Analysis on exploitation status,potential and strategy of groundwater resources in the five countries of Central Asia

As an important part of water resources of the five countries of Central Asia, groundwater resources give critical supports to the regional economic development. Accompanied by rapid economic development, the demand of groundwater is increasing. As a result, the governments are paying more attention to groundwater resource development and utilization. However, there are noticeable issues and contradictions in water resource exploration in these countries. To be more specific, these countries lack the studies in development potential and conception planning, thus influencing the sustainable groundwater development. This paper mainly discusses groundwater development problems in the five countries of Central Asia, and briefly introduces volumes and distribution of transboundary groundwater. In addition, it analyzes the current exploitation status of groundwater and studies the potential in utilizing the resource. Most importantly, it proposes creative ways to address groundwater development issues: To make best of the resource, international cooperation is required.     

基于GIS的地下水资源潜力评价

地下水资源潜力是进行地下水资源开发利用规划的重要依据。本文以地下水资源空间数据库为基础,采用地下水资源模数指标,利用GIS空间分析方法,设计并开发了地下水资源潜力评价模型软件。该软件可根据评价指标域值,生成地下水资源潜力分区图。通过黄河下游浅层地下水资源潜力评价的应用表明,本软件可辅助专业人员进行地下水资源潜力分析评价。      

扬州市地下水资源评价与管理可视化软件系统研制

前人采用FORTRAN77或老板本的BASIC语言编程建立 的地下水资源模型可视性较差,难以操作和使用。因而研制了一个易于操作、界面友好、可 视化强的扬州市地下水资源评价和管理可视化软件系统,对该市地下水资源的长效管理和经 济可持续发展具有重要意义。     

面向生态的干旱半干旱地区区域地下水资源评价的方法体系

为了提高区域地下水资源评价的可靠性、扩展干旱半干旱地区面向生态的区域地下水资源评价方法,对准噶尔盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地地下水与生态环境关系进行调查研究,认为地下水具有重要的生态价值。目前在干旱半干旱地区区域地下水资源评价中对地下水的生态价值考虑不够,是造成地下水资源评价可靠性不高的原因之一。因此,提出了干旱半干旱地区地下水生态价值的概念,围绕可持续利用的地下水资源量与生态环境良性循环的目标,构建了面向生态的区域地下水资源评价方法体系。方法体系的基本思路是突出系统的观点和地表水与地下水统一评价、水质水量并重、地下水资源与其相关生态环境统一评价的3个原则;通过建立水文地质概念模型、集中参数型模型、分布参数型模型和基于地下水变化的生态环境综合评价4个模型,加上引进水量、水位与水质3个约束条件,以及开发基于GIS的地下水资源评价信息系统的平台,对地下水资源、调蓄能力与生态环境效益进行整体评价与预警。方法体系注重了地下水的资源和生态的双重属性,强调地下水资源与相关生态环境整体评价和预警的一体化,突出了模型体系与GIS技术在区域地下水资源评价和相关生态环境评价的有效集成。     

济宁市地下水库特征参数分析

针对研究区的疏干含水层空间,分析确定了调蓄下限水位、调蓄上限水位以及对应的透支库容和调蓄库容。借助ArcGIS软件分析了库容的空间分布规律。结果表明,研究区地下水库总库容接近7亿m3,调蓄库容超过4.4亿m3,调蓄潜力很大。此外,由于受潜水含水层给水度和潜水水位埋深的影响,各特征库容的空间分布特征不尽相同。这对在地下水开采漏斗区,利用疏干含水层空间进行地下水库规划建设,及区域水资源的可持续开发利用有着重要的实际意义。     

Architectural Units and Groundwater Resource Quantity Evaluation of Cretaceous Sandstones in the Ordos Basin, China

Sandstone is a common lithology in a number of groundwater reservoirs. Studying the skeleton sandstone architectural units, therefore, lays the basis for characterizing aquifer systems, groundwater quality, and resource evaluation. This comprehensive analysis of Cretaceous aquiferous sandstones in the Ordos basin, China, shows that there exists a basin-scale skeleton sandstone in the Luohe Formation which contains 11 isolated barrier beds, 12 small skeleton sandstone bodies in Huanhe Formation, and 3 in the Luohandong Formation. The spatial structure and superimposed relationship as well as the medium properties of these skeleton sandstones and isolated barrier beds can be shown by 3D visualization models. Simultaneously, resource quantity can be evaluated with the 3D inquiry functions. The comparison between property models and structural models indicates that the salinity of groundwater of the Luohe Formation has a close connection with the locations of isolated barrier beds that contain abundant gypsum. Through quantitative calculation, groundwater resource of the Cretaceous Luohe and Luohandong formations is estimated to be 1.6×10~(12) m~3, and the total groundwater resource of the Cretaceous system in the Ordos basin is more than 2×10~(12) m~3.     

