杂色鲍血细胞的分类及显微与超微结构研究

对杂色鲍血细胞进行了显微、亚显微及超微观察,根据细胞大小、特性等将其分为颗粒细胞和无颗粒细胞,颗粒细胞的特征是细胞较大,大多数细胞呈圆形或略呈椭圆形,细胞核呈圆形或卵圆形,细胞大小为11.79±1.09μm,核质比为0.56,细胞内具有均质的大颗粒;无颗粒细胞的特征为细胞圆形或卵圆形,细胞较小,核质比为0.71,包含一个或两个明显的透明细胞质区域,细胞大小为6.37±0.49μm.     

锯缘青蟹前脑神经分泌细胞的超微结构

经透射电镜观察，锯缘青蟹（Scylla serrata)前脑具有3种类型的神经分泌细胞。I型细胞最大，胞质中存在许多大小不同的空泡，分泌颗粒数量很少；Ⅱ型细胞中等大小，细胞器发达，分泌颗粒数量较多，形态多样；Ⅲ型细胞最小，分泌颗粒数量最多，电子密度低，细胞器很少。锯缘青蟹前脑神经分泌细胞的特点，为甲壳动物系统演化处于较低的地位提供了形态学证据。     

4种常见头足类动物的血细胞分类及比较

以长蛸(Octopus variabilis)、短蛸(Octopus ocellatus)、真蛸(Octopus vulgaris)和曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)的血细胞为研究对象,通过光镜和电镜观察对血液中的血细胞形态结构进行比较。根据观察结果,将头足类血细胞分成3种类型:透明细胞,小颗粒细胞和颗粒细胞,但在真蛸血细胞中有一定数量的血细胞其细胞核呈马蹄形,因此将此类细胞独立划为马蹄形核细胞。通过比较发现,曼氏无针乌贼的血细胞与其它3个种存在明显的差异,其胞质内的颗粒数量与性质均与其它3个种有较明显的区别差异。从总体来看,头足类血细胞内含颗粒数量较少,其颗粒的数量与免疫力的强弱无直接关联。通过对比,推断真蛸血细胞中的马蹄形核细胞为透明细胞到小颗粒细胞的中间类型,从而得出此4个类型细胞有从透明细胞→马蹄形核细胞→小颗粒细胞→颗粒细胞的发育进程。     

中国对虾(PENAEUS CHINENSIS)血细胞超微结构、分类及计数

研究中国对虾循环血细胞的超微结构、分类和计数。血细胞分成三类:(1)透明细胞,不含电子致密颗粒;(2)小颗粒细胞,含小的电子致密颗粒;(3)大颗粒细胞,含大的电子致密颗粒。循环血细胞总量平均值为10320个细胞/mm~3。透明细胞、小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞等分别占循环血细胞总量的25.32％、61.79％和12.89％。     

海湾扇贝血细胞形态学比较研究

为给海湾扇贝的细胞免疫学研究提供基本依据,同时采用光镜和电镜技术观察海湾扇贝血细胞的形态特征,并进行血细胞酸性磷酸酶活性的初步分析.结果表明,海湾扇贝的血细胞可分为透明细胞和颗粒细胞2种类型.与透明细胞相比,颗粒细胞数目多,酸性磷酸酶活性高,细胞核呈肾形或卵圆形,核质比低,细胞质内颗粒状物质丰富,颗粒大小不一,可明显分为大颗粒细胞和小颗粒细胞2类.这些特征表明,海湾扇贝颗粒细胞和透明细胞的免疫学功能是明显不同的.     

