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1.
Deformation modulus of fly ash is one of the most important mechanical properties generally used in different design problems
and also as an input parameter to sophisticated numerical techniques employed to assess the response of different structures
resting on fly ash fill or embankment made of fly ash. Deformation modulus is usually expressed in terms of compressive strength.
This paper presents the deformation modulus of fly ash modified with lime alone or in combination with gypsum at different
strain levels. The values of deformation modulus obtained from both unconfined compression test and unconsolidated undrained
triaxial test results are presented herein. The specimens for unconfined compression test and for undrained triaxial tests
were cured up to 90 and 28 days, respectively. The effects of addition of lime (4–10%) and gypsum (0.5 and 1.0%) on the deformation
modulus of class F fly ash are highlighted. With addition of lime and gypsum, the class F fly ash achieved the deformation
modulus in the range of 190 MPa in UCS test and up to 300 MPa in triaxial test specimens tested under all round pressure of
0.4 MPa. Based on the present test results empirical relationships are developed to estimate deformation modulus of modified
fly ash from unconfined compressive strength and relationships between initial tangent modulus and secant modulus at different
strain levels are also developed. 相似文献
2.
Pozzolanic fly ash as a hydraulic barrier in land fills 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The liner plays an important role in controlling migration of contaminants present in the leachate in waste containment systems such as land fills and impoundments. Although questions have been raised about the performance of clay liners, they are increasingly used singly or as double liners in disposal sites. Though the clay liners possess many advantages such as low permeability and large attenuative capacity, they also possess high shrinkage potential and hence can crack under unsaturated conditions causing instability and increase in leakage rates. Further, the permeability of the clay linear can increase due to clay–pollutant interaction. This study examines the potential of pozzolanic fly ash as a hydraulic barrier in land fill. The behaviour of three different types of fly ashes, showing a range of physical properties and chemical composition from three different sources are reported in the study. Geotechnical properties, needed to evaluate the use of fly ashes as barriers, such as shrinkage, compaction, permeability, consolidation and strength characteristics are reported. The results show that fly ashes possess low shrinkage and hence do not crack. Compacted fly ashes undergo very little volume changes. They also show that pozzolanic fly ashes develop good strength properties with time. Pozzolanic fly ashes containing sufficient lime develop strength even without addition of lime. Non-pozzolanic fly ashes do not develop strength even on addition of lime. Fly ashes generally consist of silt size particles and consequently possess high permeability. However, pozzolanic fly ashes with lime exhibit low permeability on curing because of the formation of gelatinous compounds which block the pores. Thus, pozzolanic fly ashes appear to be promising for construction of liners to contain alkaline leachate. 相似文献
3.
《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(2):175-181
Expansive soils swell on absorbing water and shrink on evaporation thereof. Because of this alternate swelling and shrinkage, civil engineering structures founded in them are severely damaged. For counteracting the problems of expansive soils, different innovative techniques were suggested. Stabilization of expansive clays with various additives has also met with considerable success. This paper presents, by comparison, the effect of lime and fly ash on free swell index (FSI), swell potential, swelling pressure, coefficient of consolidation, compression index, secondary consolidation characteristics and shear strength. Lime content (weight of lime/weight of dry soil) was varied as 0%, 2%, 4%?and 6%?and fly ash content (weight of fly ash/weight of dry soil) as 0%, 10%?and 20%. A fly ash content of 20%?showed significant reduction in swell potential, swelling pressure, compression index and secondary consolidation characteristics and resulted in increase in maximum dry density and shear strength. Swell potential and swelling pressure decreased with increase in lime content also. Further, consolidation characteristics improved. Compaction characteristics and unconfined compression strength improved at 4%?lime and reduced at 6%?lime. 相似文献
4.
