地震中露天矿复杂构造边坡破坏过程模拟研究

为了解在地震过程中,由急倾斜且具有水平裂隙发育岩体组成的边坡稳定性及其内部破坏过程,使用基于颗粒流理论的PFC3D进行了模拟。利用PFC3D中的JSET和Bonds模拟了非连续和连续的岩体构造形式。施加的震动加速度a分别为0.2 g、0.3 g、0.4 g、0.5 g,得到了在8 s、14 s、20 s和最终稳定时刻的边坡内部裂隙和颗粒位移。对过程中现象进行总结得到:当a较小时,先出现顺坡断裂带,且只有一条;随着a或震动持续时间的增加,出现间距基本相同的逆坡碎裂带,它始于施加震动位置,终于边坡自由面,标志着边坡内部原构造彻底改变。     

区域性节理控制的反倾岩质斜坡水力劈裂破坏机制——以北京“8·11”大安山岩质崩塌为例

以2018年"8·11"大安山反倾岩质崩塌为研究对象,通过对大安山地区区域性节理、崩塌及斜坡结构、危岩体变形特征等进行调查研究,运用水力劈裂理论,剖析大安山崩塌机制。研究结果表明:在区域性节理和差异性风化共同作用下,大安山地区发育大量高20~50 m高陡反倾岩质斜坡,为崩塌灾害发生提供充分条件;同时,节理裂隙网络与强硬岩层的空间组合为降雨入渗、运移、储藏提供了良好的地质条件,当遭遇降雨时,雨水沿岩体裂隙渗流并充满裂隙,在降雨停止后短期内,裂隙受高水头作用仍发生水力劈裂,致使裂隙发生扩展贯通,并最终导致危岩体失稳崩塌。     

南海北部陆坡稳定性定量分析

随着海洋工程的发展,海底滑坡作为一种潜在的地质灾害逐渐成为人们关注的热点.本文采用二维极限平衡法计算并分析了海底斜坡稳定性问题.通过对斜坡模型在各种条件下安全系数的计算,定量分析了斜坡内在因素(如斜坡角度、主要土力学参数)和主要触发机制(地震、快速堆积等)对安全系数的影响.理论计算表明,静态条件下,均质斜坡角度小于20°时,均处于稳定状态;对于含软弱层的斜坡,快速堆积等引起的不排水状态下斜坡安全系数明显降低,斜坡角度大于14°时就会发生失稳.拟静态条件下,当地震动峰值加速度(PGA)小于0.15g时,对于角度小于20°的均质斜坡处于稳定状态,但PGA大于0.25g时,角度大于13°的斜坡即处于失稳状态;对于含软弱层斜坡,PGA为0.1g时,角度大于10°的斜坡即处于不稳定状态;当PGA大于0.3g时,3°以上的海底斜坡即处于失稳状态,发生海底滑坡.结合南海北部陆坡海底地形、地貌特征,在静态条件下,均处于稳定状态;但在地震加载的拟静态下,根据南海北部地震动峰值加速度分布,台湾浅滩段则处于不稳定状态.这解释了该区域大陆坡折带处海底滑坡广泛发育的原因,也表明了地震是引发南海北部滑坡最主要的触发机制之一.     

以某桥台危岩体为例研究危岩体在地震作用时的稳定性

危岩体作为多发性的地震地质灾害,其对工程建设有着重大威胁。地震是引发危岩体破坏的一个因素。在滑移式危岩体、坠落式危岩体和倾倒式危岩体的计算中只考虑了危岩体在地震水平系数为常数的常规状态下的稳定性,而没有考虑在不同地震烈度情况下危岩体的稳定性。简要描述了危岩体的稳定性分析方法,以新疆迪那2井区主干道桥梁四号桥台的危岩体稳定性为例,着重强调了危岩体在不同地震设防水准情况下的稳定性,并进行了计算。     

