基于EPA的重大工程设计地震动确定

根据第四代《中国地震动参数区划图》编制中采用有效峰值加速度(EPA)的特点,结合概率性方法和确定性方法优点,建议了确定重大工程场点设定地震的原则和方法。该方法根据危险一致的原则选定最大贡献潜源,利用震级空间联合分布函数确定设定地震震级、震中距,最后根据震级、震中距和地震动衰减关系确定设计地震动反应谱。     

以反应谱和功率谱密度函数表征的强震运动的统计特性

文中利用我国海城和唐山地震１９０条强震记录和美国西部１３８条强震记录研究了以反应谱和功率谱密度函数表征的强震运动的统计特性。反应谱用最大地面加速度归一化，即表为谱放大系数，功率谱密度函数用金井清谱描述。文中研究了参数的统计值和依赖性，以及谱放大系数和金井清谱参数与场地条件、震源和震中距等之间的相关性，分析比较了中美两国强震运动谱的统计特性，并对我国地震工程应用的强震运动谱的统计参数值的选取提出了建议。     

强震地面运动频谱特性的统计分析

本文利用国内外56次地震的147个重要地面运动加速度记录进行统计回归分析,得到反映强震地面运动加速度富氏振幅谱和伪速度反应谱与地震震级、震中距和记录场地条件的统计关系。这些记录中7级以上大震、震中距小于20公里的近场记录和基岩场地上的记录占有一定比例,统计样本各类数据的分布比较合理。采用场地等效固有周期(以下简称场地固有周期)代替常用的场地分类形式进行统计,在一定程度上克服了场地分类标准不明确的缺点。场地固有周期依据地质钻探资料计算,从而能比较准确地反映与场地特征有关的强震地面运动的频谱特征随震级、震中距和场地固有周期的变化规律,为实际工程应用和抗震理论研究提供可靠的经验公式。     

Statistical Characteristics of Strong Ground Motion Specified by Response Spectrum and Power Spectral Density Function

The statistical characteristics of strong ground motion specified by response spectrum and power spectral density function are studied using 190 strong-motion records of the Haicheng and Tangshan earthquakes in China and 138 earthquakes in the western United States.The response spectrum is normalized by the peak ground acceleration(i.e.,represented as spectral magnification factor),and the power spectral density function is described by the Kanai-Tajimi spectrum.The statistics and dependence of parameters are evaluated,and correlations between the spectral magnification factor or Kanai-Tajimi spectral parameters and the site condition,epicentral distance,or local magnitude are investigated.The statistical characteristics of spectra China and the U.S.A.are compared.Based on the results obtained the values of the statistics on spectral parameters for earthquake engineering applications in China are suggested.     

SMART-1台阵记录的长周期反应谱特性

利用台湾SMART－1台阵的数字强震仪加速度记录分析了同类场地上的地震动长周期分量特性，结果表明：同一次地震震中距基本相同的同类场地加速度反应谱短周期部分有较明显的差别，长周期部分则基本相同；震级和震中距对短周期反应谱影响明显，对长周期反应谱也有一定影响。最后将SMART－1台阳场地的平均谱与新的建筑抗震设计规范修订稿中提出的设计反应谱作了比较。     

2021年5月22日玛多MS 7.4地震地震动特征

为了研究2021年5月22日玛多M_S 7.4地震地震动特征,收集16个强震台的峰值加速度和其中9个台的强震波形数据,利用峰值加速度衰减及反应谱等分析玛多M_S 7.4地震强震动特征。结果表明,多数台站的PGA值都随震中距的增大而平稳下降,PGA的衰减特征与青藏区衰减关系间有较好的一致性;土层台与基岩台的加速度反应谱明显不同,震中距越小,短周期高频成分越多,衰减越快,震中距越大,长周期高频成分越少,衰减越慢;加速度反应谱的水平向与竖向比值曲线在4 s内呈现两峰一谷的现象,初步认为,距发震断层较近的野马滩1号大桥所受到的破坏及水泥路面的明显错断受水平向地震动作用的影响更大。     