关于水资源总量计算的探讨

一个地区的水资源量,相对来说无论是地表水资源还是地下水资源均处于相对动态平衡之中。天然状态下,水资源总量等于地表水径流量与地下水天然排泄量之和,再减去地下水枯月天然排泄量(即地下水恒转化为河川基流量的部分)。     

Assessment of groundwater potential zone using remote sensing,GIS and multi criteria decision analysis techniques

The sustainable development and management of groundwater resource needs quantitative assessment, based on scientific principle and recent techniques. In the present study, groundwater potential zone is being determined using remote sensing, Geographical Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) techniques using various thematic layers viz. geomorphology, geology, drainage density, slope, rainfall, soil texture, groundwater depth, soil depth, lineament and land use/ land cover. The Analytic Hierarchy Approach (AHP) is used to determine the weights of various themes for identifying the groundwater potential zone based on weights assignment and normalization with respect to the relative contribution of the different themes to groundwater occurrence. Finally, obtained groundwater potential zones were classified into five categories, viz. low, medium, medium-high, high and very high potential zone. The result depicts the groundwater potential zone in the study area and found to be helpful in better development and management planning of groundwater resource.     

新疆柴窝堡盆地保湖供水方案优化设计

对乌鲁木齐河流域柴窝堡盆地的地下水资源进行科学管理，主要进行了保湖供水方案的优化设计，从技术角度提出了一个最佳的地下水资源开采方案，旨在为该地区水资源综合利用提供科学依据     

Geological resources and environmental carrying capacity evaluation review,theory, and practice in China

Evaluations of resources and environmental carrying capacities (GRECC) are the premise of land space planning and use control. Resource allocations and environmental capacity are the basic conditions that restrict development in a region. In this paper, based on a systematic review of China’s geological environment, groundwater resources, mineral resources, other geological resources and the environmental carrying capacity research status, the relationship between the natural resource environmental system and the socio-economic system is studied. Then a “coordination theory of resources and environmental carrying” is proposed. Next, on the basis of an evaluation experiment performed at different scales and for different types of regions, the technical methods for an evaluation of the geological resources and environmental carrying capacity at the regional (inter-provincial) and provincial scales in China are established for the first time. This paper presents a standardized method based on technical ideas, evaluation methods, and index systems for geological resource and environmental carrying capacity evaluation. Finally, an evaluation of the groundwater resource carrying capacity in China is used as an example for the demonstration of the groundwater resource background and use of state evaluation methods.     

An integrated GIS and hydrochemical approach to assess groundwater contamination in West Ismailia area, Egypt

Groundwater is a very important resource across Ismailia area as it is used in domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. This makes it absolutely necessary that the effects of land use change on groundwater resources are considered when making land use decisions. Careful monitoring of groundwater resource helps minimize the contamination of this resource. This study developed a GIS-based model to assess groundwater contamination in the West Ismailia area based on its hydrochemical characteristics. The model incorporated five different factors which are standardized to a common evaluation scale. The produced factor maps include the depth to the water table, the potential recharge, the soil type, the topography, and the thickness of saturation. These maps are combined in ERDAS Imagine, ARC INFO, and ARC GIS software using geostatistics and a weighted overlay process to produce the final groundwater potential risk map. The model output is then used to determine the vulnerability of groundwater to contamination by domestic, agricultural, and industrial sources. The produced risk maps are then combined with the groundwater contamination potentiality map using an arithmetic overlay in order to identify areas which were vulnerable to contamination. The results of this study revealed that the groundwater is highly vulnerable to contamination that may result from the inappropriate application of agrichemicals and domestic and industrial activities. The produced integrated potential contamination maps are very useful tools for a decision maker concerned with groundwater protection and development.     

关中盆地大荔县安全供水方案研究

大荔县是关中盆地的农业大区,也是陕西经济最活跃的地区之一,而水资源不足成为经济快速发展的制约因素。本文在收集资料、水文地质调查的基础上,通过对地下水采样分析测试,采用单项指标法,对大荔县地下水水质进行综合评价,找到3处地下水质安全区域;采用整理水文勘探资料、地下水流数值模拟方法对水质安全区地下水资源量、天然资源量、地下水现状开采量以及地下水开采潜力进行定量评价;结合大荔县安全饮用水缺水现状,对农村安全供水进行区划;结果表明:地下水质安全区只有黄河漫滩南部地区具有1 687×104 m3/a的开采潜力,对解决大荔县安全饮用水供需矛盾具有重要意义。     

Using three-dimensional geological mapping methods to inform sustainable groundwater development in a volcanic landscape, Victoria, Australia

This study investigated the use of three-dimensional (3D) geological methods to provide better groundwater resource estimates for the Spring Hill area in central Victoria, Australia. Geological data were gathered in 3D geological software, which was utilised to derive fundamental dimensional parameters of the groundwater system in the study area. Mining industry software and hydrogeological methods were combined to give volumetric determinations of the basalt aquifer that were used to improve estimates of the groundwater resource. The methods reduce uncertainty about the physical attributes of the aquifer systems and greatly improve conceptual understanding of their behaviour. A simple numerical water-balance model was developed to refine the estimates of aquifer volume and fluxes to approximate observed water-level behaviour in the area. This enabled a much better comparison of groundwater resource use to the natural inputs and outputs for the area. A key conclusion was that the main issues for sustainable development and use in the study area are more to do with the physical aspects of the aquifer system, rather than simply the volume of water pumped. Visualisations of the area’s hydrogeology also provide improved hydrogeological understanding and communication for groundwater users and administrators.     

