金龙山-丘岭卡林型金矿床成矿特征

金龙山—丘岭卡林型金矿床产于华北与扬子两地块会聚结合带的扩张海盆复杂岩相古地理沉积环境中。通过海底火山热液作用和生物活动的沉积成矿作用,形成成矿元素初始富集的矿源层。经后期叠加改造地质作用形成工业矿体     

金龙山-丘岭卡林型锑金矿床稀土元素地球化学

金龙山—丘岭卡林型Sb—Au矿床的形成受沉积建造和岩相、剪切变形构造、后生成矿作用3种因素的控制,矿床属沉积—改造成因类型。根据REE含量、组成和特征参数,即REE、Ce/Y、(La/Sm)N、(La/Yb)N、δEu、δCe,探讨了该矿床的稀土元素地球化学及它与金龙山—丘岭矿床形成和演化的关系。     

陕西省马鞍桥金矿床地质特征、同位素地球化学与矿床成因

马鞍桥金矿床产于西秦岭造山带商丹断裂带南缘的E-W向脆-韧性剪切带中,矿体定位受剪切带控制并集中于变形强烈的部位,赋矿围岩为泥盆系浅变质沉积建造。出露于矿区的香沟花岗斑岩脉发生蚀变和金矿化,但未达工业品位。矿化岩石和矿石的铅同位素比值与地层接近,而与香沟花岗岩相异,暗示矿石铅不可能来自花岗岩。碳-氧同位素组成特征显示,成矿流体来源于碳酸盐地层或相似岩石建造的变质或改造脱水作用;从成矿早阶段经主阶段到晚阶段,成矿流体的δ¹⁸O及δD值逐渐降低,指示成矿流体从早阶段的变质热液或地层改造热液向晚阶段的大气降水热液演化。马鞍桥金矿分布于大陆内部造山带中,成矿作用与始于印支晚期的陆内造山作用有关,后者以陆内俯冲、推覆叠置和陆壳变质变形等为特点。马鞍桥金矿床地质特征和同位素地球化学组成与阳山超大型金矿床相似,应为类卡林型金矿床或属介于造山型和卡林型之间的过渡类型金矿床。     

秦岭卡林型金矿床金、砷地球化学探讨

讨论了秦岭卡林型金矿床中Ａｕ 、Ａｓ 的元素地球化学、矿物学特征。在含矿岩系中获得的Ａｕ、Ａｓ 等成矿元素初始含量较高,且主要集中在成岩黄铁矿中。在矿石样品中对含砷硫化物矿物的研究表明,Ａｕ 、Ａｓ 在矿物显微结构中具有强的正相关性。在大量金进入到硫化物结构之前,就已有［ＡｓＳ］３ － 的存在。在含砷硫化物矿物中,金多半以一种带电类型（Ａｕ３ ＋） 存在, 它很可能替代铁位置上的过剩砷, 以固溶体方式沉淀于硫化物矿物中。此时, 黄铁矿构成（Ａｕ３ ＋ ,Ｆｅ２ ＋）（［ＡｓＳ］３ － ［Ｓ２］２ － ）,毒砂构成（Ａｕ３ ＋ ,Ｆｅ２ ＋）（［ＡｓＳ］３ － ［ＡｓＳ］３ －） 。通过电子探针（ＥＭＰ） 和透射电镜（ＴＥＭ） 对秦岭卡林型金矿含砷硫化物矿物中金的赋存状态的研究表明,在金的成矿作用早期阶段, 金主要以固溶体形式优先富集于含砷黄铁矿和毒砂及砷黝铜矿之中,并且认为是以金的氧化和砷的还原的共沉淀方式发生的。在此之后的金成矿作用晚期阶段,由于热液蚀变和结晶作用程度的增高,寄主矿物耐熔性质相对降低,加之金本身的聚集能力,和因过量砷加入而造成的含砷硫化物矿物的晶格缺陷,致使已形成的固溶体金以“出溶”形式发生再分布,赋存于硫化物矿物晶粒     

