磨西河流域泥石流流域形态的非线性特征

泥石流是磨西河流域地质环境演化的一个重要地表过程,研究该流域内泥石流的地貌发育及演化特征可为磨西河流域第四纪以来地质环境的演变提供重要信息.通过对流域51条泥石流沟地貌形态的统计分析发现,磨西河流域内泥石流的分布在空间上表现出明显的不均性,流域内泥石流沟的数量与对应的主沟长度、主沟纵比降及流域面积之间存在着明显的分形现...     

基于DEM的单沟泥石流危险性定量评价

DEM(Digial Elevaion Model)是地貌景观高程信息的数字表达,能够直观的反应地形地貌条件。泥石流形成和运动受其流域地貌条件的制约,流域系统信息是地貌发育状态的定量描述;故其值能够作为描述泥石流危险性的一种定量化指标。该研究在对甘肃南部地区白龙江流域的252条泥石流沟的基本参数统计分析基础上,选取其中45条泥石流单沟;通过DEM数据拟合其沟谷高程—面积抛物线方程,计算单沟泥石流流域面积—高程函数积分S;在缺乏流域其他环境因子参数的情况下,定量化描述泥石流危险性。     

基于DEM的单沟泥石流危险性定量评价

DEM(Digial Elevaion Model)是地貌景观高程信息的数字表达,能够直观的反应地形地貌条件。泥石流形成和运动受其流域地貌条件的制约,流域系统信息是地貌发育状态的定量描述;故其值能够作为描述泥石流危险性的一种定量化指标。该研究在对甘肃南部地区白龙江流域的252条泥石流沟的基本参数统计分析基础上,选取其中45条泥石流单沟;通过DEM数据拟合其沟谷高程—面积抛物线方程,计算单沟泥石流流域面积—高程函数积分S;在缺乏流域其他环境因子参数的情况下,定量化描述泥石流危险性。     

四川都江堰龙溪河流域泥石流成因、特征和危险性评价

在汶川地震影响下,截至2011年龙溪河流域共计有45条泥石流沟暴发泥石流,造成重大经济财产损失.在龙溪河流域泥石流灾害野外调查的基础上,对形成泥石流的地形、降水、物源成因进行了研究,认为物源和降水是激发龙溪河流域泥石流的主要原因.龙溪河流域泥石流具有群发性和小流域暴发性特征,构造带耦合特征,破坏性大和灾害链作用特征.采用MFCAM模型对龙溪河流域泥石流沟进行危险性评价,结果显示有1条沟危险性大,14条危险性中等,30条危险性小.     

四川都江堰龙溪河流域泥石流成因、特征和危险性评价

在汶川地震影响下，截至2011年龙溪河流域共计有45条泥石流沟暴发泥石流，造成重大经济财产损失.在龙溪河流域泥石流灾害野外调查的基础上，对形成泥石流的地形、降水、物源成因进行了研究，认为物源和降水是激发龙溪河流域泥石流的主要原因.龙溪河流域泥石流具有群发性和小流域暴发性特征，构造带耦合特征，破坏性大和灾害链作用特征.采用MFCAM模型对龙溪河流域泥石流沟进行危险性评价，结果显示有1条沟危险性大，14条危险性中等，30条危险性小.     

沟口公路小流域山洪危险性评价——以四川省凉山州美姑河省道公路为例

对美姑河沿线10个小流域山洪灾害对省道公路的危险性进行了评价,得出了山洪高危险性、中危险性和低危险性小流域的分布图件,山洪高危险性和中危险性小流域沟口处的公路路段为汛期高危险路段。利用最新获取的SRTM-DEM数据,基于GIS空间分析技术,提取了美姑河流域及10个子流域的典型地貌参数,综合考虑提取的地貌量化参数与小流域山洪危险性的关系,分级量化了小流域山洪对沟口公路的危险性大小。通过对流域地貌参数的分析,得出流域南北向伸展的狭长外形受区域构造和断层控制,美姑河流域新构造运动活跃,处于侵蚀循环的活跃阶段,与美姑河流域水土流失、泥石流等山地灾害发育的实际情况吻合。     

