杂色鲍血细胞的分类及显微与超微结构研究

对杂色鲍血细胞进行了显微、亚显微及超微观察,根据细胞大小、特性等将其分为颗粒细胞和无颗粒细胞,颗粒细胞的特征是细胞较大,大多数细胞呈圆形或略呈椭圆形,细胞核呈圆形或卵圆形,细胞大小为11.79±1.09μm,核质比为0.56,细胞内具有均质的大颗粒;无颗粒细胞的特征为细胞圆形或卵圆形,细胞较小,核质比为0.71,包含一个或两个明显的透明细胞质区域,细胞大小为6.37±0.49μm.     

锯缘青蟹前脑神经分泌细胞的超微结构

经透射电镜观察，锯缘青蟹（Scylla serrata)前脑具有3种类型的神经分泌细胞。I型细胞最大，胞质中存在许多大小不同的空泡，分泌颗粒数量很少；Ⅱ型细胞中等大小，细胞器发达，分泌颗粒数量较多，形态多样；Ⅲ型细胞最小，分泌颗粒数量最多，电子密度低，细胞器很少。锯缘青蟹前脑神经分泌细胞的特点，为甲壳动物系统演化处于较低的地位提供了形态学证据。     

4种常见头足类动物的血细胞分类及比较

以长蛸(Octopus variabilis)、短蛸(Octopus ocellatus)、真蛸(Octopus vulgaris)和曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)的血细胞为研究对象,通过光镜和电镜观察对血液中的血细胞形态结构进行比较。根据观察结果,将头足类血细胞分成3种类型:透明细胞,小颗粒细胞和颗粒细胞,但在真蛸血细胞中有一定数量的血细胞其细胞核呈马蹄形,因此将此类细胞独立划为马蹄形核细胞。通过比较发现,曼氏无针乌贼的血细胞与其它3个种存在明显的差异,其胞质内的颗粒数量与性质均与其它3个种有较明显的区别差异。从总体来看,头足类血细胞内含颗粒数量较少,其颗粒的数量与免疫力的强弱无直接关联。通过对比,推断真蛸血细胞中的马蹄形核细胞为透明细胞到小颗粒细胞的中间类型,从而得出此4个类型细胞有从透明细胞→马蹄形核细胞→小颗粒细胞→颗粒细胞的发育进程。     

中国对虾(PENAEUS CHINENSIS)血细胞超微结构、分类及计数

研究中国对虾循环血细胞的超微结构、分类和计数。血细胞分成三类:(1)透明细胞,不含电子致密颗粒;(2)小颗粒细胞,含小的电子致密颗粒;(3)大颗粒细胞,含大的电子致密颗粒。循环血细胞总量平均值为10320个细胞/mm~3。透明细胞、小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞等分别占循环血细胞总量的25.32％、61.79％和12.89％。     

海湾扇贝血细胞形态学比较研究

为给海湾扇贝的细胞免疫学研究提供基本依据,同时采用光镜和电镜技术观察海湾扇贝血细胞的形态特征,并进行血细胞酸性磷酸酶活性的初步分析.结果表明,海湾扇贝的血细胞可分为透明细胞和颗粒细胞2种类型.与透明细胞相比,颗粒细胞数目多,酸性磷酸酶活性高,细胞核呈肾形或卵圆形,核质比低,细胞质内颗粒状物质丰富,颗粒大小不一,可明显分为大颗粒细胞和小颗粒细胞2类.这些特征表明,海湾扇贝颗粒细胞和透明细胞的免疫学功能是明显不同的.     

