基于ETCCDI指数2017年中国极端温度和降水特征分析

利用中国1961—2017年2419站均一化逐日气候数据,计算了气候变化检测和指数联合专家组定义的26个极端气候指数,分析2017年中国极端温度和降水特征。结果表明：2017年中国区域平均的所有极端高温指数均高于1961—1990年30年平均,所有极端低温指数均低于1961—1990年30年平均。中国区域平均的多个极端温度指数达到或者接近历史极值,其中年最小日最高气温(TXn)和年最小日最低气温(TNn)均达到历史最高值,冷夜(TN10p)、冷昼(TX10p)和持续冷日日数(CSDI)达到历史最低值。年最大日最高气温(TXx)、年最大日最低气温(TNx)、暖夜(TN90p)、霜冻(FD)、冰冻(ID)、热夜(TR)、生长期长度(GSL)排在1961年以来的第2或第3位,其余极端温度指数全部排在了1961年以来前10位。2017年中国区域平均的10个极端降水指数中,有7个指数值处于1961—2017年1个标准差范围内,指示2017年的极端降水接近正常年。     

冬季中国东部与北极之间近地面温度变化的年际联系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和国家气象信息中心整编的425站气温资料,借助经验正交函数分解（EOF）、相关分析和回归分析等方法探讨1956~2015年冬季北极及中高纬度近地面温度、西伯利亚高压的变化特征以及两者与中国东部气温直接和间接的年际联系。为此定义了3个西伯利亚高压指数,即西伯利亚高压中心强度指数（SHCI）、西伯利亚高压面积指数（SHA）和西伯利亚高压东边界指数（SHEB）。结果表明:从1998年开始冬季巴伦支海、喀拉海迅速增温,并在年际尺度上与中国东部气温存在显著的负相关关系,即北极近地面温度与中国东部气温的直接联系。同时,西伯利亚高压的3个指数也与北极地区近地面温度和中国东部气温有较好的年际关系,体现了西伯利亚高压是联系北极和东亚气候的桥梁,当北极近地面温度升高（降低）时,西伯利亚高压中心强度增强（减弱）,面积扩大（缩小）,东边界东伸（西退）,中国东部气温降低（升高）,即北极近地面温度（西伯利亚高压）与中国东部气温的间接（直接）联系。最后,讨论了北极近地面温度变化影响中国东部气温的可能物理机制。     

三种温湿参数下昆明准静止锋锋面位置及锋生函数诊断的对比分析

针对2008年1~2月昆明准静止锋天气过程,讨论了位温、相当位温和广义位温三个温湿参数及其对应的锋生函数,对比分析结果表明:（1）广义位温因其湿度因子权重过大,不适用于分析以温度梯度定义的昆明准静止锋锋面位置和强度;（2）理想状态下的干大气位温和饱和大气相当位温仅与气压和温度有关,均能较好地反映大气温度场特征,适用于昆明准静止锋的分析,比较而言相当位温对温度锋区的描述更为显著;（3）用位温或相当位温计算锋生函数所得结果直接表达了因温度场变化导致的锋面生消状况,而用广义位温计算锋生函数所得结果同时包含温度锋生（消）和湿度锋生（消）两种情况,不能简洁地判断昆明准静止锋锋面生消状况。     

黑龙江省1961—2009年极端气温事件变化特征分析

选用世界气象组织公布的极端气候指数方法对1961—2009年黑龙江省8个极端气温指数进行计算和分析,得到黑龙江省极端气温事件的事实和变化特征。结果表明：黑龙江省近49年来夏日天数、极端最低气温、极端最高气温、暖夜指数和暖昼日数均呈上升趋势,而霜冻日数、冷夜指数和冷昼日数呈下降趋势。极端气温指数的变化存在明显的年际变化特征,并有突变发生。对黑龙江省气温升高来说,最低气温升高主要发生在20世纪80年代中期以后,而最高气温则在90年代以后上升明显。空间分布方面,极端气温指数在全区基本都呈一致的增大或减小分布。夜间增暖的幅度要大于白天增暖的幅度,夜间气温的上升对增暖的贡献更大。     