秦岭造山带沉积岩容矿金矿床地质特征和矿床成因

讨论了秦岭造山带沉积岩容矿金矿床地质背景、地质特征和矿床成因。认为俯冲碰撞过程中形成的浊积岩系是金矿的主要矿源层,在金矿源层原始沉积时,热水沉积起了重要作用。在褶皱造山过程中,金元素发生了活化、再分配,在层间破碎带、构造片理化带、剪切带等处发生了富集。在印支－燕山期岩浆侵入作用的热驱动下,金矿最终在有利构造部位定位,富集成矿。     

西秦岭完肯金矿床载金硫化物矿物学和地球化学特征

西秦岭造山带在晚三叠世期间由华北板块和华南板块碰撞拼合而成。其地质演化历史复杂,岩浆活动频繁,矿产资源丰富,区内累计探明黄金储量大于1 200 t。然而,金矿床成因还存在卡林型、造山型、岩浆热液型和与侵入体相关等多种观点。完肯金矿床金资源量约3.5 t,位于西秦岭造山带西南段,赋存于下三叠统隆务河组浅变质沉积岩中,矿体主要受近EW和NW-SE向断裂控制,主要发育浸染状和细脉网脉状矿化,是区域内典型金矿床,也是理想的研究对象。本文通过开展岩石学、矿相学和载金硫化物地球化学研究,拟查明金的赋存状态,并探讨其矿床成因。研究表明完肯金矿床成矿作用可以分为3个阶段：成矿早阶段为黄铁矿(Py1)-石英-绢云母-绿泥石阶段;成矿主阶段为黄铁矿(Py2)-毒砂-石英-绢云母-绿泥石阶段;成矿晚阶段为石英-方解石-闪锌矿-方铅矿-辉锑矿阶段。电子探针分析数据(已检出的样品)显示黄铁矿金的含量(质量分数)为0.11%～0.24%,毒砂和闪锌矿金的含量分别为0.11%～0.28%和0.16%～0.37%。黄铁矿、毒砂样品中的金含量大多低于检测限,闪锌矿样品中金含量相对较高,70%的测点金含量高于0.15%,...     

卡林型金矿床的特征和成因

卡林型金矿床主要分布在北美大盆地地区科迪勒拉造山带、科罗拉多地台和我国扬子地块西南缘的板内古生代－中生代沉降带和西北缘古生代－中生代冒地槽。具有分布局限、成矿集中的特点，形成许多超大型矿床。金矿床成矿域发育一套大面积分布的巨厚的古－中生代冒地槽建造，同成矿期的岩浆活动和构造活动强烈，有利于形成各种地热体系和流体活动。金矿床往往形成成矿带，单个金矿床的规模大小不一，矿化受构造、围岩和深部流体控制，围岩一般具有还原性质。围岩蚀变为去碳酸盐化、硅化、泥化、硫化物化和重晶石化等。金与砷黄铁矿、黄铁矿及毒砂紧密相关，以次显微金的形式存在。其他矿物为雄黄、雌黄、重晶石、辉锑矿、石英、方解石、含铊矿物以及表生矿物明矾石和黄钾铁矾等。成矿流体中水为大气降水，碳、硫主要来源于矿床围岩和以下岩石，少量可能来源于深部。矿床形成于浅－中等深度。提出了大气降水热液、岩浆热液、变质热液和卤水成矿等卡林型金矿床形成模式，大气降水成因模式能较好解释金矿床的地质地球化学特征。     

南秦岭卡林型—似卡林型金矿床综合地质地球化学特征

笔者将南秦岭卡林型－似卡林型金矿床与与其共生的热水沉积成因铅锌矿床，中国滇黔桂卡林型金矿床、卡林型金矿床命名地美国西部卡林金矿床、乌兹别克斯坦穆龙套型金矿床等进行了地质地球化学综合对比研究，可以发现，这些矿床的形成均与现代板块构造活动机制具有密切耦合关系，属于造山期成矿矿床，它们既具有相似特点：容矿建造属沉积岩型，沉积构造环境具有拉张裂陷性质，均显示同生一叠加改造两次成矿作用的特征；它们又具明显差别；所属大地构造背景不同，造山带组成及结构存在明显差别，叠加改造成矿作用表现的复杂和强烈程度差别较大，造山带区域构造演化与大规模成矿作用是同一大陆动力学过程的不同表现。     

