sediments

The prerequisite for obtaining variations of terrigenous grain-size of marine sediments is how to effectively remove non-terrigenous matters and preserve terrigenous particles synchronously. Combined with observations under biological microscope and scanning electron microscope, a comparative study of biogenic debris removal effect and terrigenous grain-size analysis under different pretreatment condition was performed on core sediments, which were retrieved in the South China Sea during the MD190 cruise. Our new results showed that the main three biogenic particles, namely, organic matter, carbonate, and opal in marine sediments could be removed effectively by 30% H₂O₂ in a stirring water bath at 60 ℃ for 3 h, 0.5% HCl for 1 h, and 2 mol/L Na₂CO₃ in a stirring water bath at 85 ℃ for 5 h, in turn. Such pretreatments achieved the goals of biogenic debris removal efficiency and relatively well-preserved terrigenous particles. Prior to selecting an appropriate pretreatment method, this study suggested that the actual effects of biogenic detritus on grain-size results of diverse marine sediment samples should be taken into account. If the laboratory data are ensured to be closer to the natural grain-size distribution of terrigenous particles, the removals of all biogenic debris are not always needed, and the less pretreatment processes the better. For example, opal particles have little effect on terrigenous grain-size distribution when their percentage is lower than 2%. Thus, there is no use to remove them from marine sediments before laboratory grain-size analysis of terrigenous particles. Additionally, ultrasonic is not suggested through the whole process of terrigenous grain-size analysis because the strong energy of ultrasonic can lead to the fragmentation of some fragile terrigenous particles.     

Sources and pathways of natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons into the natural dump Arkona Basin (southern Baltic Sea)

 Surface sediments, suspended particulate matter and fluffy-layer material, collected in the Arkona Basin and the Pomeranian Bay during 1995–1997, as well as air particulate matter, collected on the island of Rügen during August 1995, were analysed for total organic carbon content, saturated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The resulting concentrations and distributions of these compounds and molecular PAH ratios are discussed in terms of matrix, origin of the organic matter and seasonal variations. The data show that the Oder river can be identified as a major source for PAH transported into the southern part of the Arkona Basin. A strong atmospheric input of PAH is noted for the central and northern part of the basin. In general, anthropogenic and bacterially degraded hydrocarbons bound to organic carbon-rich and small particles are mainly deposited in the basin center, whereas their natural counterparts accumulate mainly on the basin flanks covered by coarser grained sediments. Received: 2 March 1999 · Accepted: 8 June 1999     

Factors affecting pore water hydrocarbon concentrations in Puget Sound sediments

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and aliphatic hydrocarbon concentrations have been determined for sediments and associated pore waters collected at 2 sites (11 stations) in Puget Sound, Washington (northwest U.S.A.). These sediments have been contaminated to varying degrees by hydrocarbons from a creosote plant and from various combustion sources. PAH were not detected in pore waters of sediments whose PAH were primarily derived from combustion and natural sources, even though pore water concentrations predicted from sediment concentrations and two-phase equilibrium partitioning models were above detection limits from most PAH. Equilibrium partition coefficients calculated from field aqueous and solid phase data from an area contaminated with creosote agreed with laboratory-derived coefficients to within a factor of ± 4. Pore water concentrations of creosote-derived aliphatic hydrocarbons increase with increasing concentration in bulk sediments. However, pore water concentrations of natural and contaminant aliphatic hydrocarbons are much higher than predicted by solubility data, possibly due to association with nonfilterable dissolved organic matter and colloids. Other major factors controlling hydrocarbon pore water concentrations include differential hydrocarbon sources, specific particle associations and solubility.     

Organic–mineral interactions in marine sediments studied using density fractionation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Interactions between organic matter (OM) and minerals are important for the preservation of organic material in marine sediments. Recent evidence suggests that these interactions may not be due to protection of the organic matter via simple sorption to minerals, but rather that the organic matter is acting as a glue between mineral particles resulting in aggregate formation. Density fractionation into multiple density intervals is a powerful approach for looking at the patchy nature of organic matter distribution (Bock, M.J., Mayer, L.M., 2000. Mesodensity organo-clay associations in a near-shore sediment. Marine Geology 163, 65–75), because isolates with varying organic matter loadings can be obtained. The aggregate surfaces can be examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), because this technique is restricted to the top 10 nm of the sample surface. XPS gives quantitative information on all the elements on the surface (except H and He) and, in addition, gives information on the chemical bonding of carbon and nitrogen. We used these techniques, along with more standard geochemical tools (CHN, surface area and amino acid analyses), to study a sediment sample of high organic matter content from the oxygen deficient zone off the western coast of Mexico. We found that amino acid composition indicates that the fractions get progressively more degraded as density increases, while the fraction of carbon bonded to oxygen suggests that the oxidation state of the organic matter is similar for all fractions. In addition, the comparison of surface carbon concentrations from XPS and OC:SA suggests that the OM is located in discrete spots on the surface and that as density increases (OC:SA decreases) the organic matter decreases in thickness while retaining the same proportional areal extent.     

南海北部时间系列沉降颗粒的有机地球化学特征及意义

通过对南海北部用大孔径沉积物捕获器采集的时间系列沉降颗粒样品中总有机碳，总氮，氨基酸与单糖组分以及叶绿素等有机组分的分析，揭示了南海颗粒物质中有机组分的主要特征，表明沉降颗粒物质中有机质主要来自近期生长的海洋浮游生物，并进一步推断季风对南海北部沉降颗粒物质通量及有机组分具有重要的控制作用。     

Fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to marine and lacustrine sediments in the northeastern United States

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were measured in dated sediment cores from several sites in the northeastern United States (Lake Superior, Isle Royale, Somes Sound, Hadlock Lower Pond. Coburn Mountain Pond, and outer Boston Harbor). Fluxes of ten PAH were measured for each site for the periods roughly corresponding to the present, 1950, and 1900. Remote sites consistently demonstrated present-day deliveries of individual PAH near 1 ng cm^?2 yr^?1, probably reflecting the atmospheric fallout of these combustion-derived pollutants. Sites located nearer to urban centers showed much greater current inputs (average of 35 ng cm^?2 yr^?1 for most individual PAH), presumably caused by greater fallout of PAH-laden particles nearer their urban origins, augmented by runoff delivery of PAH-contaminated sediments. Differences in the relative abundances of individual PAH at remote-versus-urban locations support suggestions of different delivery mechanisms. The sedimentary historical records of PAH inputs confirm the previous finding that anthropogenic activities began introducing large quantities of PAH into the environment about 80–100 years ago.