Towards a spatial data infrastructure for technological disasters: an approach for the road transportation of hazardous materials

Spatial data have been used for the environmental monitoring of the consequences of accidents that involve the transportation of hazardous chemical products. This spatial data infrastructure (SDI), which was created for the sharing and use of spatial data, is limited by the absence of policies to support its establishment. The main objective of this study was to explore the use of social network analysis (SNA) as a tool to identify spatial data sharing between organizations involved in the management of accidents related to road transport of hazardous materials (RTHM). In addition, to discuss the existing policies and institutional agreements, and to initiate a conceptual SDI framework for RTHM sector. In this context, the institutions that are involved with RTHM were identified and information concerning their interest in the use and sharing of spatial data via a SDI was collected through interviews and consolidated. The interviews were at 39 institutions with representative employees. The interview data were tabulated and entered into the UCINET software (2000 version) to calculate metrics of centrality. From the SNA, the flow of data among the participating institutions was identified through the visual representation of the spatial data sharing and use networks. Subsequently, the existing institutional agreements for spatial data sharing were analyzed and discussed. The compiled results enabled the proposal of a conceptual SDI framework to support the management of disasters involving RTHM, based on the application of SNA theory, and the development of a methodology that supports the analysis of interactions among the various actors of an SDI. The purpose is to facilitate the formulation of policies for the sharing of spatial data for decision-making and preventive disaster management. The results indicate that the 39 institutions share spatial data, but this sharing is not always predetermined by formal agreements. Furthermore, there is a strong demand, by the institutions involved in the management of RTHM accidents, regarding legal mechanisms governing the sharing of data for the purpose of producing maps that help to describe actions of preparedness, prevention, management and immediate relief involving RTHM incidents. Finally, it was possible to propose a conceptual framework with data that is considered essential for creating an SDI for RTHM.     

数据挖掘技术在水文预报中的应用及水文预报发展趋势研究

数据挖掘作为知识发现过程中的重要步骤,是从大型数据库中提取未知的、有价值的和可操作性的关系、模式和趋势用于决策支持的过程。我国目前在防洪领域存在着大量水文数据,如何充分有效地利用各种智能算法对这些数据进行分析与挖掘,以形成相应的水文预报模型进行准确的水文预报是防洪决策支持系统完善和发展的重要方面。本文首先全面地介绍数据挖掘的功能分类及以数据挖掘为基础的水文预报体系,然后对数据挖掘技术在水文预报中的应用进行了探讨和研究。     

防汛会商系统集成化管理研究及应用

分析总结了目前防汛会商系统在集成管理及其应用方面存在的主要问题,提出了防汛会商系统集成化管理的设计思想,研究了其体系结构,指出了采用的新技术,从而形成了防汛会商系统集成化管理的总体设计方案.通过理论研究,设计和开发了防汛会商系统集成化管理的模板.基于该设计方案而建立的防汛会商系统,在会商模板对防洪信息的有效管理下,高度集成了各种雨情、水情、工情、灾情、险情等防洪信息和知识,对当前防汛形势和决策问题进行分析和总结;通过会商平台将面向防汛决策热点的主题信息,形象、直观、全面、实时地呈现到会商现场,辅助决策者进行防洪调度决策.该研究成果已应用到黑龙江省防汛会商系统中,并取得了良好的应用效果.     

通用洪水预报模型库设计建设研究

在介绍洪水预报模型库的基本概念和性质的基础上，分析了各类洪水预报模型的输入、输出数据类型，规定了各类数据文件格式，设计了洪水预报模型库的通用数据接口，并在中国洪水预报系统中实现了通用洪水预报模型库的建设。     

交互式洪水预报系统及关键技术研究

介绍了交互式洪水预报系统的概念和基本结构，分析了实现交互式预报的区域拓扑连接、作业表、模型参数优化、交互修正等关键技术，并以淮河交互式洪水预报系统为例，阐述了系统的组成、实时作业预报的数据流程和应用成果。在分析我国暴雨洪水特性和自然地理条件的基础上，指出了在我国开发交互式洪水预报系统的必要性和应该注意的几个主要问题。     

The emerging role of satellite rainfall data in improving the hydro-political situation of flood monitoring in the under-developed regions of the world