西秦岭地区卡林-类卡林型金矿床及其成矿时间、构造背景和模式

秦岭造山带是世界第二大卡林-类卡林型金矿省,其地质背景与美国西部卡林-类卡林型金矿省明显不同,位于大陆内部的碰撞造山带,而非活动大陆边缘的盆岭省。秦岭卡林-类卡林型金矿主要赋存于板块缝合带及其前陆冲断带的海西-印支构造层中,以泥盆系和三叠系为主,主要岩性为瀉湖-浅海相的含碳细碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造,即碳硅泥岩系;成矿元素为Au-As-Sb-Hg-Ag,缺乏T1,共生矿种为Sb,Hg,Ag,U和重晶石等;成矿温度为160～300℃,流体盐度为4％～10％(NaClcq),压力为5～50MPa,深度约0．5～5km,属于中低温中浅成热液矿床,与内华达卡林-类卡林型金矿一致。成矿流体具有建造水特点,C2H6含量较高,显示了有机流体参与成矿。成矿同位素年龄介于220～100Ma之间,以170Ma为高峰,地球动力学背景属碰撞造山过程挤压-伸展转变期的减压增温体制,成矿构造模式为碰撞造山成岩成矿和流体作用模式。陆陆碰撞过程中,沿龙门山、阿坝-黑水-平青、若尔盖-文县、玛曲-勉县-略阳、白龙江、双河-公馆、凤县-镇安、安康等大型断裂带的陆内俯冲作用不仅导致了西秦岭地壳缩短增厚隆升,而且使俯冲板片变质脱水、熔融,派生成矿流体和相关熔体,流体和熔体的上升到仰冲板片次级构造带,形成了卡林-类卡林型和造山型金矿成矿系统。据此提出,西秦岭深部可能存在潜力巨大的造山型金矿省。     

西秦岭小沟里石英脉型金矿床成矿地质特征及成因

本文通过石英脉Ar_Ar法和花岗岩单颗粒锆石U_Pb法定年、氢氧同位素测定、微量元素测定及含矿岩石中斑点构造显微镜研究 ,结合矿床地质特征和区域地质环境分析 ,探讨了花岗岩与金矿床的关系以及矿床成因。含金石英脉Ar_Ar坪年龄为 197Ma,等时线年龄为 193Ma。大山花岗岩U_Pb年龄为 2 0 1Ma。石英包裹体水的δ18O为 8.15‰～ 12 .82‰ ,δD为 - 5 8‰～ - 77‰ ,热液水来源以岩浆水为主。岩石中发育斑点构造 ,斑点为黄铁矿、绿泥石、石英、黑云母等热液交代蚀变矿物。矿区内脉岩发育 ,组成矿体的上下盘 ,花岗岩体和脉岩含金可达 2 40× 10 -9。大山岩体中心相含金 1.7× 10 -9,边缘相含金 6 .3× 10 -9,从岩体到矿区脉岩含金量增加。研究表明 ,大山花岗岩与矿床有密切的时间、空间及成因关系 ,并提供了热源、水源和部分成矿物质。矿床类型为岩浆热液型     

Geology,Pb Isotope Geochemistry and Ore Genesis of the Liziyuan Gold Deposit,West Qinling Orogen,Central China