包含冻结过程的广义位温及位涡特征分析

为了对比分析降水过程中不同表达形式热力学变量和位涡时空分布特点,本文针对2017年7月13～14日吉林省强降水过程,利用模式输出资料对常规位温（θ）、相当位温（θ_e）、包含凝结概率函数的广义位温（θ_Gao）、包含冻结概率函数的广义位温（θ_Wang）和同时涵盖凝结过程与冻结过程（θ_Gu）五种不同形式位温进行计算,并分析五种对应位涡[PV(θ)、PV(θ_e)、PV(θ_Gao)、PV(θ_Wang)、PV(θ_Gu)]与降水的关系。结果表明,引入冻结概率函数的广义位温（θ_Wang）和对应的广义湿位涡PV(θ_Wang)与强降水的对应性更好。θ_Wang与θ_Gao差异集中在降水区对流层中高层5～11 km,前者始终高于后者,最大差异达2.5 K,说明冻结概率函数的引入扩大了广义位温的适用范围,更适合描述降水区湿大气非均匀饱和热力状态。五种位涡的差异主要在降水区上空12 km以下,由θ_Gao和θ_Wang定义的位涡PV(θ_Gao)和PV(θ_Wang)的正负异常中心更为明显。相比于PV(θ_Gao)和PV(θ_Wang)异常值更大,差异可达±0.2 PVU,这主要是由于冻结概率函数的引入增大降水区上空广义位温,促使冻结区的湿位涡异常增强。     

银川城市道路路面温度变化特征及统计模型

采用人工定点观测路面温度资料,分析了不同天空状况和不同材质道路的路面温度日变化特征。结果表明：路面温度具有明显的日变化特征,晴空或少云时,日出和日落时段路面温度略高于气温,中午前后路面温度变幅最大,且明显高于气温;阴雨天时,路面温度略高于气温,变化相对平缓且与气温保持较好的相关性。由于水泥和沥青不同的物理特征,沥青路面对气温的反应灵敏,水泥路面反应平缓,即水泥路面最高温度多低于沥青路面,最低温度多高于沥青路面。在此基础上应用逐步回归方法建立逐时路面温度预报模型和最高道面温度预报模型,并应用模型模拟的结果与实测路面温度作对比分析,结果表明逐时道面温度预报模型的模拟效果较好,最高道面温度预报模型误差较大,需要进一步修正和改进。     

A Simulation Study on the Extreme Temperature Events of the 20th Century by Using the BCC_AGCM

Extreme temperature events are simulated by using the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model (BCC AGCM) in this paper. The model has been run for 136 yr with the observed external forcing data including solar insolation, greenhouse gases, and monthly sea surface temperature (SST). The daily maximum and minimum temperatures are simulated by the model, and 16 indices representing various extreme temperature events are calculated based on these two variables. The results show that the maximum of daily maximum temperature (TXX), maximum of daily minimum (TNX), minimum of daily maximum (TXN), minimum of daily minimum (TNN), warm days (TX90p), warm nights (TN90p), summer days (SU25), tropical nights (TR20), and warm spell duration index (WSDI) have increasing trends during the 20th century in most regions of the world, while the cold days (TX10p), cold nights (TN10p), and cold spell duration index (CSDI) have decreasing trends. The probability density function (PDF) of warm/cold days/nights for three periods of 1881-1950, 1951- 1978, and 1979-2003 is examined. It is found that before 1950, the cold day/night has the largest probability, while for the period of 1979-2003, it has the smallest probability. In contrast to the decreasing trend of cold days/nights, the PDF of warm days/nights exhibits an opposite trend. In addition, the frost days (FD) and ice days (ID) have decreasing trends, the growing season has lengthened, and the diurnal temperature range is getting smaller during the 20th century. A comparison of the above extreme temperature indices between the model output and NCEP data (taken as observation) for 1948-2000 indicates that the mean values and the trends of the simulated indices are close to the observations, and overall there is a high correlation between the simulated indices and the observations. But the simulated trends of FD, ID, growing season length, and diurnal temperature range are not consistent with the observations and their correlations are low or even negative. This indicates that the model is incapable to simulate these four indices although it has captured most indices of the extreme temperature events.     