层状结构岩质边坡动力稳定性试验研究

介绍了所进行的层状结构岩质边坡动力稳定性试验。结果表明，在水平地震动加速度达到0．4g时，层状结构岩质边坡就会出现局部的层间错动现象，当水平地震加速度达到0．8g时，层间结合力较弱的边坡将发生大面积的表面滑动和崩塌。而在铅直地震力作用下，当地震加速度达到1.0g时，才会出现破坏现象。因而对层状结构岩质边坡来说，其水平地震力造成的危害是主要的。     

地震作用下节理岩质边坡稳定性影响因素研究

汶川地震灾害调查表明,在基岩山区地震滑塌主要发育在局部强度相对较大、节理较发育的厚层或块状岩体中.以岩石中含两组节理的岩质边坡为例,输入实际的地震记录,采用离散单元法进行数值模拟,分别探讨坡高、地震烈度、坡角及节理倾角组合对节理岩质边坡稳定性的影响.结果表明:地震作用下坡体中质点的加速度、速度具有高程放大效应;节理岩质边坡稳定性随着坡高、坡角和地震烈度的增加而降低;两组节理不同组合的岩质边坡,其稳定性变化较为复杂,受节理倾角与坡角的关系、节理的倾向、两组节理之间夹角等因素的影响.节理岩质边坡在地震作用下是受拉区逐渐向受剪区扩展而最终导致边坡失稳破坏,是受拉和受剪的复合破坏.上述初步结论为评价山区节理较发育的岩质边坡在地震作用下的稳定性提供一定的依据.     

垂直向地震作用对节理岩体失稳破坏的影响

基于线弹性断裂力学理论分析了垂直向地震作用对节理岩体地震动力破坏的影响。在仅考虑峰值时,最不利的单向地震动加速度方向是水平倾向坡外,双向则依据破裂机制是拉剪或压剪,加速度分别是水平倾向坡外与向下或向上的组合。地震动的幅值、作用方向及双向地震动的组合都可使岩体的破坏机制发生转化,并且是突变的、不可逆的。较低峰值的双向地震动产生的应力强度因子可能大于较高峰值的单向地震动所产生的应力强度应子。在岩体节理分布特征和静态应力场一定的初始条件下,第一个导致岩体中产生破裂的地震动加速度幅值及其方向的组合唯一地决定了岩体不可逆破坏发展的方向、机制及最终的破坏特征,其复杂性远大于静力作用时的情况。对岩体地震动力破坏问题的认识应充分考虑垂直向地震动的重要影响。     

露天煤矿边坡在地震中稳定性研究

以海州矿某边坡为例,研究了在不同地震加速度情况下,边坡内各部分岩体变形和稳定性。使用PFC3D对倾角约为-15°的砂岩层、砂质泥岩层、砂岩层、煤层及基岩由泥岩和砂质页岩组成的剖面地质结构进行建模。为表现上述不同岩体的拉、压、剪的性质,采用不同的接触连接(ContactBond)和平行连接(Parallel-Bond)对颗粒进行设置。同时为表示不同岩层接触面的平行不整合现象对该面附近颗粒进行FISH函数删减,从而达到模拟平行不整合的效果。使用构建后模型在地震动峰值加速度分别为0.1 g、0.2 g、0.4 g、0.6 g的震动波作用下,模拟了20 s内边坡内颗粒运动变形及其边坡滑落情况。研究表明:地震对边坡的横向作用大于竖向作用;在a小于等于0.6 g的20 s震动波作用下,边坡的坡顶是稳定的;当震动加速度过大和时间较长时,坡脚形成空隙现象,这个现象的形成需要a和T在一定的范围内。在形成坡脚空隙的过程中,空隙周边的颗粒会向周围移动,使Z1结构彻底破坏,同时使Z2、Z3、H4结构有复原的趋势。     