光裸星虫体腔液细胞的显微和超微结构

利用光镜和透射电镜技术研究了光裸星虫(Sipunculus nudus)体腔液细胞(不包括生殖细胞)的显微和超微结构。结果表明,光裸星虫体腔液细胞密度为(1.73±0.51)×108/mL,可区分为8种类型,包括红细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性颗粒细胞、淋巴样细胞、血栓细胞、网状细胞、盘状细胞和壶状细胞复合体,各类型细胞占细胞总数的比例分别为79.62%、5.23%、1.31%、2.86%、6.77%、1.74%、1.52%和0.94%。各类型细胞中,红细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性颗粒细胞、淋巴样细胞、血栓细胞与其他无脊椎动物血液(体液)中的同类细胞类似。网状细胞、盘状细胞和壶状细胞复合体较为特殊。其中,网状细胞内有很多单层膜包被的空泡,大部分泡内电子密度很低,少数为中等电子密度;部分细胞内具有中间电子密度高、边缘电子密度低的颗粒;网状细胞可能是颗粒细胞释放颗粒后的残余体。盘状细胞表面密布微绒毛,胞质中有1个很大的液泡,液泡内容物电子密度低,有很多细而短的纤维状结构,该细胞的功能尚不了解。壶状细胞复合体由前端的泡状细胞和后端的纤毛细胞构成,能在体腔液中自由"游动",并能分泌粘液黏附各种衰老细胞、外来异物。     

曼氏无针乌贼血细胞形态观察及吞噬性能的研究

用组织学和免疫学方法对曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)的血细胞进行形态观察和免疫活性研究。根据血细胞大小和美兰染色结果,将曼氏无针乌贼的血细胞分为2类:较小的血细胞圆形,直径7.65~8.28μm,细胞核卵圆形,核质比约0.66,约占细胞总数的45.3%;较大的血细胞圆形,直径9.58~10.42μm,细胞核肾形,核质比约0.40,有些细胞具双核,约占细胞总数的54.7%。饥饿乌贼血细胞数量较正常乌贼有明显下降(t-检验,P<0.05),较大血细胞的比例有所上升,可达70%。细菌吞噬试验结果表明,较小血细胞对细菌无吞噬能力,而较大血细胞具有较强的细菌吞噬能力。饥饿组曼氏无针乌贼血细胞吞噬活力稍低,但并无显著差别(t-检验,P>0.05)。对曼氏无针乌贼血细胞形态和功能的研究,为探索曼氏无针乌贼免疫防御机理提供了基础资料。     

中国沿海常见棘毒鱼类的毒性研究──日本鬼鮋背鳍棘中的毒腺结构

于1996年6月—1997年6月,在山东青岛、日照沿海采集日本鬼,采用光学显微镜和电子显微镜技术观察其背鳍棘中毒腺的形态结构,研究其致毒机理。结果表明,日本鬼背鳍的毒腺呈梭形,位于背鳍棘背外侧的两纵沟内,有结缔组织包绕。在毒腺内发现两种类型的细胞：Ⅰ型细胞的胞质为均质状,单核;Ⅱ型细胞胞质内充满颗粒,未见细胞核。两种毒腺细胞均呈多边棱柱体,呈辐射状排列。Ⅰ型细胞胞质电子密度中等,有均匀分布的细小颗粒,细胞内仅见少而散在分布的线粒体和线头状结构;Ⅱ型细胞颗粒为许多囊泡及电子密度不同的颗粒状物质。腺体内下方的组织内有一种小细胞,其胞质内含有溶酶体样结构,其内涵物与Ⅰ型细胞胞质类似。提示该毒腺的细胞不同于哺乳动物的分泌细胞。     

栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri) 血细胞类型及抗菌力的研究

用2种方法将栉孔扇贝血细胞分为2大类透明细胞、颗粒细胞.吉姆萨染色观察,透明细胞的细胞质中颗粒很少,细胞核圆形,居中,细胞质较少,核质比大;颗粒细胞比透明细胞大且多,染色深,但核质比小,在细胞质中有颗粒,有些颗粒细胞具双核.密度梯度离心结果,透明细胞主要位于上层,颗粒细胞则大部分位于下层.吞噬力、抗菌活力、溶菌活力及活性氧检测结果表明,颗粒细胞均强于透明细胞.     

日本蟳血细胞及血液生化指标的研究

以光镜和电镜观察了日本蝠（Charybdisjaponica）血细胞的形态结构,分析了各类血细胞的大小、数量比例及功能,并测定了不同发育时期及饥饿状态的日本蝽血清主要生化指标。结果表明：日本蝠血细胞可分为4种类型,从小到大依次为：无颗粒细胞、小颗粒细胞、中间型细胞和大颗粒细胞;其核质比分别为：53．23％、33．64％...     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.