光裸星虫体腔液细胞的显微和超微结构

利用光镜和透射电镜技术研究了光裸星虫(Sipunculus nudus)体腔液细胞(不包括生殖细胞)的显微和超微结构。结果表明,光裸星虫体腔液细胞密度为(1.73±0.51)×108/mL,可区分为8种类型,包括红细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性颗粒细胞、淋巴样细胞、血栓细胞、网状细胞、盘状细胞和壶状细胞复合体,各类型细胞占细胞总数的比例分别为79.62%、5.23%、1.31%、2.86%、6.77%、1.74%、1.52%和0.94%。各类型细胞中,红细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性颗粒细胞、淋巴样细胞、血栓细胞与其他无脊椎动物血液(体液)中的同类细胞类似。网状细胞、盘状细胞和壶状细胞复合体较为特殊。其中,网状细胞内有很多单层膜包被的空泡,大部分泡内电子密度很低,少数为中等电子密度;部分细胞内具有中间电子密度高、边缘电子密度低的颗粒;网状细胞可能是颗粒细胞释放颗粒后的残余体。盘状细胞表面密布微绒毛,胞质中有1个很大的液泡,液泡内容物电子密度低,有很多细而短的纤维状结构,该细胞的功能尚不了解。壶状细胞复合体由前端的泡状细胞和后端的纤毛细胞构成,能在体腔液中自由"游动",并能分泌粘液黏附各种衰老细胞、外来异物。     

曼氏无针乌贼血细胞形态观察及吞噬性能的研究

用组织学和免疫学方法对曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)的血细胞进行形态观察和免疫活性研究。根据血细胞大小和美兰染色结果,将曼氏无针乌贼的血细胞分为2类:较小的血细胞圆形,直径7.65~8.28μm,细胞核卵圆形,核质比约0.66,约占细胞总数的45.3%;较大的血细胞圆形,直径9.58~10.42μm,细胞核肾形,核质比约0.40,有些细胞具双核,约占细胞总数的54.7%。饥饿乌贼血细胞数量较正常乌贼有明显下降(t-检验,P<0.05),较大血细胞的比例有所上升,可达70%。细菌吞噬试验结果表明,较小血细胞对细菌无吞噬能力,而较大血细胞具有较强的细菌吞噬能力。饥饿组曼氏无针乌贼血细胞吞噬活力稍低,但并无显著差别(t-检验,P>0.05)。对曼氏无针乌贼血细胞形态和功能的研究,为探索曼氏无针乌贼免疫防御机理提供了基础资料。     

中国沿海常见棘毒鱼类的毒性研究──日本鬼鮋背鳍棘中的毒腺结构

于1996年6月—1997年6月,在山东青岛、日照沿海采集日本鬼,采用光学显微镜和电子显微镜技术观察其背鳍棘中毒腺的形态结构,研究其致毒机理。结果表明,日本鬼背鳍的毒腺呈梭形,位于背鳍棘背外侧的两纵沟内,有结缔组织包绕。在毒腺内发现两种类型的细胞：Ⅰ型细胞的胞质为均质状,单核;Ⅱ型细胞胞质内充满颗粒,未见细胞核。两种毒腺细胞均呈多边棱柱体,呈辐射状排列。Ⅰ型细胞胞质电子密度中等,有均匀分布的细小颗粒,细胞内仅见少而散在分布的线粒体和线头状结构;Ⅱ型细胞颗粒为许多囊泡及电子密度不同的颗粒状物质。腺体内下方的组织内有一种小细胞,其胞质内含有溶酶体样结构,其内涵物与Ⅰ型细胞胞质类似。提示该毒腺的细胞不同于哺乳动物的分泌细胞。     

栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri) 血细胞类型及抗菌力的研究

用2种方法将栉孔扇贝血细胞分为2大类透明细胞、颗粒细胞.吉姆萨染色观察,透明细胞的细胞质中颗粒很少,细胞核圆形,居中,细胞质较少,核质比大;颗粒细胞比透明细胞大且多,染色深,但核质比小,在细胞质中有颗粒,有些颗粒细胞具双核.密度梯度离心结果,透明细胞主要位于上层,颗粒细胞则大部分位于下层.吞噬力、抗菌活力、溶菌活力及活性氧检测结果表明,颗粒细胞均强于透明细胞.     

日本蟳血细胞及血液生化指标的研究

以光镜和电镜观察了日本蝠（Charybdisjaponica）血细胞的形态结构,分析了各类血细胞的大小、数量比例及功能,并测定了不同发育时期及饥饿状态的日本蝽血清主要生化指标。结果表明：日本蝠血细胞可分为4种类型,从小到大依次为：无颗粒细胞、小颗粒细胞、中间型细胞和大颗粒细胞;其核质比分别为：53．23％、33．64％...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.