基于面积?高程和面积?坡度积分的泥石流物质供给能力分析

松散物质是流域侵蚀演化的产物,对于泥石流流域而言,物质供给能力影响着泥石流的易发程度和活动频率。以岷江上游都江堰—汶川部分区域147个泥石流小流域为例,运用面积?高程法和面积?坡度积分对流域地貌演化阶段和侵蚀强度定量划分,并结合地貌演化阶段和侵蚀强度开展泥石流物质供给能力研究。研究结果表明:采用单一的地貌演化阶段或侵蚀强度解释泥石流的易发程度具有一定局限性,泥石流暴发主要集中于壮年期、壮年偏幼年期及侵蚀强度Ⅲ～Ⅴ级;随着物质供给能力的提升,泥石流的暴发率上升,而面积对泥石流的暴发有一定限制作用,初步确定研究区内供给能力处中、强、极强三种水平泥石流流域,其优势发育面积范围分别为:20～35 km2、10～50 km2、10～40 km2;对于物质供给能力水平较高、面积处于优势发育范围内、且长期未有明显泥石流活动迹象的流域,应进一步排查流域松散物质储量和分布特征,确定泥石流活动稳定性,采取合理的防灾减灾措施。     

基于模糊综合评判法分析的岷县洮河流域单沟泥石流危险性评价

针对洮河谷地(岷县段)所处的地质环境和条件的多样性、变异性、复杂性,泥石流沟谷从形成、发展至消亡受到了很多因素的影响,从而形成了这样一个较为复杂的泥石流灾害"模糊"巨系统,本文将模糊数学理论引入泥石流危险度的评价研究中。运用模糊综合评判法,参考国内刘希林、宫雪、陈伟等的相关文献,最后确定了沟谷纵比降、流域相对高差、泥沙沿程长度补给比、冲淤变幅、植被覆盖率等8个因素作为泥石流危险性评判因子,对岷县洮河流域21条泥石流沟做了单沟危险性评价。     

青海某沟谷“8·21”泥石流发育特征及危险性评价

泥石流是山区常见的地质灾害类型之一。位于青海省黄河右岸的某沟谷于2016年8月21日暴发一定规模泥石流,严重威胁流域内生产运营与沟口附近人民生命财产安全。通过现场调查、试验与计算,详细分析了本次泥石流的形成条件、发育特征、激发雨量及形成机制,评价了相关的动力学特征;在此基础上,参照单沟泥石流危险性评价中的评价因子,增加了24 h最大降雨量作为本次泥石流危险性评价指标,采用熵权法对该沟谷泥石流危险性进行了评价。研究结果表明:"8·21"泥石流容重为1. 635 t/m3,为稀性泥石流,一次泥石流冲出总量为3. 89×104m3,属中型泥石流,泥石流危险性值为0. 57,属于中度危险。考虑最大降雨量这一影响因子能较合理揭示泥石流的危险性。 更多还原     

四川省都江堰市龙池地区泥石流危险性评价研究

汶川地震灾区震后泥石流灾害较震前活跃,对灾区泥石流危险性进行评价是灾后重建过程中合理防灾减灾的基础工作。通过研究泥石流灾害事件中的泥石流规模、泥石流沟堆积扇面积及相应的灾害损失等基础资料,提出以泥石流在泥石流沟堆积扇上的平均堆积厚度替代泥石流规模作为主要危险因子的单沟泥石流危险性评价方法。用该方法对汶川震区都江堰市龙池镇龙溪河流域2010年"8.13"泥石流事件中的29条沟谷型泥石流进行危险性评价,评价结果中9条为高度危险,12条为中度危险,8条为低度危险。用以泥石流规模为主要危险因子的单沟泥石流危险性评价方法进行对比评价,2种评价方法中有65.5%的泥石流的危险性评价结果一致。以泥石流沟堆积扇平均堆积厚度为主要危险因子的单沟泥石流危险性评价方法更能突出规模对泥石流综合危险度的贡献,能更好地反映小泥石流流域和小泥石流堆积扇的泥石流在中小规模的泥石流总量下的危险程度。     