The Liziyuan gold deposit, situated on the south side of the Shangdan suture zone, West Qinling Orogen, occurs in metamorphic volcanic rocks(greenschist facies) of the early Paleozoic Liziyuan Group and in Indosinian Tianzishan monzogranite. Orebodies in the Liziyuan gold field are controlled by the ductile-brittle shear zone, and by thrusting nappe faults related to the Indosinian orogeny. In detail, this paper analyzed the geological characteristics of the Liziyuan gold field, and the Pb isotopes of the Lziyuan host rocks, granitoids(Tianzishan monzogranite and Jiancaowan syenite porphyry), sulfides, and auriferous quartz veins by multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(MC-ICPMS). In addition, previous data on the sulfur, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes were employed to discuss the possible sources of the ore-forming fluids and materials, and to further understand the tectonic setting of the Liziyuan gold deposit. The sulfides and their host rocks(Lziyuan Group), Tianzishan monzogranite and Jiancaowan syenite porphyry, and auriferous quartz veins have similar Pb isotopic compositions.Zartman's plumbotectonic model diagram shows that most of the data for the deposit fall near the orogenic Pb evolutionary curve or within the area between the orogenic and mantle Pb evolutionary curves. In the△β-△γ diagram, which genetically classifies the lead isotopes, most of the data fall within the range of the subduction-zone lead mixed with upper crust and mantle. This indicates that a complex source of the ore lead formed in the orogenic environment. The δ~(34)S values of the sulfides range from 3.90 to 8.50‰(average6.80‰), with a pronounced mode at 5.00‰-8.00‰. These values are consistent with that of orogenic gold deposits worldwide, indicating that the sulfur sourced mainly from reduced metamorphic fluids. The isotopic hydrogen and oxygen compositions support a predominantly metamorphic origin of the oreforming fluids, with possible mixing of minor magmatic fluids, but the late stage was dominated by meteoric water. The characteristics of the Liziyuan gold deposit formed in the Indosinian orogenic environment of the Qinling Orogen are consistent with those of orogenic gold deposits found worldwide.     

Ore Geology, Fluid Geochemistry and Genesis of the Shanggong Gold Deposit, Eastern Qinling Orogen, China

Abstract. The Shanggong Au deposit in the Xiong'er Terrane, East Qinling, has reserves of about 30 t Au, making it one of the largest orogenic‐type Au deposits hosted in volcanic rocks in China. The deposit is hosted in the andesitic assemblage of the Xiong'er Group of 1.85?1.4 Ga. Three stages of hydrothermal ore‐forming processes are recognized, Early (E), Middle (M) and Late (L), characterised by quartz‐pyrite, polymetallic sulfides and carbonate‐quartz, respectively. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions are between 380‐320d?C for the E‐stage, 300‐220d?C for the M‐stage and 200‐120d?C for the L‐stage. The composition of fluid inclusions changed from CO₂‐rich in the E‐stage to CO₂‐poor L‐stage. The M‐stage fluid has the highest contents of cations and anions (e.g., SO₄^2‐, Cl¹, K+), the highest (K+Na)/(Mg+Ca) and lowest CO₂/H₂O ratios, which probably resulted from CO₂ phase separation. This, together with the alkaline and reducing conditions, as indicated by highest pH and lowest Eh values, is most conducive to the deposition of polymetallic sulfides and native elements such as Au, Ag and Te. H‐O isotope systematics indicate that ore fluids evolved from deep‐sourced through to shallow‐sourced, with the M‐stage being a mixing phase of these two fluid‐systems. Nineteen δ¹⁸O_W values, from 4.2 to 13.4 %o, averaging 8.1 %o, suggest that the E‐stage fluids derived from metamorphic devolatilization of sedimentary rocks at depth. Comparison of the H‐O isotope systematics between the Shanggong deposit and the main lithologies in the Xiong'er Terrane, shows that neither these nor the underlying lower crust and mantle, or combinations thereof, could be considered as the source of ore fluids and metals for the Shanggong Au deposit. Instead, a source which meets the isotopic constraints, is a carbonaceous carbonate‐sandstone‐shale‐chert (CSC) sequence, which is present in the Guandaokou and Luanchuan Groups in the south of the Xiong'er Terrane. This conclusion is supported by thirteen high δ¹⁸O values of the Meso‐Neoproterozoic strata south of the Machaoying fault, and the high δ¹⁸O_W values calculated for their possibly metamorphic fluids. It can be also supported by previous observation that the Guandaokou and Luanchuan Groups were underthrust beneath the Xiong'er Terrane, during the Mesozoic collision between the Yangtze and Sinokorean continents. Available isotope ages, together with geological field data, constrain the timing of the Au metallogenesis between 250?110 Ma. This metallogenesis and associated granitic magmatism, can be related to the Yangtze‐Sinokorean continental collision that resulted in the formation of the Qinling Orogen. This collision event progressed from early compression (Triassic to Early Jurassic), through middle compression‐to‐extension transition (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous), to late extension (Cretaceous). These three stages in the evolution of the Qinling Orogen form the basis of an ore genesis model that combines collisional orogeny, metallogeny and fluid flow (CMF model). These three evolutionary stages correspond to the three‐stages of ore‐forming fluids of the Shanggong Au deposit. We conclude that the formation of the Shanggong Au deposit is a result of the Mesozoic northward intracontinental A‐type subduction along the Machaoying fault during Yangtze‐Sinokorean continental collision, which led to the metamorphic devolatilization of the CSC sequence, thereby providing both fluids and metals.     

