RIPPLE MARK INDICES AND THEIR USES

The following dimensionless parameters (two of them well-known and five of them new) are defined for determination of ripple mark geometry: ripple index (RI), ripple symmetry index (RSI), continuity index (CI), bifurcation index (BI), straightness index (SI), and two different parallelism indices (PI₁ and PI₂). In general, RI = 15 or less indicates wave or water current origin; RI = 17 or more indicates wind or swash origin. RSI = 1.5 or less indicates wave or swash types; RSI = 3 or more indicates wind or water current types. CI = 15 or more suggests wind or wave origin; CI = 10 or less suggests water current origin. BI = 10 or more suggests wave varieties; BI = 1 or less suggests wind varieties. SI = 10² or more indicates wind or deep-water wave types; SI = 15 to 10² indicates wind or wave types; SI =4 or less indicates current types. PI1 = 7 or more suggests wave origin; PI1 = 1 or less suggests water current origin. PI2 = 0.4 or more is probably the result of swash or water current action. PI2 = 0.2 or less is probably the result of wind or wave action. Longitudinal ripple marks (such as rib-and-furrow) and deformed or modified varieties (such as flat-topped tidal-flat ripple marks and nearly- flat-topped intermittent creek ripple marks) have been excluded, inasmuch as (1)they are commonly easy to identify from their appearance, and (2)they are difficult to measure with ordinary methods. Plots of two indices against each other on coordinate paper can be particularly useful; the best combinations are RI vs. RSI, and RI vs. PI1, although several other pairs are almost as good. Where all seven parameters can be obtained, the confidence one can have in the interpretation is close to 98%. The effects of current bias, or depth bias, on wave-type ripple marks, extend to both the symmetry (RSI) and to sediment-transport interpretations. Unless the investigator is reasonably sure that no such bias is present (i.e., RSI = 1.0 instead of some significantly higher value such as 1.5), wave-type ripple marks cannot be used to determine direction of either wave approach or sediment transport. If no such bias is present, wave-type ripple marks still cannot be used to determine precise sediment transport direction. If RSI = 1.0 precisely, it is not even necessary that the ripple crests parallel the waves that formed them. The same restrictions apply to the interpretation of micro-crossbedding (that is, ripple mark internal structure). Despite these seemingly severe limitations, general geometry commonly permits a reliable interpretation, and hence ripple marks can provide a great deal of useful data for paleogeographic interpretations. The swash-zone variety of ripple marks includes two sub-types: those modified by a small but unmistakeable hydraulic jump, and those not so modified. The RI can be used to distinguish between these two, even when they were not observed to form.     

盖层与源岩的时空配置关系对油气运聚成藏的控制作用

盖层与源岩是油气成藏不可缺少的两个条件，它们在时空上的配置关系对油气运聚成藏起着重要的控制作用，盖层的空间分布面积只有大于源岩的空间分布面积时，盖层才能封闭住源岩排出的大量油气，尤其覆盖整个盆地或凹陷时效果更好；否则造成油气大量散失，不利于油气的大量聚集与保存，盖层封闭能力形成期只有早于或与其相当时，才能封闭住源岩排出的大量油气，有利于油气的大规模聚集成藏，反之，盖层所能封闭住油气量的大小主要取决于两者之间时间差的相对大小，两者时间差越大，盖层所能封闭住油气量的大小主要取决于两者之间时间差的相对大小，两者时间差越大，盖层所能封闭住源岩排出的油气量相对越小，不利于油气的大相对大小，两者时间差越大，盖层所能封闭住源岩排出的油气量相对越小，不利于油气的大规模聚集成藏；反之，盖层所能封闭住源岩排出的不同气量相对越大，越有利于油气的大规模聚集成藏。     

Flanking structures

Flanking structures are deflections of planar or linear fabric elements in a rock alongside a cross-cutting object such as a vein, fracture or burrow. Flanking structures are divided into flanking-folds and flanking shear-bands. Both structures can develop by a range of mechanisms including intrusion or in situ formation of veins that bisects existing fold trains or shear-bands along the axis of the structure; flow partitioning alongside an active fault in a ductilely deforming rock; passive rotation of a vein with attached narrow rim of wall rock formed by alteration of the wall rock during intrusion of the vein; development of a shear zone in or along a pre-existing vein; and passive amplification of small deflections alongside a vein or burrow. Flanking structures can be used to establish a sequence of deformation and intrusion or partial melting, and some types of flanking structures can be used as shear sense indicators or to determine finite strain.     