岷江上游干扰岸坡主要表生地质灾害分布特征及成因浅析

岷江上游地处我国著名的南北向地震带的中段，因其特定的地质环境导致区内表生地质灾害极为严重。通过对岷江上游（汶川以上）河段的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等表生地质灾害的调查研究，其分布沿岷江两岸具有明显的分段特征与河谷地貌分段基本一致，它们形成发展与特定地形地貌、易崩滑或软弱地层、特殊的构造部位、降雨等密切相关。     

浙江省泥石流发育特征

浙江省地形复杂,山地面积大,暴雨频繁,尤其近年来受台风影响,泥石流等山地灾害频发。本文通过浙江省泥石流的调查成果,综合分析区内泥石流发育特征。通过分析,浙江泥石流主要有如下独特的发育特征:沟床比降大,相对高差小,两侧山坡坡度大,流程短,流域面积小等;地质构造上:泥石流主要发育在全-强风化的火山碎屑岩区域,沿深大断裂成带状分布;泥石流三区特征:三区分界不明显,尤其流通区和堆积区难以区分等。本文初次系统分析总结了浙江省泥石流发育特征,对浙江省泥石流形成机理、泥石流防灾减灾等的进一步分析研究提供了科学的依据。     

Facies of slurry-flow deposits, Britannia Formation (Lower Cretaceous), North Sea: implications for flow evolution and deposit geometry

ABSTRACT Mud‐rich sandstone beds in the Lower Cretaceous Britannia Formation, UK North Sea, were deposited by sediment flows transitional between debris flows and turbidity currents, termed slurry flows. Much of the mud in these flows was transported as sand‐ and silt‐sized grains that were approximately hydraulically equivalent to suspended quartz and feldspar. In the eastern Britannia Field, individual slurry beds are continuous over long distances, and abundant core makes it possible to document facies changes across the field. Most beds display regular areal grain‐size changes. In this study, fining trends, especially in the size of the largest grains, are used to estimate palaeoflow and palaeoslope directions. In the middle part of the Britannia Formation, stratigraphic zones 40 and 45, slurry flows moved from south‐west and south towards the north‐east and north. Most zone 45 beds lens out before reaching the northern edge of the field, apparently by wedging out against the northern basin slope. Zone 40 and 45 beds show downflow facies transitions from low‐mud‐content, dish‐structured and wispy‐laminated sandstone to high‐mud‐content banded units. In zone 50, at the top of the formation, flows moved from north to south or north‐west to south‐east, and their deposits show transitions from proximal mud‐rich banded and mixed slurried beds to more distal lower‐mud‐content banded and wispy‐laminated units. The contrasting facies trends in zones 40 and 45 and zone 50 may reflect differing grain‐size relationships between quartz and feldspar grains and mud particles in the depositing flows. In zones 40 and 45, quartz grains average 0·30–0·32 mm in diameter, ≈ 0·10 mm coarser than in zone 50. The medium‐grained quartz in zones 40 and 45 flows may have been slightly coarser than the associated mud grains, resulting in the preferential deposition of quartz in proximal areas and downslope enrichment of the flows in mud. In zone 50 flows, mud was probably slightly coarser than the associated fine‐grained quartz, resulting in early mud sedimentation and enrichment of the distal flows in fine‐grained quartz and feldspar. Mud particles in all flows may have had an effective grain size of ≈ 0·25 mm. Both mud content and suspended‐load fallout rate played key roles in the sedimentation of Britannia slurry flows and structuring of the resulting deposits. During deposition of zones 40 and 45, the area of the eastern Britannia Field in block 16/26 may have been a locally enclosed subbasin within which the depositing slurry flows were locally ponded. Slurry beds in the eastern Britannia Field are ‘lumpy’ sheet‐like bodies that show facies changes but little additional complexity. There is no thin‐bedded facies that might represent waning flows analogous to low‐density turbidity currents. The dominance of laminar, cohesion‐dominated shear layers during sedimentation prevented most bed erosion, and the deposystem lacked channel, levee and overbank facies that commonly make up turbidity current‐dominated systems. Britannia slurry flows, although turbulent and capable of size‐fractionating even fine‐grained sediments, left sand bodies with geometries and facies more like those deposited by poorly differentiated laminar debris flows.     