Bi-normalized response spectral characteristics of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake

To develop uniform and seismic environment-dependent design spectrum, common acceleration response spectral characteristics need to be identified. In this paper, a bi-normalized response spectrum (BNRS) is proposed, which is defined as a spectrum of peak response acceleration normalized with respect to peak acceleration of the excitation plotted vs. the natural period of the system normalized with respect to the spectrum predominant period, Tp. Based on a statistical analysis of records from the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, the conventionally normalized response spectrum(NRS) and the BNRS are examined to account for the effects of soil conditions, epicentral distance, hanging wall and damping. It is found that compared to the NRS, the BNRS is much less dependent on these factors. Finally, some simple relationships between the BNRS for a specified damping ratio and that for a damping ratio of 5%, and between the spectra predominant period and epicentral distance for different soil types are provided.     

用相位差谱统计规律探讨人造地震动方法

针对相位差谱具有对数正态分布的特点,选取西部67个强震记录计算了各自相位差谱对数正态分布的均值和标准差,再将其转为正态分布的均值和标准差。将正态分布的均值和相位差看作震级和震中距的函数,选取二元回归模型进行回归分析,得到了均值和标准差随震级和震中距变化的关系式。最后对已知强震记录,将其震级和震中距代入回归方程求出均值和标准差,利用均值和标准差产生的地震动时程与实际记录十分接近。     

川滇甘陕地区地震的加速度峰值比和竖向反应谱的统计分析

本文以国内川滇甘陕地区263个有详细场地资料的强震台站获得的802组地震动加速度记录为基础,研究了该地区加速度峰值比的总体分布特征,分别探讨了震中距和震级对加速度峰值比的影响特征,按照水平反应谱的标定方法对竖向反应谱进行标定并对其进行了统计分析。统计分析结果显示:竖向与水平向加速度峰值比的概率分布总体服从极值Ⅱ型分布,加速度峰值比均值为0.6,加速度峰值比≤0.65的累积频率为64%;Ⅱ类场地的加速度峰值比随震中距增大而减小;大震近场的加速度峰值比基本上远高于0.65;最后本文给出了不同场地类别下竖向反应谱特征参数,并与水平向反应谱特征参数进行了比较。     

基岩地震反应谱随震级、距离的变化特征

本文从基岩地震反应谱衰减规律出发,研究了基岩反应谱随震级、距离的变化特征,包括基岩反应谱的第二特征周期、反应谱下降段的斜率等随震级、距离的变化规律。研究表明,震级大小对基岩反应谱的第二特征周期起着决定的作用,距离主要影响反应谱下降段的斜率,所得结论在工程抗震设计中具有一定的实用价值。     

基于《建筑抗震设计规范》强度包线函数参数取值研究

利用《中国地震动参数区划图》采用的地震动参数衰减关系,以及《中国地震动参数区划图》中地震动峰值加速度和地震动加速度反应谱特征周期反推不同设防烈度和设计地震分组对应的震级和震中距,再根据《建筑抗震设计规范》中各设防水准的峰值加速度确定对应的震级和震中距,进而根据地震动强度包线参数与震级和震中距关系计算地震动强度包线参数的取值,为基于强度包线函数生成人工地震动提供参考,并讨论强度包线参数的取值规律：(1)随着设防烈度的提高,加速度时程曲线上升段持续时间t₁和平稳段持续时间t_s减小,下降段衰减指数c增大;(2)随着地震水准和设计地震分组的提高,加速度时程曲线上升段持续时间t₁和平稳段持续时间t_s增加,下降段衰减指数c减小;(3)在生成人工地震动时,除考虑峰值加速度和设计地震分组影响外,还需要考虑设防烈度影响。     

Attenuation of Peak Horizontal and Vertical Acceleration in the Dinarides Area

Peak acceleration attenuation relations for horizontal and vertical components are presented for the Dinarides region, based on 145 3-component accelerograms related to 46 earthquakes with local magnitudes of 4.5 or greater and with epicentral distances of less than 200 km as recorded on 39 recording sites in the greater Dinarides region. The attenuation functions were obtained by two-stage stratified regression on the local magnitude and epicentral distance as independent variables. The predicted peak acceleration values within the distance range covered by the data are comparable to the ones obtained for stiff-soil or rock sites when selected reference relations are used. The rather large average residuals are caused mostly by the lack of information on local site conditions and by the use of epicentral distance instead of fault distance.     