软岩下桥隧相连段车辆冲击效应模型试验研究

为研究软弱围岩（Ⅳ、Ⅴ级）条件下桥、隧相连段在后期运营中车辆荷载及其冲击作用下的力学行为、作用效应等,依托相关工程实例开展了系统的室内模型试验研究。结合桥、隧相连工程的实际特点,依据相似理论,给出了模型试验中桥、隧结构及洞周岩土体各物理量间的相似关系,对模型试验方法进行了系统的分析和阐述。通过模型试验研究表明,Ⅳ、Ⅴ级围岩条件下的桥、隧相连段中,运营中的汽车荷载及其冲击作用,易使桥梁、隧道衬砌关键部位产生不利力学效应或结构损伤,使桥梁跨中、搭接端及洞底产生过大位移或沉降,并易使隧道洞口围岩稳定性降低等。因此,对桥隧相连段的桥、隧及洞口围岩各关键部位宜采取局部加强措施,以避免各种损伤或病害的发生     

滇东南丘北地区大铁铝土矿工艺矿物学特征

云南省丘北县大铁中型铝土矿是近年来在滇东南地区新发现并探明的一水硬铝石沉积型铝土矿床,矿体赋存于上二叠统龙潭组下段。通过矿相学分析,对大铁铝土矿矿石的矿物组成和主要矿物的赋存状态进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,矿石主要矿物组成为一水硬铝石,其次是高岭石、伊利石、绢云母、绿泥石、锐钛矿、赤铁矿、针铁矿、金红石、玉髓等。一水硬铝石呈现出多种结晶形态和复杂的赋存状态,其嵌布特征主要有以下5种：①呈自形、半自形粒状不均匀地嵌布在脉石矿物中;②呈豆状、土豆状、豆鲕状产出;③呈隐晶质、微晶集合体或极不规则的粒状、微粒状产出;④呈脉状、骸晶状产出;⑤一水硬铝石与铝凝胶或脉石矿物的集合体呈环带状或同心圆状产出。     

乌尔逊凹陷南二段油气成藏与分布主控因素及有利区预测

通过对乌尔逊凹陷南二段油气成藏各种条件与油气藏的叠合研究证明,鸟尔逊凹陷南二段油气成藏与分布的主控因素主要有盖源时空匹配关系、储层岩性、断层和圈闭.盖源时空匹配关系控制着油气聚集数量和空间分布;粉砂岩和泥质粉砂岩是油气储集的有利岩性;断裂活动时期与源岩大量排烃期的匹配关系控制着油气聚集数量,较好的断层垂向封闭性有利于油气聚集,断裂活动和封闭控制着不同类型圈闭的形成.反向高断块和断背斜有利于油气运聚成藏.在此基础上得到乌尔逊凹陷南二段油气成藏与分布的有利勘探区主要分布在苏仁诺尔构造带和黄旗庙构造带南部;较有利区主要分布在铜钵庙构造带、乌东斜坡带、乌西断裂带、乌中构造带和巴彦塔拉构造带的部分地区.     