A GIS Process for Delimitating Areas Potentially Endangered by Debris Flow

A GIS rules-based approach is proposed for delimiting areas potentially endangered by debris flow for downstream guarded areas. Data were used to define rules for nine pilot areas in the Chen-You-Lan river watershed in Nantou County of Taiwan. A preliminary regressed relationship between debris volume and runout distance in the pilot areas is first formulated. The GIS processes for applying the rules are linked to delimit hazardous areas affected by debris within the first approximated debris fan. Rules applied to delimit potentially endangered areas incorporate geomorphological factors (gradient or curvature, aspect), direction of flow, fan angle of the debris and location of the overflow points. The delimited zone is then calibrated using the regression formula for debris volume against the affected area. The verification of the delineation of the areas using the adopted approach, with reference to micro-geomorphological results concerning pilot cases validates the proposed model. The model can be used to delineate potentially hazardous zones approximately associated with debris flow in rivers in Taiwan.     

灰色关联法在泥石流危险性评价中的应用

选取了一次泥石流（可能）最大冲出量,泥石流发生频率,流域面积,主沟长度,流域相对高差,流域切割密度,24h最大降雨量,松散固体物质储量8个因素作为泥石流危险性的影响因子.运用灰色关联分析法,选取云南蒋家沟泥石流作为参考系列,通过比较泥石流沟之间的相似性来预测其危险性.最后,用于西藏八宿泥石流危险度评价,结果表明此方法是可行的.     

Numerical simulation of debris flow with application on hazard area mapping

A numerical program developed for field application is presented in this paper. We use the generalized Julien and Lan [8] rheological model to simulate debris flows. Due to the derivative discontinuous nature of the constitutive law, flow is separated into plug region and bottom region (with stress greater than yield stress). The program solves the plug flow layer solution first, and then corrects the solution with the bottom layer approximation. Numerical scheme with upwind method and central difference in space and Adam–Bashforth third-order scheme in time is used for both layers. The scheme is tested against analytical solutions and laboratory experiments with very good results. Application to a field case with more complicated geometry also achieves good agreement, with error less than 5% compared to field measurements. The final example demonstrates how this numerical program is used in a preliminary design.     

影响云南省滑坡泥石流活动的几个自然因素

根据1989～2002年云南省滑坡、泥石流调查资料，在单因素分析的基础上，确定地形、岩土体类型、降雨、地震、活动断裂、气候带和植被覆盖率共7个因素是云南省影响滑坡泥石流的主要自然因素。通过R-型因子分析、逐步回归分析和灰色关联度分析，得出对滑坡影响程度由大到小的因子排序是：海拔和高差、地形坡度、地震、活动断裂、岩组、降雨量；对泥石流影响程度由大到小的因子排序是：活动断裂、海拔和高差、岩组、降雨量、地震。     

数量化理论在泥石流灾害预测预报中的应用--以吉林和龙市泥石流为例

和龙市地处长白山脉东北部,地质环境质量较差,区内常有泥石流、崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害发生。该市东城区具备形成泥石流的条件,泥石流发生频繁。2002年7月间,该市境内连降暴雨,日最大降雨量达69.8mm,导致多处暴发泥石流,造成较大灾害。文章根据东城区34条泥石流沟的调查资料,采用数量化理论对泥石流易发程度进行统计分析,建立了泥石流易发程度预测模型。计算获得的预测值与实测值相接近。     

History and Goals of Canadian Debris Flow Research,A Review

Debris flows were first recognized in Canada in the 1940s, however, most studies of the topic have been carried out since the early 1980s. An integral part of this paper is the Bibliography of Canadian Subaerial Channelized Debris Flows that contains 295 citations which are also categorized into various subjects and geographical areas. The bibliography is available on the ``World-Wide Web'. Based on a review of past and current research, eleven priority topics for future debris flow research in Canada are outlined.     

泥石流危险度评价的神经网络法

泥石流危险度的评价计算，对于泥石流治理及减灾防灾对策的确定具有重要意义，影响泥石流危险度的因素复杂且具有胡机和模糊特性，而神经网络的性能特征使其能适用于解决非线性的泥石流危险度评价问题，本建立了相应的评价泥石流危险度的神经网络模型，并利用具体的实例对网络进行训练和测试，计算分析表明，网络模型对于评价泥石流危险度有较好的适用性。