The systematic decline of in situ networks for hydrologic measurements has been recognized as a crucial limitation to advancing hydrologic monitoring in medium to large basins, especially those that are already sparsely instrumented. As a collective response, sections of the hydrologic community have recently forged partnerships for the development of space-borne missions for cost-effective, yet global, hydrologic measurements by building upon the technological advancements since the last two decades. In this article, we review the state-of-the-art on flood monitoring in medium and large ungauged basins where satellite remote sensing can facilitate development of a cost-effective mechanism. We present our review in the context of the current hydro-political situation of flood monitoring in flood-prone developing nations situated in international river basins (IRBs). Given the large number of such basins and the difficulty in acquisition of multi-faceted geophysical data, we argue that the conventional data-intensive implementation of physically based hydrologic models that are complex and distributed is time-consuming for global assessment of the utility of proposed global satellite hydrologic missions. A more parsimonious approach is justified at the tolerable expense of accuracy before such missions begin operation. Such a parsimonious approach can subsequently motivate the identified international basins to invest greater effort in conventional and detailed hydrologic studies to design a prototype flood forecasting system in an effort to overcome the hydro-political hurdles to flood monitoring. Through a modeling exercise involving an open-book watershed concept, we demonstrate the value of a parsimonious approach in understanding the utility of NASA-derived satellite rainfall products. It is critical now that real-world operational flood forecasting agencies in the under-developed world come forward to collaborate with the research community in order to leverage satellite rainfall data for greater societal benefit for inhabitants in IRBs.     

The relevance of flood hazards and impacts in Turkey: What can be learned from different disaster loss databases?

Turkey has been severely affected by many natural hazards, in particular earthquakes and floods. Especially over the last two decades, these natural hazards have caused enormous human and economic damage. Although there is a large body of literature on earthquake hazards and risks in Turkey, comparatively little is known about flood hazards and risks. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the severity of flooding in comparison with other natural hazards in Turkey and to analyse the flood patterns by providing an overview of the temporal and spatial distribution of flood losses. These will act as a metric for the societal and economic impacts of flood hazards in Turkey. For this purpose, Turkey Disaster Database (TABB) was used for the years 1960–2014. As input for more detailed event analyses, the most severe flood events in Turkey for the same time interval will also be retrieved. Sufficiency of the TABB database to achieve the main aim of the study in terms of data quality and accuracy was also discussed. The TABB database was analysed and reviewed through comparison, mainly with the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), the Global Active Archive of Large Flood Events—Dartmouth Flood Observatory database, news archives and the scientific literature, with a focus on listing the most severe flood event. The comparative review of these data sources reveals big mismatches in the flood data, i.e. the reported number of events, number of affected people and economic loss all differ dramatically. Owing to the fact that the TABB is the only disaster loss database for Turkey, it is important to explore the reasons for the mismatches between TABB and the other sources with regard to aspects of accuracy and data quality. Therefore, biases and fallacies in the TABB loss data are also discussed. The comparative TABB database analyses show that large mismatches between global and national databases can occur. Current global and national databases for monitoring losses from national hazards suffer from a number of limitations, which in turn could lead to misinterpretations of the loss data. Since loss data collection is gaining more and more attention, e.g. in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, this study offers a framework for developing guidelines for the Turkey Disaster Database (TABB), implications on how to standardize national loss databases and implement across the other hazard events in Turkey.     

淮河干流洪水预报系统及其在1991年大洪水的应用

综述了淮河流域概况，淮河干流洪水预报系统物采用的预报方法。１９９１年淮河干流洪水预报采用了降雨径流预报与上，下游站相应流量预防方法相配合，并注重实时水情分析；在行洪区多，行洪后水面宽广而比降又极小的河段的汇流计算，采用了以实测洪水资料绘制的经验蓄曲线为充分发挥的湖泊洪水演算方法。     

水情自动测报系统在水资源系统管理中的应用

水情自动测报系统在水资源系统管理中发挥着十分重要的作用。针对该系统在盘石头水库管理中站网布设、系统硬件组成、数据采集系统、洪水预报系统、洪水调度系统等应用技术进行详实分析,运行演示软件系统进行实例分析,达到了较高的预报精度。水情自动测报系统不仅能在汛期起到防洪减灾作用,而且在也可用于日常的水资源管理,可以起到增加蓄水和发电量,达到优化调度的目的,从而提高水利工程的社会效益和经济效益。     

鳌江流域洪水预报调度决策支持系统

位于浙江省温州市南部的鳌江是一条洪水灾害频繁的河流.介绍了鳌江流域洪水预报调度决策支持系统的总体设计、功能模块、逻辑结构、模型组织以及应用水文学及水力学的方法对流域洪水演进过程进行模拟计算的方法等,建立了一个可以在中小流域推广应用的防洪预报调度系统.     

水箱模型在大尺度流域实时洪水预报模型研制中的应用

水箱模型用于实时洪水作业预报的具体成果尚不多，本文研究的目的在于将水箱模型用于大尺度流域实时洪水预报。本文介绍了应用水箱模型建立实时洪水预报模型的方法。按照河段流量传播时间将寸滩以上干、支流划分为若干子河段，各子河段按照计算时段长分成若干单元河段，各单元河段区间降雨径流预报采用水箱模型．河道流量演算采用连续马斯京根法。河系预报模型精度在85％以上，能够满足实时洪水预报的要求。     

复杂洪水预报系统的集成技术研究

以广西南盘江天生桥一级电站施工洪水预报系统为例,讨论了以水情数据库、洪水预报模型、数据库管理系统和模型管理器为基础构建集成化复杂洪水预报系统的若干技术问题,提出了用邻接矩阵来形式化和规范化预报系统水情数据与预报模型之间复杂关系的一般方法.     