焦作市地下水资源保护与利用研究

焦作市是以地下水作为供水水源的城市。近年来, 由于降雨量的减小、河流流量减小或断流、地下水开采量的增大和地下水污染等原因, 造成了地下水位逐渐下降, 地下水资源减少。本文在阐明影响地下水资源因素的基础上, 提出了地下水资源保护与利用的对策, 即: 防治水污染, 污水资源化; 排水、供水、环保结合的优化管理; 加强水资源价费改革; 节约用水。      

北京市第四系地下水资源价值模糊数学综合评价

地下水资源价值的影响因素众多,价值系统具有模糊性和复杂性。建立了北京市第四系地下水资源价值评价指标体系,运用模糊数学模型对北京市地下水资源价值进行了综合评价,对合理制定水价具有一定的借鉴意义。     

中国西北内陆干旱盆地地下水资源评估与开发

以多年的地下水勘查经验、成果为基础，总结西北内陆干旱盆地地下水资源评估与开发中的主要问题，分析了产生这些问题的客观和主观原因；认为地下水动态监测和水运行测量统计是实现逐步逼近地下水资源量的最有效方法；提出了开发地下水库，实施地表水、地下水联合调度，稳定供水，是西北内陆干旱盆地水资源开发的最佳模式。     

西辽河平原(内蒙古部分)地下水固有脆弱性评价

在西辽河平原地下水资源评价的基础上,选取影响西辽河平原固有脆弱性的最主要的7个影响因子,利用GIS平台的空间分析功能,将研究区划分为14365个评价单元,运用基于DRASTIC的模糊综合评价方法对该区的地下水固有脆弱性进行了综合评价,并绘制了脆弱性分布图。评价结果表明西辽河平原(内蒙古部分)地下水脆弱性存在3个分区:大部分地区为地下水稍易污染区;南部的黄土地区为地下水稍难污染区;而西辽河和乌尔吉木伦河的中上游为地下水相对略易污染区。评价结果对该区地下水资源保护、防止地下水污染具有指导作用。     

山东荣成沽河流域水资源系统分析

流域水资源系统由降水产流，以及通过水文下垫面的转换，形成的地表径流和地下水流流组成。本文将复杂的沽河流域水 资源系统分解成多个子系统，利用频谱分析方法对各个水资源子系统的转换功能进行定量的分析刻画，并利用地下含水介质子系统的转换特征函数－频率响应函数求取水文地质参数，丰富了水文地质参数的获取途径。     

A comparison of stochastic and deterministic downscaling methods for modelling potential groundwater recharge under climate change in East Anglia, UK: implications for groundwater resource management

Groundwater resource estimates require the calculation of recharge using a daily time step. Within climate-change impact studies, this inevitably necessitates temporal downscaling of global or regional climate model outputs. This paper compares future estimates of potential groundwater recharge calculated using a daily soil-water balance model and climate-change weather time series derived using change factor (deterministic) and weather generator (stochastic) methods for Coltishall, UK. The uncertainty in the results for a given climate-change scenario arising from the choice of downscaling method is greater than the uncertainty due to the emissions scenario within a 30-year time slice. Robust estimates of the impact of climate change on groundwater resources require stochastic modelling of potential recharge, but this has implications for groundwater model runtimes. It is recommended that stochastic modelling of potential recharge is used in vulnerable or sensitive groundwater systems, and that the multiple recharge time series are sampled according to the distribution of contextually important time series variables, e.g. recharge drought severity and persistence (for water resource management) or high recharge years (for groundwater flooding). Such an approach will underpin an improved understanding of climate change impacts on sustainable groundwater resource management based on adaptive management and risk-based frameworks.     

关于贵州地下水类型和含水岩组划分及其与地下水资源量计算关系的思考

正确划分地下水含水岩组和地下水类型,对较为准确的计算地下水资源量具有重要意义。但在目前实际工作中,地下水含水岩组和地下水类型的划分存在一定误区,导致地下水资源量计算成果较为粗放,以至于还可能给地下水的开发利用带来障碍。笔者认为,间互状不纯碳酸盐岩类归属于基岩裂隙水含水岩组较恰当,其所含地下水类型归属于基岩裂隙水更合适。在计算间互状不纯碳酸盐岩类地下水资源量时,宜扣除泥岩、粉砂岩和页岩的分布面积。