Mohammad H. Gorakhki Christopher A. Bareither 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2018,36(1):27-47
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fly ash amendment on the compression behavior of mine tailings. Natural and synthetic (i.e., laboratory prepared) mine tailings were used to assess the effects of tailings composition and tailings solids content on compressibility. Three types of off-specification fly ashes and Type I–II Portland cement were used as cementitious binders. Tailings-fly ash mixtures were prepared at solids content of 60–75% (water content = 33–67%), water-to-binder ratios of 2.5 and 5, and were cured for 0.1 days (2 h), 7, and 28 days. Bi-linear compression curves on semi-log plots were observed in most of the binder-amended tailings specimens. The break in slope on the compression curve was identified as the breaking stress, whereupon cementitious bonds were broken. The breaking stress increased with an increase in fly ash content, which was attributed to a lower water-to-binder ratio and void volume-to-binder volume ratio that produced more effective particle bonding. Breaking stress also increased with an increase in CaO content and CaO-to-SiO2 ratio of fly ash, which resulted in more effective bonding between particles. The effect of curing time on the breaking stress of fly ash amended specimens was characterized by (1) an increase in breaking stress via increase in curing time and cementitious bond formation or (2) a constant breaking stress with curing time due to competing mechanisms during loading. Specimens cured under a vertical stress showed an increase in breakings stress with applied load water removal prior to cementitious bond formation that reduced the water-to-binder ratio and led to more effective cementation. 相似文献
5.
广州饱和软土固结过程微孔隙变化的试验分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
软土的孔隙特征及其变化规律对软土的压缩性和渗透性有重大的影响,软土孔隙特征随荷载变化规律的试验研究为揭示软土排水固结过程与变形规律,建立基于孔隙压缩规律和渗流机制的排水固结模型提供有力依据。利用美国全自动压汞仪,对不同压力下固结的广州番禺淤泥土样的孔隙及其尺度分布进行测试,根据测试结果对土样孔隙尺度分布特征及其随固结压力的变化规律给出了定量分析。试验结果表明:淤泥土中介于0.4~2.5 μm范围的颗粒间及团粒内的小孔隙所占比例最大,而大于10 μm的大孔隙和小于30 nm的超微孔隙所占比例均很小;较大的孔隙更易于被压缩而湮灭或被分裂成微小孔隙;固结压力将显著改变淤泥土的孔隙尺度及其分布特征,以致改变土体的压缩性和渗透性。在固结前期( 200 kPa)孔隙尺度较大,压缩系数和渗透系数较大并随固结压力增加而快速减小;在固结后期( 200 kPa)孔隙尺度小,压缩系数和渗透系数小,且随固结压力增加的变化趋于平缓。 相似文献
6.
《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(2):141-149
Expansive soils swell on absorbing water and shrink on evaporation thereof. Because of this alternate swelling and shrinkage, civil engineering structures founded in them are severely damaged. For counteracting the problems of expansive soils, different innovative techniques were suggested. Stabilization of expansive clays with various additives has also met with considerable success. This paper presents, by comparison, the effect of lime and fly ash on free swell index (FSI), swell potential, swelling pressure, coefficient of consolidation, compression index, secondary consolidation characteristics and shear strength. Lime content was varied as 0%, 2%, 4%?and 6%?and fly ash content as 0%, 10%?and 20%. A fly ash content of 20%?showed significant reduction in swell potential, swelling pressure, compression index and secondary consolidation characteristics and resulted in increase in maximum dry density and shear strength. Swell potential and swelling pressure decreased with increase in lime content also. Further, consolidation characteristics improved. Compaction characteristics and unconfined compression strength improved at 4%?lime and reduced at 6%?lime. 相似文献
7.