基于数值预报及上级指导产品的本地气温MOS预报方法

利用恩施基准站2008—2011年地面实测资料、数值预报产品、上级台站指导产品,采用M(数值模式预报)、E(天气学经验)、D(诊断分析)相结合的方法(简称MED),从气温变化的影响因素如大气稳定度、温度平流、水汽条件等设计具有物理意义的预报因子。或根据需要进行因子的组合叠加利用,并将指导产品直接作为预报因子。利用常规统计预报方法(逐步回归),将高、低温实况作为预报对象来建立地方气温预报模式。结果表明:将天空状况进行分型后建立地方气温MOS预报模型,并对应高低温一般出现时间段来选取数值预报产品因子进行预报,对本地气温预报质量的提高有积极的意义;模型建立过程中,综合采用了MED相结合的方法,并应用了数值预报再加工因子,考虑了天气系统变化对气温的影响,增强了数值预报的解释应用能力;参考客观数值模式产品、上级业务部门指导产品相结合的综合MOS预报方法,建立地方气温MOS预报是提高本地天气预报准确率的有效尝试。检验结果也表明,本地气温MOS预报效果较好,明显高于指导预报,已较好应用于实际业务中。     

北京气候变暖与主要极端气温指数的归因分析

在对资料进行均一化处理的基础上,分析了北京1960—2008 年气候变暖及主要极端气温指数的统计特征,并应用格兰杰检验法对其进行归因分析。结果表明:(1) 近49 a 来北京年平均气温增速约为0.39 ℃/(10 a),气候增暖具有明显的非对称性。(2) 霜冻指数和气温年较差呈下降趋势,降幅为3.9 d/(10 a)和0.8 ℃/(10 a)。生长季指数、暖夜指数及热浪指数则呈上升趋势,增幅平均达3.0 d/(10 a)、0.75%/(10 a)和1.5 d/(10 a)。(3) 北京年平均气温是霜冻指数、生长季指数及暖夜指数发生变化的格兰杰原因。虽然年平均气温与热浪指数在不同滞后期均具强相关性,但是检验表明它们之间并无显著的因果关系,很可能是由于某种原因导致的一种统计上的伪相关现象。      

Assessment of Air Temperature Trends in the Source Region of Yellow River and Its Sub-Basins,China

Changes in climatic variables at the sub-basins scale (having different features of land cover) are crucial for planning, development and designing of water resources infrastructure in the context of climate change. Accordingly, to explore the features of climate changes in sub-basins of the Source Region of Yellow River (SRYR), absolute changes and trends of temperature variables, maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), mean temperature (Tavg) and diurnal temperature range (DTR), were analyzed annually and seasonally by using daily observed air temperature dataset from 1965 to 2014. Results showed that annual Tmax, Tmin and Tavg for the SRYR were experiencing warming trends respectively at the rate of 0.28, 0.36 and 0.31°C (10 yr)^?1. In comparison with the 1st period (1965-1989), more absolute changes and trends towards increasing were observed during the 2nd period (1990-2014). Apart from Tangnaihai (a low altitude sub-basin), these increasing trends and changes seemed more significant in other basins with highest magnitude during winter. Among sub-basins the increasing trends were more dominant in Huangheyan compared to other sub-basins. The largest increase magnitude of Tmin, 1.24 and 1.18°C (10 yr)^?1, occurred in high altitude sub-basins Jimai and Huangheyan, respectively, while the smallest increase magnitude of 0.23°C (10 yr)^?1 occurred in a low altitude sub-basin Tangnaihai. The high elevation difference in Tangnaihai probably was the main reason for the less increase in the magnitude of Tmin. In the last decade, smaller magnitude of trend for all temperature variables signified the signal of cooling in the region. Overall, changes of temperature variables had significant spatial and seasonal variations. It implies that seasonal variations of runoff might be greater or different for each sub-basin.     

