活断层的地质研究及其在工程安全性评价的意义

活断层是导致多种地质灾害，特别是地震、崩塌、滑坡、地表断错的重要根源，对工程设施具有重大的破坏作用。因此，活断层的研究就成为地震危险及工程安全性评价的重要内容。为确保工程安全，加强对工程活断层评价是人类战胜自然灾害的一个重要方面。本文着重讨论了三个问题（一）工程评价中的活断层含义：工程评价中的活断层是指晚更新世（１０万年）以来，特别是全新世（１万年）以来有过位移活动，且在未来工程使用期内仍有可能活动的断层，这类断层往往是沿袭先存断层面发生突然错动或缓慢蠕动使上覆第四纪新沉积物及其它地物标志发生相对位移。（二）活断层的地质研究包括（１）断层出露的位置、规模及其活动时代；（２）断层运动性质及活动方式；（３）断层几何配置；（４）断层滑动速率；（５）断层活动的分段性；（６）断层活动潜在地震能力的判定；（７）在未来一定时期内断层可能位错量的预测等７个方面。（三）活断层在工程安全性评价中的意义：随着我国国民经济建设的发展，大型工程设施将愈来愈多，如超高建筑，大型桥梁、隧道，大中型水库、核电站、高速公路、地下铁道、国际机场、重要广播、电视发射台、重要通讯枢纽，大型化工厂等。为确保工程的安全，活断层对工程的影响和破坏作用是     

《活断层及其工程评价》将与读者见面

地震预报和工程建设开展,有力地推动和促进了对活断层的广泛调查和深入研究。从另一方面看,近20年,特别是近10年来的活断层研究成果,又使人们对地震发生的构造环境有了更深入的了解和更明确的认识,对工程场地断层活动性评定有了更科学的依据和更有效的方法。正是在上述背景和基础上编写出来的《活断层及其工程评价》一书,系统地反映了活断层研究的最新成果和发展动向。 全书共分5章,系统阐述了活断层基本特征、地质灾害、调查方法及其工程评价原理、方法和实例。第1章介绍活断层含义和习性,第2、3章叙述活断层可能引起的各种灾害和14种调查方法,第4、5章论述活断层工程评价的主要问题、方法原理和评价实例。作者提出了对活断层准确度、活动度和危险度等概念含义的     

活断层活动度和危险度评定

研究活断层活动度和危险度的定量评定标准和方法,对活断层潜在地震危险性评估具有重要意义,在地震预报和工程地震研究中有广泛应用。作者提出了对活断层活动度和危险度概念含义的看法及其划分标准和评定方法;主张用下次大震迫近时间作为评定活断层危险度的标准。     

氡,汞测量用于断裂活动性和分段的研究

作者首先给出海原活动断裂带从边沟至硝口的３条较长次级剪切断层，干盐池拉分盆地和边沟推挤构造区内的断层，以及尾端挤压构造区内的六盘山东麓逆断层的气氡，气汞浓度测量结果，然后分析了断层气浓度与断层活动性之间的关系，研究结果表明，测试条件大体一致的基础上，气氡，气汞浓度与断层活动性之间有着明显的对应关系，从而证明了断层气测量方法对于活断层分段和活动性研究是一种有效的手段。     

淄博市及其邻近地区活断层地震危险性评价

本文是山东省防震减灾“十五”重点项目(SD10503)—淄博市活断层探测与地震危险性评价项目的一个子课题和山东省自然科学基金青年基金(Q97E1142)——郯庐断裂带强震孕育动力学模型及其数值模拟研究部分研究成果的总结.在分析研究地震地质、地球物理、断层综合地球物理探测、探槽开挖、断层活动性鉴定等技术手段获得的反映区域地震构造环境、深部构造背景、活动断裂长期滑动习性的定性和定量资料、历史与现代地震活动性和地球动力学资料的基础上,甄别出具有发生破坏性地震的活断层段.同时利用定性、定量和综合判定方法,评价了淄博市及其邻近地区主要断层的地震危险性.本项研究成果为淄博市城区地震小区划、震害预测和断层危害性评价提供了基础依据.     