Fly ash is a waste by-product obtained from the burning of coal by thermal power plants for generating electricity. When bulk
quantities are involved, in order to arrest the fugitive dust, it is stored wet rather than dry. Fly ash contains trace concentrations
of heavy metals and other substances in sufficient quantities to be able to leach out over a period of time. In this study
an attempt was made to study the leachabilities of a few selected trace metals: Cd, Cu, Cr, Mn, Pb and Zn from two different
types of class F fly ashes. Emphasis is also laid on developing an alternative in order to arrest the relative leachabilities
of heavy metals after amending them with suitable additives. A standard laboratory leaching test for combustion residues has
been employed to study the leachabilities of these trace elements as a function of liquid to solid ratio and pH. The leachability
tests were conducted on powdered fly ash samples before and after amending them suitably with the matrices lime and gypsum;
they were compacted to their respective proctor densities and cured for periods of 28 and 180 days. A marked reduction in
the relative leachabilities of the trace elements was observed to be present at the end of 28 days. These relative leachability
values further reduced marginally when tests were performed at the end of 180 days. 相似文献
8.
目前考虑土体非线性压缩及渗透特性的双层地基非线性固结解均假定土体固结系数保持不变,能反映固结系数变化的双层地基非线性固结解还很鲜见。引入经典的e- 和e- 非线性关系描述土体的非线性压缩、渗透特性,在假定双层地基上、下土层压缩指数与渗透指数比值 相等且不等于1的基础上,得到变荷载下考虑土体固结系数变化的双层地基一维非线性固结近似解。该解答在 1条件下可退化为已有的 1时双层地基一维非线性固结解。基于此解探讨了双层地基上、下土层参数的相对比值对非线性固结性状的影响。结果表明:单面排水条件下 越小,下层土与上层土的相对压缩性越低、相对渗透性越高,则双层地基非线性固结速率越快;减小 值,增加双层地基中压缩性小、渗透性高的土层的厚度,会加快地基的固结速率。 相似文献
9.
S. M. Haeri A. Hamidi S. M. Hosseini E. Asghari D. G. Toll 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(2):335-360
The behavior of a cemented gravely sand was studied using triaxial compression tests. Gypsum, Portland cement and lime were
used as the cementing agents in sample preparation. The samples with different cement types were compared in equal cement
contents. Three cement contents of 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% were selected for sample preparation. Drained and undrained triaxial
compression tests were conducted in a range of confining pressures from 25 kPa to 500 kPa. Failure modes, shear strength,
stress–strain behavior, volume and pore pressure changes were considered. The gypsum cement induced the highest brittleness
in soil among three cement types while the Portland cement was found to be the most ductile cementing agent. In lower cement
contents and lower confining pressures the soil cemented with Portland cement showed the highest shear strength. However,
in the same range of cement content, the soil cemented with gypsum showed highest shear strength for highest tested confining
stress. For higher cement contents the shear strength of soil cemented with Portland cement is higher than that for the two
other cement types for the range of confining pressures tested in the present study. The samples cemented with lime had the
least peak and ultimate shear strength and the highest pore pressure generation in undrained tests. Contrary to the soil cemented
with lime, the brittleness of soil cemented with gypsum and Portland cement reduces in undrained condition. Finally it was
found that the effect of cement type on the shear strength of cemented soils is more profound in drained condition compared
to undrained state. 相似文献
10.
Use of fly ash locked in the ash ponds in geotechnical applications such as stowing or backfilling of the mines is an attractive alternative to solve the disposal problem. Before it is used as a stowing or backfilling material, the response of the fly ash?to imposed load must be determined in order to assess its load taking ability. The present study examines the effect of time and incremental load on the consolidation characteristics of the sedimented stowed pond ash using a fixed ring consolidometer. The important parameters, viz. rate of settlement, consolidation coefficients and void ratio, etc. of the hydraulically stowed pond ash collected after 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35?days of stowing under step incremental loads are determined. The study revealed that 60.42–84.87% settlement of the sedimented stowed pond ash takes place in the initial 1?min of the loading. In addition, it is observed that the coefficient of consolidation of the sedimented stowed pond ash, which varies in the range of 0.0195–0.1882?cm2/min, is comparatively low and decreases with the increment of applied load and time. This indicates that the structures lying above the stowed pond ash mass will undergo gradual settling and not suffer large deformation. 相似文献
11.