Geochemistry of Pyrite from the Gangcha Gold Deposit, West Qinling Orogen, China: Implications for Ore Genesis

The Gangcha gold deposit was discovered in 2011 in the Xiahe-Hezuo region, West Qinling Orogen, China. Five types of pyrite have been identified in the ore according to the detailed mineral paragenetic studies. Geochemical data are presented for type I pyrite (py1) rim-core zonation and for the different types of pyrite based on in-situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The results show that pyrites are characterized with heterogeneous Au concentrations, which indicate that Au occurs mainly as micro- or nano-particle native inclusions. Time-resolved depth profiles demonstrate that As, Co and Ni occur as solid solutions in pyrite, whereas Cu, Pb, Zn and Ag occur mainly as inclusions. Trace element concentrations differ between rims and cores in py1, and the differences also exist within different pyrite types. These differences indicate complex chemical evolution of the ore-forming fluids, and the overall geology, geochronology, and stable isotope and pyrite data suggest that the ore-forming fluids were closely linked to magmatic activity during the Triassic Period in West Qinling orogenic belt.     

河南祁雨沟金矿同位素地球化学和矿床成因分析

祁雨沟金矿位于华北克拉通南缘的熊耳地体,是典型的爆破角砾岩型金矿。本文全面总结并深入分析了祁雨沟金矿的同位素地球化学研究资料,以氢-氧-碳同位素体系确定成矿流体由岩浆热液向大气降水热液演化,以碳-硫-铅同位素体系厘定成矿物质主要来自岩浆流体系统,以铅、碳同位素确定熊耳地体南侧的中-新元古代地层是不可缺少的成岩成矿物质来源之一。因此认为：在中生代华北与扬子板块碰撞造山过程中,熊耳地体南侧的陆壳板片沿马超营断裂俯冲到熊耳地体之下,通过变质脱水-熔融作用派生了祁雨沟岩浆-流体成矿系统,其成因可由碰撞造山成岩成矿与流体作用模式（即CMF模式）解释。     

Structural Control to the Genesis of Sediment-hosted Disseminated Jinlongshan Gold Orebelt, China

Abstract. Jinlongshan gold orebelt is a newly discovered sediment-hosted gold orebelt in Southeastern Qinling Mountains hosted by Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous sedimentary rocks. The location of the belt is regionally controlled by E-W striking Zhenan-Banyan and Ningshan Faults, which were formed during the Indo-Sinian Orogeny. Circular patterns on TM images indicate that intrusive rocks occur at shallow depths in the Jinlongshan orebelt. Two basic types of disseminated and vein-type mineralization have been recognized. Calcareous siltstone is the most favorable host for disseminated mineralization. Vein-type mineralization is mostly hosted by limestone. Locally vein-type mineralization has envelop of disseminated mineralization.
Gold deposits are distributed north and south of the Zhenan-Banyan Fault zone, and the zone is considered to be the feeder zone and pathway for mineralizing fluids. During the Indo-Sinian Orogeny, magmatic and orogenic fluids may have extracted gold and other elements from underlying Proterozoic rocks and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. The ore solutions evolved continuously with sedimentary rocks until gold was precipitated in appropriate structural sites. Exploration needs to be expanded along the Jinlongshan gold orebelt, focusing on inferred concealed intrusions and calcareous host rocks close to the Zhenan-Banyan Fault.     