上海地震台阵面波震级偏差分析

通过计算功率谱密度来讨论上海地震台阵所测远震面波震级与美国国家地震信息中心(NEIC)震级的差别,对不同震级、不同方位和不同震中距的地震震级差别进行了比较和讨论,并给出初步结果.     

基于特征分类排序的典型海底地震动记录研究

面向海域工程抗震设计及评估对海底地震动的需求,基于日本相模湾海域K-NET的ETMC海底强震动记录,根据震级、震中距选取面向工程输入的949组地震动记录数据库。在考虑震源类型差异的基础上,对地震动峰值、持时、频谱等参数进行分析,通过反应谱、Arias烈度等指标描述典型海底地震动特征。根据峰值加速度、显著持时等强度指标对海底地震动记录进行排序,给出基于不同地震动特征分类下的典型地震动记录。推荐的海底地震动可为考虑不同结构需求参数的典型海域工程结构时程分析提供输入地震动。     

A note on time of maximum response of single degree of freedom oscillator to earthquake excitation

The dependence of the relative time of maximum response of single degree of freedom system, subjected to recorded strong earthquake ground motion, on magnitude, epicentral distance and the Modified Mercalli Intensity at the site has been studied. Two empirical regression models are presented that enable estimation of the relative time of maximum response in terms of (1) earthquake magnitude and epicentral distance, or (2) Modified Mercalli Intensity at the site. The empirical distribution functions of the observed times of maximum response are presented. Both models also consider whether motion is horizontal or vertical, and the effects of the geologic conditions surrounding the site. The results are useful for the response spectrum approach in earthquake resistant design, as they provide guidelines for superposition of different loads in time.     

基于小波变换的地震动时-频特性研究

对美国NGA,采用一维连续小波变换得到每条记录的小波功率谱。研究了任意时间处小波功率谱最大值所对应的主频率。结果表明:地震动主频率随时间的增大逐渐减小;竖向地震动分量的主频比水平向分量随时间减小更快。分别采用线性函数模型、指数函数模型和指数三角函数模型,分析了场地、震级和震中距对主频变化曲线的影响,拟合了主频率在不同场地条件、震级、震中距等情况下随时间的变化曲线,水平向和竖向的频率时变曲线整体上都是随时间递减的,且竖向衰减得更快些,大多数情况下竖向记录的高频成分比水平向记录的相应成分要多。     

2012年唐山4.8级地震强震动记录特征及场地相关特性分析

2012年5月28日河北省唐山市古冶区与滦县交界发生4.8级地震, 国家强震动台网中心在河北、 天津和北京的94个强震动台站记录到了本次地震的加速度。 本文给出了获取记录的强震动台站分布及强震动记录结果, 统计了强震动记录数量随震中距的变化, 给出了3个较小震中距台站记录到的加速度时程; 绘制了空间地震动峰值加速度等值线图及周期0.2 s、 2.0 s加速度反应谱值的等值线, 发现峰值加速度等值线与长周期加速度反应谱等值线极值分布具有明显地域差异, 分析认为是由于厚沉积层对长周期地震动具有放大作用造成的。 通过强震动记录与适用于本区的三个衰减关系对比, 分析了此次地震的峰值加速度衰减特征, 同时研究了周期0.2 s、 2.0 s加速度反应谱值的衰减特征, 周期2.0 s反应谱值随震中距的衰减与衰减关系能较好地对应, 然而在震中距100～130 km沉积层较厚的集中地区, 表现出了实际记录较衰减关系值偏大的现象, 认为同样是由于厚沉积层对地震动加速度反应谱长周期的放大作用导致的。 研究了震中距差别不大的情况下, 场地类型与沉积层厚度对反应谱特征周期的影响, 对比基岩台站与软弱地基土层台站的强震动记录反应谱, 发现软弱土层台站的土层对地震动有一定的放大作用, 导致中长周期地震动被放大, 对比位于沉积层较薄的隆起区台站与位于沉积层较厚的凹陷区台站强震动记录反应谱, 发现厚的沉积层不仅对反应谱长周期有放大的作用, 同时也会使得反应谱特征周期值变大。     