郑州市东区浅部断层的构造特征研究

断层活动性研究是大城市地震预测和防震减灾的基础性工作。在郑州活断层探测工作中,采用地震勘探方法查明了花园口、上街和须水3条断层的空间分布、地质特征及构造活动性,为郑州市未来的地震监测及抗震防灾工作提供了可靠的基础资料。另外,通过分析断层活动特征,提出了判定断层活动性的一些新认识,为大城市活断层探测特别是覆盖层较厚地区隐伏断层的探测提出了一种有效方法。     

乌鲁木齐西山断层活动性鉴定与潜在最大地震震级评估

以2004～2007年开展的乌鲁木齐城市活断层探测与地震危险性评价项目之地震危险性评价专题所取得的新资料为基础,重点对乌鲁木齐西山断层活动性和潜在地震最大震级进行评价.西山断层在中更新世-晚更新世中期曾有强烈的活动,最新的活动错断了距今39～16 ka的地层,晚更新世末期以来活动性减弱,没有错断全新世地层,所以为晚更新世断层.该断层晚更新世的垂直滑动速率为0.05～0.06 mm/a.西山断层具有发生直下型地震的能力,估计其潜在最大地震震级为6.5级.     

断层逸出气测量在活动断裂研究中的应用

从断层逸出气测量应用于活动断裂研究的工作原理、研究方法及技术思路入手,对沂沭断裂带、海原8.5级地震断裂、鲜水河断裂带和山东平原地区活动断裂等的断层逸出气进行系统地分析、对比和研究,探讨了断层逸出气与断层活动性和贯通性之间的关系,及其在断层几何学研究和平原地区活断层探测中的应用等问题。结果表明:断层逸出气Rn,Hg的含量和变化梯度可以作为评价断层活动性和贯通性的参考指标,断层逸出气测量为断层几何学和运动学研究提供了一种快捷方便的探测方法,是确定隐伏断层具体位置的有效手段之一。     

活断层分段及其地震危险性评价

本文论述了活断层分段中的一些基本概念和主要的边界标志。提出分段的基本原则是：以断裂的不连续性为依据，以地震危险性评价为目的，划分断层段。文中提出了９条分段依据和３９个具体标志。认为地震危险性评价应坚持两条原则：①由定性到定量；②循序渐进，逐步缩小范围和时段。文中提出了利用活断层资料确定潜在地震危险区、估算震级和预测发展时间的方法，其中的一些模型是作者近年来的最新研究成果。认为利用活断层分段进行地震危险性评价具有一定的科学性和实用性，是中长期地震预测的重要研究内容之一。     

断层气探测方法在深隐伏活断层探测中的有效性研究

断层气探测方法是活动断层探测中常用的一种方法。 实践证明, 这种方法在浅覆盖地区活动断层初勘阶段是有效的。 但在第四系厚覆盖地区开展活断层探测, 断层气方法是否有效或怎样做有助于提高该方法的有效性, 是本文要阐述的问题。 本文利用天津地区断层气实测的丰富资料, 并与人工地震、 钻孔勘探、 样品年代学测定资料进行对比分析, 论证了断层气方法在深隐伏活断层空间位置、 断层活动性判定和断层分段中的有效性。 并依据实际工作经验, 给出了提高断层气方法在活断层探测中有效性的技术途径。     

镇江地区主要NW向断裂的第四纪活动性

五峰山-西来桥断裂和丹徒-建山断裂是镇江地区2条主要的NW向断裂,可能与镇江多次破坏性地震相关.文中通过浅层地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面探测方法,对五峰山-西来桥断裂和丹徒-建山断裂的展布特征及第四纪活动性进行了系统研究.五峰山-西来桥断裂在浅层地震剖面上倾向NE,倾角约为60°,断距约为5～9m,以正断活动为主;大路镇场地...     