Interoperable processing of digital elevation models in grid infrastructures

Based on the service specifications of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) support the visualization, access to vector and raster data or managing and search for spatial data. A standard for distributed spatial data processing was missing for a long time. This issue was addressed by the development of the OpenGIS Web Processing Service (WPS) specification. However, to process and analyze massive Digital Elevation Models (DEM) computing power and disk memory are scarce commodities. Here we show that Grid Computing in combination with OGC Web Services (OWS) is well suited to accomplish high processing performance and storage capacity for large-scale processing tasks of the geo community. To process these massive amounts of geo-data we develop terrain processing services which are made available as grid services. Our results will be demonstrating how to bridge the gap between the grid world and the OGC world for more sophisticated terrain processing.     

中国洪水预报系统设计建设研究

分析了我国洪水预报系统的现状,阐述了中国洪水预报系统的建设的必要性、目标及开发原则,介绍了中国洪水预报系统的软硬件环境、预报模型和方法、预报方案、模型率定、实时作业预报、实用模块、系统管理7部分的设计建设。     

长江防洪决策支持系统——防洪决策风险分析

针对长江中游防洪决策过程,筛选出几个主要的风险因子.考虑暴雨洪水历史资料,短期洪水位预报以及中长期雨洪预报三种不同信息条件,建立防洪决策风险分析模型,针对长江三峡至螺山河段防洪系统,是否启用分蓄洪区的各种防洪决策方案,给出决策风险的定量描述.     

Getting across information communities

Amazon’s deforestation affects citizens from varying information communities. Experts like scientists or journalists acquire relevant data on-site and publish valuable information on the Web. But different and sometimes conflicting views on reality impede sharing of information across communities, relevant content remains far too often undiscovered. We introduce rule-based semantic annotations as solution to facilitate the discovery and evaluation of geographical information. With the distinction between shared domain and local information source ontologies, the proposed architecture of a semantically supported SDI for the Amazon also takes the plethora of GI formats into account. Creating semantic annotations is challenging, a recommender system for semantic annotations enables even the non-IT experts to participate. The benefits of the proposed techniques are further illustrated by a scenario which spans across information communities of economics, ecology, and ethnology.     

山洪预报预警技术研究进展

山洪预报预警研究是实施山洪灾害防治的重要科学支撑。目前国内外学者对山洪预报预警技术的研究主要集中在山洪预警指标、山洪预报预警模型以及山洪灾害风险分析等方面,本文对山洪预报预警技术相关研究进展进行了总结,并指出未来在山洪灾害监测、山洪预报预警模型研制、多元信息融合技术、结合山洪特点和区划有针对性进行预报预警等方面还应进行更深入的研究。     

洪水预报模型输入与输出的误差分布及相关性分析

降雨预报信息作为洪水预报模型的输入,该信息的准确性直接影响洪水预报模型输出的准确性.为探究模型输入(降雨预报)误差与输出(洪水预报)误差之间的关系,以英那河流域为例,分析了不同雨量等级下,预报模型的输入误差与输出误差的分布规律,并定性分析了两种误差的相关关系.结果表明,降雨量等级若为无雨及小雨时,两种误差不相关;若为中...     

Estimating flood exposure potentials in Turkish catchments through index-based flood mapping

Flooding is widely believed to be the most common natural disaster in Europe, and the changing climatic conditions are estimated to increase its adverse impacts. Effective flood strategies require thorough consideration of the factors underlying the flood generation mechanism and a widened display of mitigation priorities for spatially exhaustive assessments. Flood potential maps generated herein for indicating potential flood areas prove to be among powerful tools for comprehensive flood assessments. In the presented study, a countrywide characterization is achieved in this context by analyzing catchment units, which constitute the river basin systems in Turkey, through a series of spatial indices adapted from different factors effective in flood generation. The study aims to contribute to depicting priorities for in-depth flood assessments and to the re-orientation of subsequent control measures. The flood potential maps obtained for river catchments and designating individual locations with comparably higher flood potentials are expected to set light to the selection of case studies for local flood research in Turkey while contributing to decision making and policy implementation on flood control at the macroscale.     

Web GIS在省级防汛指挥决策信息服务子系统中的应用研究

随着Web技术与GIS技术的迅猛发展,设计开发基于Web GIS的大型防汛指挥信息服务系统已变为可行与必须。结合黑龙江省防汛指挥信息服务子系统的设计开发实际,研究使用基于B/S体系的Arc IMS作为Web GIS的解决方案;研究解决应用Arc IMS中的几个关键技术问题:以正向与反向信息查询为例,研究设计信息查询的数据流程;为便于空间数据的管理与应用,研究图层的划分与组织方法;为达到经济与实用的目的,研究不同比例尺地图的无视觉差切换;为按用户要求表现地图,研究如何编写地图配置文件。还给出了这些关键技术在实际设计开发中的应用效果。