高温胁迫对猕猴桃叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探讨高温对猕猴桃叶片光合机构的影响,建立基于叶绿素荧光反应的高温热害识别指标,利用叶绿素快速荧光诱导动力学分析技术,研究不同温度胁迫下猕猴桃叶片8类叶绿素荧光的变化特征.结果 表明:单位面积捕获的光能、单位面积有活性的反应中心数量、300 μs处相对可变荧光强度差值在30℃≤T≤54℃时均受温度胁迫影响,属光系统Ⅱ敏...     

Summer temperature extremes in northeastern Spain: spatial regionalization and links to atmospheric circulation (1960–2006)

A procedure for classifying daily summer temperature extremes in northeastern Spain into homogenous regions has been presented and evaluated. This procedure employed daily temperature series from a dense network of 128 weather stations spanning the period from 1960 to 2006. Characteristics of temperature extremes included temperature frequency (e.g., warm days), intensity (e.g., warmest day), and duration (e.g., maximum length of hot spell). Following the results of the principal components analysis and Ward's method of clustering, the study area was divided into four homogenous sub-regions in terms of both the geographic and climatic meanings: the Mediterranean region, the mainland and the Cantabrian region, the moderately elevated areas westward and southward, and the mountainous region. Based on an internal cluster validation measure (Silhouette width), the quality of clustering was evaluated and ensured. The temporal evolution of the long-term (1960–2006) temperature extremes clearly showed a different behavior amongst these sub-regions. The Mediterranean and the highly elevated regions revealed the strongest signals in both daytime and nighttime extremes. For mainland areas, considerable differences in the behavior of the daytime and nighttime temperature extremes were evident. The influence of atmospheric circulation on spatial and temporal variability of temperature extremes was also explored. The variability of summer temperature extremes in NE Spain appears to be mainly driven by the Scandinavian (SCA), the Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO), and the East Atlantic (EA) patterns, with a tendency toward increasing during the positive (negative) phases of the EA (WeMO and SCA) circulation modes. In such a region with complex geography and climate, regionalization of summer temperature extremes can be advantageous for extracting finer-scale information, which may prove useful for the vulnerability assessments and the development of local adaptation strategies in areas such as health, ecosystems and agriculture.     

Annual and Seasonal Climatic Analysis of Surface Air Temperature Variations at Six Southern Mediterranean Stations

Summary  Variations of surface temperature are studied at six southern Mediterranean stations: Marakesh (1910–1991), Alger (1823–1991), Tripoli (1944–1991), Alexandria (1942–1991), Amman (1923–1991), and Beirut (1863–1991). The homogeneity of the temperature data is examined for each station by means of the short-cut Bartlet test. Abrupt climatic changes towards warm or cold periods exist at all stations with the exception of Tripoli. Persistence is also found in annual and seasonal temperatures, however, this persistence is not always linear. Annual and seasonal temperature fluctuations are examined and periods important warming begin in 1910 and 1970. Fluctuations in winter temperature are around the mean value, while summer temperatures, during the last three decades, have been distinctly higher than the long term mean values. Received October 3, 1997 Revised April 17, 1998     