地震地面运动的卓越方向

地震是活动断裂构造在区域构造应力场作用下，应变能释放的结果。地表建筑，构筑物的地震破坏与地震形变带均匀为同一构造应力场作用的产物，所以它们必然具有相同的力学性状特征。本文通过国内外一些强烈地震震害实例，充分论主下了地震地面运动卓越方向的存在，并指出了它在抗震防灾及工程抗震和震害预测预防方面的重要性。     

IDENTIFICATION OF PALEO-EARTHQUAKES OF LUOYUNSHAN PIEDMONT FAULT BY QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF LIMESTONE FAULT SURFACES

The quantitative analysis of morphologic characteristics of bedrock fault surface is a useful approach to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquake. It is an effective complement to trenching technique, specially to identifying paleo-earthquakes in a bedrock area where the trenching technique cannot be applied. This paper focuses on the Luoyunshan piedmont fault, which is an active normal fault extending along the eastern boundary of the Shanxi Graben, China. There are a lot of fault scarps along the fault zone, which supply plentiful samples to be selected to our research, that is, to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquakes in bedrock area by the quantitative analysis of morphologic characteristics of fault surfaces. In this paper, we calculate the 2D fractal dimension of two bedrock fault surfaces on the Luoyunshan piedmont fault in the Shanxi Graben, China using the isotropic empirical variance function, which is a popular method in fractal geometry. Results indicate that the fractal dimension varies systematically with height above the base of the fault surface exposures, indicating segmentation of the fault surface morphology. The 2D fractal dimension on a fault surface shows a ‘stair-like’ vertical segmentation, which is consistent with the weathering band and suggests that those fault surfaces are outcropped due to periodic faulting earthquakes. However, compared to the results of gneiss obtained by the former researchers, the characteristic fractal value of limestone shows an opposite evolution trend. 1)The paleo-earthquake study of the bedrock fault surface can be used as a supplementary method to study the activity history of faults in specific geomorphological regions. It can be used to fill the gaps in the exploration of the paleo-earthquake method in the bedrock area, and then broaden the study of active faults in space and scope. The quantitative analysis of bedrock fault surface morphology is an effective method to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquake. The quantitative feature analysis method of the bedrock fault surface is a cost-effective method for the study of paleo-earthquakes in the bedrock fault surface. The number of weathered bands and band height can be identified by the segment number and segment height of the characteristic fractal dimension, and then the paleoearthquake events and the co-seismic displacement can be determined; 2)The exposure of the fault surface of the Luoyunshan bedrock is affected and controlled by both fault activity and erosion. A strong fault activity(ruptured earthquake)forms a segment of fault surface which is equivalent to the vertical co-seismic displacement of the earthquake. After the segment is cropped out, it suffers from the same effect of weathering and erosion, and thus this segment has approximately the same fractal dimension. Multiple severe fault activities(ruptured earthquake)form multiple fault surface topography. The long-term erosion under weak hydrodynamic conditions at the base of the fault cliff between two adjacent fault activities(intermittent period)will form a gradual slow-connect region where the fractal dimension gradually changes with the height of the fault surface. Based on the segmentation of quantitative morphology of the two fault surfaces on the Luoyunshan piedmont fault, we identified four earthquake events. Two sets of co-seismic displacement of about 3m and 1m on the fault are obtained; 3)The relationship between the fault surface morphology parameters and the time is described as follows:The fractal dimension of the limestone area decreases with the increase of the exposure time, which reflects the gradual smoothing characteristics after exposed. The phenomenon is opposite to the evolution of the geological features of gneiss faults acquired by the predecessors on the Huoshan piedmont fault; 4)Lithology plays an important role in morphology evolution of fault surface and the two opposite evolution trends of the characteristic fractal value on limestone and gneiss show that the weathering mechanism of limestone is different from that of the gneiss.     