四川阿坝地区刷马金矿床地质地球化学特征及成因探讨

通过对刷马地区地质构造、矿床时空演化以及水系沉积物、土壤、岩石地球化学特征的综合研究,结合地质背景和区域地质环境,认为刷马地区金矿床赋存于上三叠统侏倭组变质石英砂岩中,严格受北西向的韧-脆性剪切带控制,与金矿化有关的蚀变主要有黄铁矿化、硅化、碳酸盐化、毒砂化和黄铜矿化,1∶20万、1∶5万水系沉积物和1∶1万土壤均显示有Au、As、Sb、Hg的地球化学组合异常,1∶20万水系沉积物异常显示Au矿矿田范围,1∶5万水系沉积物异常显示矿区位置,而1∶1万土壤异常与矿体展布基本一致,异常带稳定连续、规模大,异常展布受控于韧-脆性剪切带,是有利的Au成矿区,具有巨大的找矿潜力,其矿床类型初步判定为微细浸染型金矿床(卡林型金矿)。     

陕西金龙山卡林型金矿带成矿流体地球化学研究

陕西金龙山金矿的流体包裹体研究表明，成矿流体属于Na^ -Cl^－型；从成矿早期到晚期，流体的氧化性增强，成矿深度逐渐变浅，大气降水混入增多，有机组分增多。石英包裹体的Na^ ,K^ ,SO4^2-,Cl^-以及阴，阳离子总量都高于同期共生的方解石，而Mg^2 和F^－则相反；含铁方解石的δ^13C，δ^18O和包裹体δ^D均低于方解石和石英。用配位化学理论将这些差异解释为同一流体系统水岩作用的结果。氢，氧，碳同位素指示了流体主要来自建造水和大气降水；流体中的碳主要来自围岩地层。     

新疆托库孜巴依金矿床地质特征及成因

新疆托库孜巴依金矿床的地质、地球化学特征以及同位素年龄,氢、氧、硫等同位素测试和流体包裹体研究表明,该矿床经历了热液成矿期和地表氧化期2个成矿期,工业矿体主要富集在热液期的金-硫化物-碲化物-石英阶段。含矿石英脉中黄铁矿的δ(34S)值与围岩硫特征基本相符,具上地幔源δ(34S)分布特征。石英中包裹体氢氧同位素组成落于大气降水线之下,在变质水、岩浆水下部边缘,具混源特征。铅同位素组成落在上地幔和造山带增长线之间偏造山带侧。成矿流体气相成分以水为主,CO2、CO成分很少,液相离子成分以Ca2+,Na+,K+,HCO3-,SO24-为主。流体包裹体的盐度为6.00%～9.44%,密度为0.763～0.922g/cm3。均一温度为275～324,207～273,207～218,191～222℃。托库孜巴依金矿床属于韧性剪切带型金矿床。构造变形作用促使流体萃取了阿勒泰组上亚组第二岩性段变质火山岩或火山沉积岩中的成矿元素,导致金元素在有利的空间形成含金石英脉,后期岩浆侵入活动为金的进一步富集提供了热源和流体。     

黑龙江漠河县八里房金矿床地球化学特征及成因

八里房金矿床位于黑龙江省漠河县西北部,是一个新发现的金矿床。矿体赋存于闪长岩和中侏罗统额木尔河组长石砂岩中,矿石由含金、黄铁矿的长石砂岩和石英细脉组成。岩石地球化学研究表明：闪长岩稀土总量中到低,富集大离子亲石元素(如K、Rb、Ba)和化学性质活泼不相容元素(如U、Th、Pb),相对亏损高场强元素(如Ta、Nb、P、Sr、Ti),球粒陨石标准化稀土配分模式为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的右倾型,具有弱的Eu负异常(δEu平均值为0.8),无Ce异常(δCe=0.9～1.0),元素地球化学性质反映出八里房闪长岩具有岛弧岩浆岩的特征;长石砂岩稀土元素总量(∑REE)变化较大,具弱Eu负异常(δEu平均值为0.8),无Ce异常(δCe=0.9～1.0),为活动边缘砂岩系列。含金石英脉中流体包裹体有气液两相、含CO₂三相和纯CO₂流体包裹体3种类型。气液两相包裹体均一温度为107.9～247.4 ℃,盐度(w(NaCl))为3.05%～8.55%,密度为0.84～1.00 g·cm^-3;含CO₂三相包裹体完全均一温度为269.8～332.7 ℃,盐度为4.41%～10.29%,成矿流体为中低温、低盐度的热液流体体系。基于矿床地质特征、岩石地球化学和成矿流体特征的研究,笔者认为八里房金矿床为造山型金矿床。