高分辨率统计降尺度数据集NEX-GDDP对中国极端温度指数模拟能力的评估

利用1986—2005年中国地面气象台站观测的格点化逐日气温资料（CN05.1）评估了高分辨率统计降尺度数据集NASA Earth Exchange/Global Daily Downscaled Projections（NEX-GDDP）中21个全球气候模式对中国极端温度指数的模拟能力。在选用了日最低温度最大值（TNx）、日最高温度最大值（TXx）、暖夜指数（TN90p）和暖昼指数（TX90p）来研究极端温度事件的变化。结果显示:（1）除MRI-CGCM3模拟的日最高温度最大值外,其余模式对4个指数的模拟结果均表现出与观测一致的上升趋势,但模拟结果的平均值相对观测平均低0.26℃/（10 a）（日最低温度最大值）、0.19℃/（10 a）（日最高温度最大值）、2.21%/（10 a）（暖夜指数）、1.04%/（10 a）（暖昼指数）。（2）不同模式对各指数变化趋势空间分布特征的模拟存在较大差别,对日最低温度最大值、日最高温度最大值、暖夜指数和暖昼指数模拟能力最优模式分别为CCSM4、CESM1-BGC、MIROC-ESM-CHEM和bcc-csm1-1。模式模拟的日最低温度最大值和日最高温度最大值气候态平均值与观测值的相关系数在0.97以上。暖夜指数和暖昼指数模拟结果与观测值的标准差比值为0.34—1.58,均方根误差变化为1.6%—3.47%,对这两个指数模拟能力较优的模式分别为MIROC-ESM-CHEM（暖夜指数）和CESM1-BGC（暖昼指数）。（3）综合模式对4个指数在气候态平均值和变化趋势模拟能力的评估结果来看,CanESM2、CESM1-BGC和MIROC-ESM-CHEM显示了相对较高的模拟能力。因此,在利用GDDP-NEX研究未来极端温度事件时,建议将它们作为优选模式。      

Assessment of surface air warming in northeast China, with emphasis on the impacts of urbanization

Based on homogenized land surface air temperature (SAT) data (derived from China Homogenized Historical Temperature (CHHT) 1.0), the warming trends over Northeast China are detected in this paper, and the impacts of urban heat islands (UHIs) evaluated. Results show that this region is undergoing rapid warming: the trends of annual mean minimum temperature (MMIT), mean temperature (MT), and mean maximum temperature (MMAT) are 0.40 C decade^?1, 0.32 C decade^?1, and 0.23 C decade^?1, respectively. Regional average temperature series built with these networks including and excluding “typical urban stations” are compared for the periods of 1954–2005. Although impacts of UHIs on the absolute annual and seasonal temperature are identified, UHI contributions to the long-term trends are less than 10% of the regional total warming during the period. The large warming trend during the period is due to a regime shift in around 1988, which accounted for about 51% of the regional warming.     

东北地区冬季气温与北极涛动年代际关系研究

利用中国160站气温资料、北极涛动指数资料及关国NCEP／NCAR再分析资料中月平均海平面气压场、高度场、风场资料，分析了东北地区冬季气温、冬季北极涛动的年代际特征及其关系。结果表明：在年代际时间尺度上，两者之间存在显著正相关。冬季北极涛动处于低（高）指数期，东北冬季气温为持续冷冬（暖冬）期。可能影响机制是：在地面，冬季北极涛动处于低（高）指数期时，西伯利亚高压增强（减弱），亚洲大陆偏北冬季风增强（减弱），东北为持续冷冬（暖冬）期；在对流层中层，冬季北极涛动处于低（高）指数期时，东亚大槽加深（减弱），贝加尔湖以西以北脊增强（减弱），环流呈经向（纬向）型发展，东北对流层中层偏北风增强（减弱），东北为持续冷冬（暖冬）期。     

地面气温对微环境空间差异的响应——以漠河站为例

测站附近微环境条件对地面气温观测记录的影响目前还不清楚。本文对2010年漠河国家基准气候站地面观测对比试验数据进行了分析,得到如下结论:(1)年平均地面气温近障碍物点低于标准观测场内,但1、6月的月平均气温近障碍物点偏高;(2)06:00—17:00和21:00,近障碍物地点的气温偏低;18:00至次日05:00(除21:00),近障碍物点气温偏高;(3)春季各时次近障碍物点地面气温均偏低;夏季06:00—17:00近障碍物点气温偏低,18:00至次日05:00相反;秋季仅01:00、03:00、19:00、23:00近障碍物点气温偏高,其他时次相反;冬季07:00—19:00近障碍物点气温偏低,20:00至次日06:00相反。冷季近障碍物点气温偏低;暖季昼间近障碍物点气温偏低,夜间相反;(4)日最高、最低气温出现时间不同地点大体相同,最高气温近障碍物点偏低,最低气温近障碍物点偏高,但最高气温偏低绝对值大于最低气温偏高绝对值;(5)有雾情况下近障碍物地点的气温偏高几率大;雨雪多云天气近障碍物地点气温均偏低;晴朗的白天近障碍物地点的气温偏低,有风天气更明显;而晴朗的夜间近障碍物地点气温偏高,无风天气更明显;晴朗天气条件下,无风时近障碍物地点与观测场内气温差值大于有风时。结果表明,地面气温观测记录对台站观测场附近微环境改变十分敏感,微环境条件的变化将导致地面气温观测出现明显不连续性,对气候变化分析产生影响。     