闽南沿海地区工程场地的断裂活动性评价

根据闽南沿海地区的地质构造特征，对各种工程场地的断裂活动性评价方法进行了探讨，并着重以长乐、厦门、东山３个工程场地为例，对断裂活动性进行分析研究。结果表明，在长乐－诏安断裂带的不同地段，晚更新世以来的断裂具有不同的活动特征。     

重大工程地震安全性评价中活动断裂分段的准则

活动断裂分段在重大工程地震安全性评价中具有特别重要的意义,但无论是方法本身还是实际应用都存在着有待于进一步研究和解决的问题,这些问题不解决,可能造成不良的后果。利用国际上公认的分段研究工作最深入、段落划分最可靠的３条活动断裂的分段依据,分析和评价了所使用的方法和标志以及它们的不确定性,结合中国活动断裂的特殊性和重大工程地震安全性评价对活动断裂的特殊要求,提出４个分段准则     

中国长线工程场地地震安全性评价工作中的活动构造问题

长线工程场地一般都得穿经活动构造带,因而活动构造研究在该类场地的地震安全性评价工作中尤为重要。为此,文中对长线工程场地对地震安全性评价工作的要求和活动构造的研究现状进行了总结和分析,在此基础上,提出了长线场地地震安全性评价工作中活动构造研究宜开展的研究内容、技术指标、技术路径和成果提交等工作要点。最后,对长线场地震安全性评价工作中活动构造研究目前存在的一些问题进行了初步的分析和探讨     

NEW EVIDENCE ON NE-SEGMENT OF JINTAN-RUGAO FAULT DISCOVERED BY SHALLOW SEISMIC EXPLORATION METHOD

The NE-trending regional deep fault, i.e. the Jintan-Rugao Fault, is a boundary fault between the Subei depression and Nantong uplift, and its research has always received broad attention because of its importance and complexity. For the absence of definite proof, there is little consensus regarding the structure and spatial distribution of the fault among geoscientists, and its latest active time is ambiguous. The study of Quaternary activity characteristics of the Jintan-Rugao Fault is of great significance for earthquake trend prediction and engineering safety evaluation, and for earthquake prevention and disaster reduction in Jiangsu Province. In order to investigate the spatial location, characteristics and tectonic features and redefine the activity of the NE-segment of the Jintan-Rugao Fault, and on the basis of likely location and marker beds derived from petroleum seismic exploration sections, we collect and arrange 4 shallow seismic exploration profiles crossing the fault to conduct high-resolution seismic reflection imaging, following the working concept of ‘from known to unknown, from deep to shallow’. In this study, an observation system with trace intervals of 4~6m, shot intervals of 12~18m, and channels of 90~256 and 15~36 folds is used. In addition, by introducing different tonnage vibroseis to suppress the background noise, the raw data with high SNR(signal-noise ratio)can be obtained. By using the above working method and spread geometry, we obtained clear imaging results of the subsurface structure and fault structure in the coverage area of the survey lines. This exploration research accurately locates the NE-segment of Jintan-Rugao Fault, and further shows that it is not a single fault but a fault zone consisting of two normal faults with N-dipping and NE-striking within the effective detection depth. The shallow seismic profiles reveal that the up-breakpoint on the south branch with stronger activity is at depth of 235~243m, which offsets the lower strata of lower Pleistocene. Combining drilling data around the survey lines, we infer the activity time of this fault is early Pleistocene. The results of this paper provide reliable seismological data for determining the location and activity evaluation of the NE-segment of Jintan-Rugao Fault. In eastern China, where the sedimentary layer is thicker, the latest active age of faults can not be determined entirely according to the latest faulted strata. For a fault passing through the thicker area of new deposits, its latest active age should be based on the tectonic background, seismic activity, present tectonic stress field, topographic deformation, structural micro-geomorphological characteristics, sedimentary thickness of new strata, controlling effect of faults on new strata and the latest strata of faults, and combined with upper breakpoints, morphology, structure and occurrence of faults, the active state of the target concealed faults should be analyzed. If the activity of the fault is judged only by the upper faulted point, it may lead to overestimating the age of the fault activity.