刷磨和剔磨的工艺参数计算

刷磨和剔磨是钻石加工者为了尽可能保存钻石成品的克拉质量、又消除腰棱附近瑕疵时采取的加大或减小腰小面倾角的加工措施,磨钻师傅往往凭经验掌握。利用本文编写的刷磨与剔磨工艺参数计算程序,可以准确计算出任意切工参数下指定的刷磨或剔磨程度所对应的工艺参数。     

汾渭地堑系盆地发育进程的差异及其控震作用

基于盆地断陷规模、断陷幅度、构造样式的差异,将汾渭地堑系诸盆地划分为初始型、成长型、成熟型及连接型四类;认为盆地从初始型、成长型至成熟型,其构造闭琐度有减弱的趋势;剖析了各级强震震源区的构造特征,依据震源体理论,认为盆地类型与震级上限有对应关系。      

华北型煤田陷落柱形成过程研究

在地下水系统的径流或排泄带上,且处于次级向斜轴部或转折端附近、小断层或环形断层发育地段,如果古地表岩溶空洞、古地下岩溶空洞和膏溶空洞等为岩层塌陷提供了发源地,陷落柱发育的可能性极大。华北型煤田陷落柱的形成是以底部岩层中空洞发育为基础,地下水的强烈交替和水-岩作用为条件,岩体自身重力、地应力集中以及溶洞内的真空负压三重作用为动力,经过垮落、溶蚀、搬运、塌陷、冒落等周而复始的过程,分阶段逐步形成陷落柱。      

浅谈湘西南找石英脉型金矿--一种新的找矿方法介绍

群山具有“金、木、水、火、土”属性，山分阴阳。含金石英脉具三元结构，显金晕景观，属性为金，富金矿体多产于金山和土山中。根据山的属性和山的阴阳，可直接在金山和土山的阳山地段寻找石英脉型金矿。     

昌化鸡血石常见地子的成分与岩性

从临安昌化镇和大峡谷镇采集了一百多个昌化鸡血石样品,分别对其作了岩石薄片鉴定、红外分析、X射线衍射分析,归纳总结了常见鸡血石种类的成分和岩性:冻地主要成分为地开石/高岭石,岩性为粘土质岩石;软地主要成分为强粘土化火山碎屑或粘土,岩性多为强粘土化凝灰岩-粘土质岩石;软刚地主要成分为蚀变火山碎屑/明矾石,岩性多为明矾石岩或中等粘土化/明矾石化凝灰岩;硬刚地主要成分为石英,岩性为弱明矾石化/弱粘土化凝灰岩;硬地主要成分为石英,岩性为弱-强硅化凝灰岩。     

重力场定义的澄清

《朗曼现代英文词典》(LongmanModernEnglishDictionary)、《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(OxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish ChineseDictionary)、《韦氏词典》(Merriam Webster’sNewCollegiateDictionary)、作为地球物理专业词汇定义源的《勘探地球物理百科词典》(EncyclopedicDictionaryofExplorationGeo physics)以及中国的一些重力教科书、专著及词典 ,把重力场定义为重力或重力作用存在的空间 ,重力效应可以测量的空间 ,即 :力或重力存在的空间。这个定义不同于国外英文地球物理教科书、专著及中、英、俄文场论教科书对重力场的定义 :空间中的重力。定义重力场为重力存在的空间 ,混淆了“场”本身及“场域”的概念 ,并不是一个标准的物理或地球物理定义 ,是一种误导。物理场是空间中存在的一种物理作用或效应 ,分布于引起它的场源体周围。两个物体之间存在着的相互作用力 ,通过每个物体引起的引力场给予另一个物体。重力场可以定义如下 :地球内部及其附近空间一点处存在的重力作用 ,或单位质量受到的重力。重力场是一种力或力场 ,存在于地球表面及其附近的空间。重力场不是空间 ,重力场的测量应当是在重力场存在的空间或场域中 ,而不是在重力场中进行。     