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13.
《International Journal of Coal Geology》2005,61(1-2):35-63
The phase–mineral and chemical composition of feed coals (FCs) and their bottom ashes (BAs) and fly ashes (FAs) produced in the Soma thermo-electric power station (TPS), Turkey, was characterized. FCs are high-ash Soma subbituminous coals abundant in moisture and Ca, and depleted in S. The inorganic composition (in decreasing order of significance) of FCs includes calcite, quartz, kaolinite, illite+muscovite, chlorite, plagioclase, gypsum, pyrite, montmorillonite, K-feldspar, dolomite, siderite, ankerite, opal, and volcanic glass. The results for 57 elements studied show that Ca>Nb>Cs>(V, Li) have significantly higher contents in FC ashes than the respective Clarke values for coal ashes. The water-soluble residues isolated from FCs include gypsum, calcite, inorganic amorphous matter, Ca–Mg–Na–K phase, and opal. These residues are enriched in Na>Se>S>B>Mg>Mo>Sr>Ca>K. The phase–mineral composition of BAs and FAs includes mainly glass, quartz, char, mullite, plagioclase, calcite, and portlandite; and, to a lesser extent, illite+muscovite, melilite, hematite, anhydrite, lime, cristobalite, kaolinite, and magnetite. Minor amounts of K-feldspar, dolomite, ankerite, Fe-spinel, gypsum, and Ca–K–Na phase also occur in BAs and FAs. FAs are enriched in inorganic matter, glass, cristobalite, mullite, Fe oxides, lime, and anhydrite, and depleted in mineral matter, char, quartz, clay minerals, melilite, portlandite, and carbonates in comparison with BAs. Only Se is significantly enriched in BAs and FAs compared to FC ashes. Most of the trace elements (in particular As, Bi, Cd, Ge, Pb, Sn, Tl, and W) are more abundant in FAs, while BAs are more enriched in Ca, Cs, Fe, Ho, Mn, P, Sc, Se and Tb. Significant percentages (11–59%) of elements initially present in FCs, namely S>Sb>Sn>Ta>Mo>Bi>Zn>Ni>Na>(Lu, Tm)>B, were emitted by stack emissions and not captured by the cleaning equipment in the Soma TPS. Some genetic features, properties, possible environmental concerns, and potential utilization directions related to FCs, BAs, and FAs are also discussed. 相似文献
14.
为了研究粉煤灰和二灰掺量及养护时间对桂林红黏土的改良效果,进行了直剪试验、固结试验以及电镜扫描试验。试验结果表明,粉煤灰的掺入提高了红黏土的抗剪强度,但超过一定量(18%粉煤灰掺量)反而会降低红黏土黏聚力,各掺量粉煤灰红黏土随养护龄期的延长,抗剪强度呈先增后缓趋势。二灰改良红黏土,在早期强度剧增,且强度随养护时间增长而大幅增加,一定龄期内,二灰红黏土黏聚力随二灰掺量呈先增后减趋势。粉煤灰和二灰的掺入均增大了红黏土的压缩模量,且随养护时间的延长而逐渐增大。红黏土中随粉煤灰、石灰的加入,发生一系列物理化学反应,从微观结构分析得知土中孔隙减少,结构性较素红黏土好。 相似文献
15.
P.V. Sivapullaiah J.P. Prashanth A. Sridharan B.V. Narayana 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1998,16(3):239-250
The use of fly ash in geotechnical engineering depends greatly on its pozzolanic reactivity. Though many factors influence the reactivity of fly ash it is well recognized that reactive silica and lime content play a major role. A new, accurate and reliable method for the determination of reactive silica content of fly ash has been established. The reactive silica content, obtained as acid soluble silica in about 2 to 3 N hydrochloric acid, is found to correlate well with unconfined compressive strength of fly ashes. The reactive silica content of fly ash is also important in the stabilization of soils using fly ash. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998 相似文献
16.