近百年全球地表月气温数据的概况与初步整合

基于国际上最著名的4套全球地表月气温数据集,即英国东安格利亚大学气候研究所数据集（CRUTEM3）、美国国家气候数据中心数据集（GHCN-V3）、美国国家航天航空局数据集（GISSTMP）和Berkeley地球表面气温数据集,从分析现有资源的状况入手,通过广泛的国际调研与合作,整合了这4套全球地表逐月气温数据集和一些主要国家或地区的区域数据集,研发了中国第一套全球陆地表面逐月气温站点数据集。该数据集共包含全球9519站、7073站及6587站的月平均气温、最高及最低气温（序列长度不低于20年）数据,同CRUTEM3和GHCN-V3数据集相比,该数据集站点密度在各个区域都有所增加,尤其是在南美洲、非洲及亚洲地区;另外,1990年代以来的站点数量显著增加,有利于降低自1990年以来全球气温变化趋势估计的不确定性。     

青藏高原春季不同地区臭氧和大气温度变化趋势的差异性

利用1979—2018年太阳后向散射紫外辐射计SBUV(/2)星下点臭氧遥感资料,结合ERA-Interim和MERRA-2大气温度再分析资料,考察青藏高原区域内拉萨和共和两地春季臭氧和大气温度变化趋势的差异性。结果表明拉萨和共和两个地区的臭氧和大气温度逆转趋势均发生于1999年。对比2008年以来青藏高原整体臭氧总量变化速率（4.5 DU/(10 a)),拉萨臭氧总量变化更快,为5.9 DU/(10 a),共和相对较慢,仅为3.7 DU/(10 a);同时,1999年以来拉萨和共和春季下平流层（100~30 hPa）大气温度分别以0.5~1.4℃/(10 a)和0.01~0.9℃/(10 a)速率增加,上对流层(250~175 hPa)大气温度分别以0.2~1.5℃/(10 a)和0.2~1.2℃/(10 a)速率降低。与2008年以来高原整体大气温度变化相比较,均慢于高原下平流层（125~70 hPa) 1~2℃/(10 a)的增温速率,快于高原上对流层（225~175 hPa）0.4~1.1℃/(10 a)的降温速率。两地臭氧与大气温度的相关系数和回归系数计算结果表明,拉萨和共和两个地区1999年以来春季臭氧恢复速率的不同是导致两地同期下平流层-上对流层温度逆转速率差异的重要因子之一。     

基于CERES资料的新疆云物理参数时空分布特征

利用2011—2020年ERA5再分析降水资料、CERES云物理参数产品，分析新疆云参数的时空变化分布特征，归纳总结云物理参数与降水的相关性，结果表明：1）云水路径（冰相）值、云粒子有效半径（冰相）、云光学厚度与降水量的空间分布一致，均为山区最大，北疆次之，南疆最小。2）夏季（6—8月）在南、北疆、山区云水路径（液、冰相）、云顶（底）温度、云光学厚度与降水量呈同位相变化；云粒子有效半径（液、冰相）、云顶气压与降水量呈反位相变化。3）夏季（6—8月）北疆、山区的云水路径（液、冰相）值、云顶（底）温度、云光学厚度，南疆云光学厚度与降水量呈正相关；北疆云粒子有效半径（冰相），南疆云粒子有效半径（液相）、云顶气压，山区云粒子有效半径（液、冰相）、云顶气压与降水量呈负相关。