断裂岩岩石磁学研究进展

断裂岩的岩石磁学研究可以揭示地震断裂作用的物理和化学环境,对于探讨地震断裂作用机制具有重要作用。本文在断裂岩岩石磁学最新文献的基础上,结合笔者及所在研究团队在龙门山断裂带获得的研究成果,综述了断裂岩的岩石磁学研究进展。大量研究发现断层泥和假玄武玻璃通常具有磁化率值或剩磁强度异常特征。顺磁性矿物在摩擦热或流体作用下形成新的铁磁性矿物是断层泥和假玄武玻璃高磁化率值或高剩磁强度的主要原因;地震断裂摩擦熔融作用中形成的单质铁是假玄武玻璃中高磁化率值或高剩磁强度异常的另一个重要原因。蠕滑断裂和出露于浅地表的断裂带中可见一些具有低磁化率值异常的断层泥,原因可能是流体作用或断裂带未经历高温摩擦热。断裂岩的岩石磁学研究为地震断裂带的应力应变、形成温度、摩擦热效应、流体作用、形成深度和氧化还原特征等提供了重要信息,可用于分析地震断裂的孕震和发震环境。综合岩石磁学测试和微米至纳米尺度的超显微学研究,并辅助地震断裂岩的摩擦实验、高温热模拟实验等研究可以更好地获得断裂岩的岩石磁学信息。     

地下水的资源功能与易遭污染脆弱性空间关系研究

本文以滹滏平原为研究区,从地下水资源功能和地下水易遭污染脆弱性内在联系为切入点,采用统计分析的方法,探讨地下水的资源功能与易遭污染脆弱性关系.结果表明,当地下水资源功能为一般时,地下水易遭污染脆弱性为一般或较低;地下水资源功能强或较弱时,地下水易遭污染脆弱性较高;地下水资源功能较强和弱时,地下水易遭污染脆弱性较低.当地下水易遭污染脆弱性一般时,地下水资源功能为一般或较强;地下水易遭污染脆弱性高或低时,地下水资源功能较弱;地下水易遭污染脆弱性较高或较低时,地下水资源功能强或较弱.然后从地下水补给和含水层状况等二者之间共有的评价指标分析了地下水资源功能较低和脆弱性低时形成多种对应关系的机理.     

Microgranitoid enclave swarms in granitic plutons, central Sierra Nevada, California

Microgranitoid enclaves are common in granitic plutons worldwide, occurring individually and in homogeneous or heterogeneous swarms. Three plutons in the central Sierra Nevada batholith contain swarms with mostly heterogeneous suites of enclaves in the intermediate composition range, and occur in a number of two-dimensional shapes, specifically as dikes, small rafts, lenses, pipe/vortices and large massive shapes. Swarms are characterized by various features, including the nature of their boundary with the host, their planar or non-planar character, internal geometry, density of enclave packing, presence or absence of schlieren and crystal aggregates, and axial ratios and degree of preferred alignment of enclaves. We propose that heterogeneous enclave swarms form by one, or some combination of, the following mechanisms: (1) velocity-gradient sorting parallel or normal to the flow, (2) gravitational sorting or (3) break-up of heterogeneous dikes. Common sites where enclave swarms form include pluton margins or internal viscosity walls, within fractures, and near the pluton roof.     

Normal and lognormal data distribution in geochemistry: death of a myth. Consequences for the statistical treatment of geochemical and environmental data

All variables of several large data sets from regional geochemical and environmental surveys were tested for a normal or lognormal data distribution. As a general rule, almost all variables (up to more than 50 analysed chemical elements per data set) show neither a normal or a lognormal data distribution. Even when different transformation methods are used more than 70 % of all variables in every single data set do not approach a normal distribution. Distributions are usually skewed, have outliers and originate from more than one process. When dealing with regional geochemical or environmental data normal and/or lognormal distributions are an exception and not the rule. This observation has serious consequences for the further statistical treatment of geochemical and environmental data. The most widely used statistical methods are all based on the assumption that the studied data show a normal or lognormal distribution. Neglecting that geochemcial and environmental data show neither a normal or lognormal distribution will lead to biased or faulty results when such techniques are used. Received: 21 June 1999 · Accepted: 14 August 1999     