南北地震带川滇甘陕地区竖向与水平向加速度反应谱比的统计分析

本文收集了从南北地震带川滇甘陕地区263个有详细场地资料的强震台站获得的802组强震动记录,按照场地、震级和震中距等因素统计分析了竖向与水平向加速度反应谱比的形状以及不同场地、震级和震中距下不同周期段内的谱比平均值,并与建筑抗震规范GB50011—2010规定的0.65进行了比较。结果表明:竖向与水平向加速度反应谱比受场地、震级和震中距等因素的影响; Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类场地在全周期段的谱比均值基本上大于0.65;无论何种分组情况谱比均值在0.1—1.0 s周期范围内基本低于定值0.65,周期大于1.0 s的谱比均值基本上远高于0.65。因此对于大部分抗震规范直接把竖向地震作用取为水平向地震作用的0.65倍,有待商榷。本文建议根据水平向反应谱的标定方式来确定现有竖向强震动记录的竖向地震作用。      

Computation of response spectra from mining tremors using neural networks

Underground coal and copper ore exploitation in two Polish mining regions causes mining tremors and a series of other negative phenomena in the environment. Although these tremors are strictly connected with human activity, they differ considerably from other paraseismic vibrations. The moment of their occurrence is not to be foreseen likewise for earthquakes. The main problem discussed in the paper was formulated as the neural network evaluation of a relation between mining tremor energies, epicentral distances and acceleration response spectra. Back-propagation neural networks with Resilient back-propagation learning method were used. Each input vector included information about the mining tremor energy and the epicentral distance. Values of acceleration response spectrum were expected as the outputs of neural networks. Neurally evaluated spectra were compared with spectra computed on the basis of experimental data. After the network is trained and tested, it can be used for mapping of new data of mining tremor energies and epicentral distances into the spectra. Then, what is the substantial advantage of neural approach, the prediction of acceleration response spectra can be performed without recording of surface vibrations. In the light of the results, it is visible that the presented way of computation of acceleration response spectra can be peculiarly applied to prognosis of mining tremors influences on structures.     

Response of vertical deformation on faults to remote strong earthquakes

Vertical coseismic deformation on non-causative fault caused by remote strong earthquakes(epicentral distance≥1500 km,MS≥7.0)are observed by fault-monitoring instruments of new type during recent two years.The monitor-ing result shows,delay time,maximum amplitude and duration of vertical deformation on the non-causative faulthave remarkable close relationship with earthquakes magnitude and epicentral distance.The delay time of verticalcoseismic deformation have positive linear relationship with epicentral distance.The velocity of coseismic defor-mation is 5.5 km/s,close to the velocity of surface wave in granite.The logarithms of maximum amplitude of co-seismic deformation and epicentral distance have remarkable linear relationship with magnitude.The greater themagnitude and the closer the epicentral distance are,the bigger the maximum amplitude of coseismic deformationon non-causative fault will be.Relative to the epicentral distance,the magnitude is the most important factor to theduration of coseismic vertical deformation on the non-causative fault.Stronger earthquake causes longer vibrationduration of coseismic deformation.The experiential equation of co-seismic deformation faults obtained by thiswork is significant on the coseismic deformation research.