含泥化夹层反倾岩质边坡动力响应的大型振动台试验

针对含泥化夹层反倾岩质边坡制作相似比为1∶30的试验模型进行大型振动台试验,研究泥化夹层饱水前(天然含水状态)和饱水状态下边坡的加速度和位移响应规律,探讨边坡的破坏模式。试验结果表明:泥化夹层饱水后坡面水平向加速度放大系数小于饱水前;泥化夹层饱水前和饱水后随着相对高度的增加,坡面水平向加速度放大系数呈现非线性增加的趋势,其整体上大于坡体内部的加速度放大系数;坡面位移从下至上在泥化夹层饱水前,呈现出非线性增长特性;饱水后位移呈先增大后减小,临近坡肩处坡面最大,坡面呈现鼓出形态。泥化夹层饱水前,在幅值为0.3g的地震波作用下坡体仅出现坡肩局部掉块;饱水后,输入地震动幅值≥0.4g时,坡体先出现坡肩的局部掉块,随后坡体沿中上部的饱和泥化夹层滑动剪出,与此同时,坡体中上部出现纵向裂隙并与水平裂隙贯通,坡顶被震碎。     

基于Bishop条分法的多点多向地震动作用下边坡稳定性分析

以人工合成的多点、多向地震加速度时程作为地震动输入,基于Bishop条分法推导了地震边坡稳定安全系数的表达公式。在此基础上,针对某一具体算例,分析了不同地震峰值加速度下的不同坡高边坡稳定安全系数的变化规律,并与单点、单向地震动输入的结果进行了对比。结果表明,对于本文给出的算例,在坡高与地震峰值加速度都相同的条件下,多点、多向地震作用下的边坡安全系数要大于单点、单向作用下的安全系数;当坡高小于30 m、地震峰值加速度小于0.1 g时,多点、多向地震动作用下的边坡安全系数与单点、单向相差不大;当坡高大于30 m、地震峰值加速度大于0.1 g时,多点、多向地震动作用下的边坡安全系数相对单点、单向要小36%以上,此时边坡稳定性评价必须考虑地震动的多点、多向特性。     

基于神经网络的唐山市震害预测

地震反应谱是城市地震小区划的关键，也是房屋抗震设计和减灾的基础。反应谱最大值，即地震影响系数最大值是地震反应谱的最重要参数之一，由于地震影响系数最大值受到场地条件、基岩条件和特殊地质现象等诸多因素的共同影响，相互关系复杂且不能用经验公式简单表示，故地震影响系数最大值的精确计算是困扰科技工作者多年的难题。地震影响系数最大值分布的精细预测，关键在于如何选择基岩指标，以及如何确定基岩条件、场地条件和特殊地质现象等指标的分布与地震影响系数最大值分布之问的关系。根据唐山市具体情况，应用人工神经网络方法建立预测模型，探讨较为准确的地震影响系数最大值分布计算方法，为确定唐山市地震反应谱小区划奠定了基础。     

Earthquake-induced collapse mechanism of two types of dangerous rock masses

As the economy of China develops, an increasing number of key traffic projects have been undertaken in the west of China, where there are high, steep rock slopes. The collapse of dangerous rock masses, especially following a strong earthquake, is one of common geological disasters known in rock slope engineering. Therefore, it is important to study the collapse mechanism of dangerous rock masses induced by an earthquake and the analysis approach of its stability. This study provides a simple and convenient method to determine the collapse mechanisms of two types of dangerous rock masses (i.e. cantilever and upright) associated with the definition and calculation of the safety factor, which is based on the flexure theory of a constant-section beam by combining with the maximum tensile-stress criterion to depict the process of crack propagation caused by seismic waves. The calculation results show that there are critical crack depths in each form of the dangerous rock masses. Once the accumulated depth of the crack growth during an earthquake exceeds the critical depth, the collapse will occur. It is also demonstrated that the crack extension amount of each step is not a constant value, and is closely associated with the current accumulated crack depth. The greater the cumulative crack depth, the more easily the crack propagates. Finally, the validity and applicability of the proposed method are verified through two actual engineering examples.     