河渠水位曲线回水影响半无限含水层河渠附近地下水非稳定流计算

本文探讨河渠水位呈曲线变化时,河渠附近地下水非稳定运动问题。抛开经典河渠附近地下水非稳定渗流理论之瞬时回水的假设条件,重新推导河渠影响半无限潜水含水层地下水非稳定流计算公式。应用数值逼近的理论、逼近河渠水位变化规律。给出河渠水位以任意次多项式规律变化的一系列地下水非稳定流计算公式。从理论上证明了瞬时回水假设的根本矛盾,并用一实际例子对比计算加以验证。指出了抛弃瞬时回水的假设条件,重新建立一套全新的河渠附近地下水非稳定流理论的必要性。     

贵州东南部岩(矿)石物性参数概况

通过系统采测岩(矿)石密度标本14417块，经统计整理获得了岩石密度在平面上和纵向上的高密度区(层)，低密度区(层)的分布变化特征和规律。采测岩(矿)石磁性参数标本1858块，研究沉积岩、变质岩、岩浆岩和矿石的磁性特征、磁性地层。铜矿与围岩存在电性差，具备寻找良导体的物理前提条件。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001083

Stable carbon isotope geochemistry provides important information for the recognition of fundamental isotope exchange processes related to the movement of carbon in the lithosphere and permits the elaboration of models for the global carbon cycle.Carbon isotope ratios in fluid-deposited graphite are powerful tools for unravelling the ultimate origin of carbon（organic matter,mantle,or carbonates） and help to constrain the fluid history and the mechanisms involved in graphite deposition.Graphite precipitation in fluid-deposited occurrences results from CO₂- and/or CH₄-bearing aqueous fluids.Fluid flow can be considered as both a closed（without replenishment of the fluid） or an open system（with renewal of the fluid by successive fluid batches）.In closed systems,carbon isotope systematics in graphite is mainly governed by Rayleigh precipitation and/or by changes in temperature affecting the fractionation factor between fluid and graphite.Such processes result in zoned graphite crystals or in successive graphite generations showing,in both cases, isotopic variation towards progressive ^l3C or ¹²C enrichment（depending upon the dominant carbon phase in the fluid.CO₂ or CH₄,respectively）.In open systems,in which carbon is episodically introduced along the fracture systems,the carbon systematics is more complex and individual graphite crystals may display oscillatory zoning because of Rayleigh precipitation or heterogeneous variations of 5’ C values when mixing of fluids or changes in the composition of the fluids are the mechanisms responsible for graphite precipitation.     

GIS and ANN coupling model: an innovative approach to evaluate vulnerability of karst water inrush in coalmines of north China

Evaporites, including rock salt (halite) and gypsum (or anhydrite), are the most soluble among common rocks; they dissolve readily to form the same types of karst features that commonly are found in limestones and dolomites. Evaporites are present in 32 of the 48 contiguous states in USA, and they underlie about 40% of the land area. Typical evaporite-karst features observed in outcrops include sinkholes, caves, disappearing streams, and springs, whereas other evidence of active evaporite karst includes surface-collapse structures and saline springs or saline plumes that result from salt dissolution. Many evaporites also contain evidence of paleokarst, such as dissolution breccias, breccia pipes, slumped beds, and collapse structures. All these natural karst phenomena can be sources of engineering or environmental problems. Dangerous sinkholes and caves can form rapidly in evaporite rocks, or pre-existing karst features can be reactivated and open up (collapse) under certain hydrologic conditions or when the land is put to new uses. Many karst features also propagate upward through overlying surficial deposits. Human activities also have caused development of evaporite karst, primarily in salt deposits. Boreholes (petroleum tests or solution-mining operations) or underground mines may enable unsaturated water to flow through or against salt deposits, either intentionally or accidentally, thus allowing development of small to large dissolution cavities. If the dissolution cavity is large enough and shallow enough, successive roof failures can cause land subsidence and/or catastrophic collapse. Evaporite karst, natural and human-induced, is far more prevalent than is commonly believed.