Four series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the permeability and compression characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW) samples. While the two series of tests were conducted using a conventional small-scale consolidometer, the two others were conducted in a large-scale consolidometer specially constructed for this study. In each consolidometer, the MSW samples were tested at two different moisture contents, i.e., original moisture content and field capacity. A scale effect between the two consolidometers with different sizes was investigated. The tests were carried out on samples reconsolidated to pressures of 123, 246, and 369 kPa. Time settlement data gathered from each load increment were employed to plot strain versus log-time graphs. The data acquired from the compression tests were used to back calculate primary and secondary compression indices. The consolidometers were later adapted for permeability experiments. The values of indices and the coefficient of compressibility for the MSW samples tested were within a relatively narrow range despite the size of the consolidometer and the different moisture contents of the specimens tested. The values of the coefficient of permeability were within a band of two orders of magnitude (10−6–10−4 m/s). The data presented in this paper agreed very well with the data reported by previous researchers. It was concluded that the scale effect in the compression behavior was significant. However, there was usually no linear relationship between the results obtained in the tests. 相似文献
17.
Compressibility behaviour of lime-stabilized clay 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Lime stabilization reactions result in the formation of inter-particle cementation bonds that improves strength and reduce compressibility of clay soils. Though several studies in the past have focused on the impact of lime stabilization on the strength behaviour, few studies have examined the impact of lime stabilization on the compressibility behaviour of clay soils. The present study examines the compressibility behaviour of lime-stabilized soils in light of the frameworks proposed for saturated cemented clays. Cementation bonds formed during the lime stabilization reactions imparted yield stress in the range of 3900–5200 kPa to the artificially cemented specimens. The compression behaviour of these artificially cemented specimens in the pre-yield stress and post-yield stress regions conformed to the framework proposed for saturated cemented soils. 相似文献
18.
Hydro-mechanical evaluation of stabilized mine tailings 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
19.
GT型土壤固化剂改良土的工程特性研究 总被引:18,自引:3,他引:15
GT型土壤固化剂是一种新型的土壤改性加固材料,以高钙灰和脱硫石膏两种工业废料为主要原料,辅以生石灰、水泥、熟石膏、硫酸铝及明矾石等次要成分,采用生石灰消解法除去脱硫石膏中的自由水,按全粉料配料的方法研制而成。按一定掺量向土中掺入石灰和GT型土壤固化剂制成石灰改良土样和固化剂改良土样并进行养护、浸水,对土样进行击实试验、直剪试验、压缩试验和渗透试验。试验结果表明固化剂改良土的击实效果、抗剪强度、压缩性、抗渗透性等工程特性明显优于石灰改良土。分析了GT型土壤固化剂加固土的机理,为进一步的研究和工程应用提供参考。 相似文献
20.
随着黄土地区工业化和城镇化的不断发展,工业废水和生活污水中酸、碱以及pH值发生改变的雨水对土壤的污染问题日渐突出,地基土体受污染后在地表建筑物荷载的作用下会发生不同程度的二次沉降次生灾害。为研究酸碱污染对Q3黄土在不同压力区间内压缩指标的变化特征,对经过不同浓度污染后的土样进行标准固结试验。试验结果表明,对比孔隙水为蒸馏水的工况,酸污染土的总变形量增大,且最大压缩变形压力段下降;碱污染土的总变形量减小,且最大压缩变形压力段上升;土样经过酸污染后压缩系数增大,中压缩性变为高压缩性,但碱污染后的压缩系数却有不同程度的降低;酸污染土的压缩系数、压缩模量、体积压缩系数和压缩指数等压缩指标在小于400 kPa的中、低压力区间更敏感,碱污染土在大于400 kPa的高压力区更敏感。在该基础上对侧限条件下的应力?应变关系进行分析,发现在不同污染情况下污染黄土的应力?应变曲线较好的符合Guanry关系。 相似文献