Recent applications of sliding block theory to geotechnical design

The sliding block theory was proposed by Newmark for determining the permanent displacement of embankments and dams under earthquake loading. This paper highlights recent applications of sliding block theory to different geotechnical structures. The equations to determine seismic factor of safety, yield acceleration and permanent displacement are given for rock block, soil slope, landfill cover, geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall, and composite breakwater. The presented equations for seismic stability degenerate to that of static stability in the absence of earthquake. The permanent displacement for various structures can be obtained from that of a horizontal sliding block through a correction factor. A simplified procedure is included for the permanent displacement under vertical acceleration. The sliding block approach is rational for design under high seismic load.     

板式支座与铅芯支座连续梁桥振动台试验对比分析

通过对分别采用板式支座和铅芯支座的2座3跨连续梁桥模型进行振动台试验,对比分析了这2类桥梁的动力特性、破坏过程及2种支座对连续梁桥地震反应的影响。研究结果表明：地震波特性对桥梁结构的地震反应有较大影响,在对桥梁结构进行抗震设计时,需选择合理的地震动输入;在地震强度较小时,板式支座的滑动能够起到一定的隔震效果,铅芯支座的隔震性能能得到较好的发挥;在地震强度较大时,铅芯支座的隔震性能不能得到很好的发挥,采用铅芯支座的桥梁地震反应不一定小于普通桥梁;通过合理的设计,2类桥梁都完全可以实现大震不倒的设防目标。     

Energy dissipating restrainers for highway bridges

Recent destructive earthquakes have demonstrated the vulnerability of highway bridges to collapse due to excessive movement beyond the available seat widths at expansion joints. This paper investigates the efficacy of using energy dissipating restrainers at expansion joints for preventing collapse of highway bridges in the event of a severe earthquake. The restrainer consists of a nonlinear viscous damper and an elastic spring connected in parallel or in series. Two-dimensional finite element analysis using bilinear hysteretic models for bridge substructure joints and nonlinear gap elements for expansion joints is performed on example bridges with one or two expansion joints. The analytical study demonstrates that the energy dissipating restrainers are effective in reducing the relative opening displacements and impact forces due to pounding at the expansion joints, without significantly increasing ductility demands in the bridge substructures.     

Seismotectonic Study on the West Part of the Interaction Zone Between Southern Tianshan and Northern Tarim

The interaction zone between southern Tianshan and northern Tarim is located at the northeast side of Pamir. It is a region with high seismicity. We constructed a seismotectonic model for the west part of this zone from geological profiles, deep crust seismic detection and earthquake focal mechanisms data. Based on the synthesized geological features, deep crust structure, and earthquake focal mechanisms, we think that the main regional tectonic feature is that the Tianshan tecto-lithostratigraphic unit overthrusts on the Tarim block. The Tianshan tectonic system includes the Maidan fault and thrust sheets in front of the fault; The Tarim tectonic system includes the underground northern Tarim margin fault, conjugate faults in basement and overthrust fault in shallow. The northern Tarim margin fault is a high angle fault deep in the Tarim crust, adjusting different trending deformation between Tianshan and Tarim. It is a major active fault that can generate large earthquakes. The other faults, such as the Tianshan overthrust system and the Tarim basement faults in this area may generate moderately strong earthquakes with different styles.     

Shaking Table Test Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Bridge Foundation Reinforcement on Slopes

With the fast development of bridge construction in mountainous and seismic areas, it is necessary to conduct related research. Based on the design of a shaking table model test, here are the following test results:the filtering effect exists in soil and is affected by the dynamic constraint conditions, the amplitude is strengthened around the natural frequency and weakened in other frequency bands in the Fourier spectrum. Since the acceleration scaling effect occurred on a sloped surface, the acceleration response decreases from the outside to the inside in soil. The dynamic response is relatively strong near the slip surface in bedrock due to the reflection of seismic waves. The failure mode of landslide is decided by the slope angle and slipping mass distribution, and the test shows the front row stabilizing piles should keep a proper distance from bridge foundation so that seismic resistance can be guaranteed for the bridge foundation.