春季粤北地区降水微物理特征分析

为揭示春季粤北降水微物理过程,选取2020年2—3月粤北2个站点雨滴谱仪观测资料,统计分析了春季粤北地区层云降水、混合性降水、对流性降水的微物理特征,结果表明：(1)对流性降水过程中大雨滴是影响雨强大小的重要因素;层云降水过程,小雨滴数浓度占比大于90%,平均雨强小于1 mm/h,雨滴数是影响雨强的重要因素。(2)层云性降水雨滴谱呈单峰结构,谱宽小;对流性降水雨滴谱为多峰结构,谱宽最大;混合性降水谱型与对流性降水相似。3类降水峰值均在0.2～0.3 mm范围,均是Gamma分布谱型拟合最优。(3)春季粤北地区对流性降水的Z-I关系为Z=173.9I^1.452,混合性降水的Z-I关系为Z=72.77I ^1.97,层云性降水过程的Z-I关系为Z=194.3I^1.296。     

河南省层状云降水雨滴谱特征分析

利用2015-2017年河南省层状云降水过程的Parsivel(Partical Size and Velocity)激光雨滴谱观测资料,对层状云降水的雨滴数浓度、含水量、雨滴直径等微物理参量特征及不同尺度的降水粒子对雨强的贡献进行了统计分析,并采用2种拟合方法对层状云降水雨滴谱进行了拟合。结果表明:河南省层状云降水的空间结构不均匀,各微物理参量的变化存在着起伏,雨滴数浓度为10²个/m³量级,个别达到10³个/m³,含水量在10^-2~10^-1 g/m³,粒子平均直径<0.5 mm左右,统计的不同台站平均最大粒子直径为1~2 mm,雨强平均值不超过1 mm/h。直径为<2 mm的雨滴对雨强的贡献占96.23%,直径小于1 mm的雨滴对数浓度的贡献最大。雨强是由雨滴最大直径、平均直径和数浓度3者共同决定。层状云降水雨滴的谱分布较窄,滴谱曲线比较平滑。降水开始时,谱型为单峰结构;降水处于稳定阶段时,谱型为双峰和单峰相结合的结构。层状云拟合M-P分布和Г分布偏差均出现在直径<1 mm的小雨滴端,对于微小粒子随直径增大而增多导致的曲线弯曲没能表现出来,相对而言Г分布拟合效果明显略优于M-P分布的拟合效果。河南省层状云降水的2种分布形式分别为N(D)=7373.9exp(-3.67D)和N(D)=10492.05D1.62exp(-5.11D)。     

河北省中南部暴雨雨滴谱特征

基于2016—2017年河北省中南部暴雨过程的OTT Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪观测资料,对3种类型暴雨过程的降水微结构特征参量、不同尺度降水粒子对雨强的贡献、分雨强下的雨滴谱分布、速度谱等进行分析。结果表明:河北省中南部暴雨不同雨强下雨滴谱基本呈现单峰型分布,低槽冷锋类暴雨雨滴谱谱宽最窄,低涡类暴雨次之,暖切变线类暴雨最宽。不同类型暴雨过程粒子平均直径和峰值直径平均值以低涡类最小,低槽冷锋类次之,暖切变线类最大。雨滴体积中值直径和质量加权平均直径均值以低槽冷锋最小,低涡类次之,暖切变线类最大。河北省中南部暴雨过程主要以直径D 1. 0 mm的小雨滴为主,其中1. 0≤D 3. 0 mm的雨滴雨强对总雨强贡献接近70%,D 4. 0 mm的大雨滴数浓度占总数浓度百分比最小,其雨强对总雨强的贡献也最小。3种类型暴雨分雨强对应雨滴谱多呈单峰型分布,呈双峰分布时对应雨强不同。速度谱上不同类型暴雨雨滴数极大值中心位置一致,且位于经验曲线下方。与目前雷达系统采用的标准Z=300~(I1. 40)关系相比,河北省中南部暴雨过程Z-I关系低估低槽冷锋类暴雨降水,高估低涡类和暖切变线类暴雨降水,其中低涡类暴雨偏差最大。     

黄河上游地区降水雨滴谱特征分析

利用黄河上游地区不同降水云系31次降水的激光雨滴谱仪观测资料,对不同云系降水雨滴物理参量特征及滴谱的演变特征进行统计分析。结果表明:在黄河上游地区,层状云系降水和混合云系降水雨滴粒子呈单峰型分布,对流云系降水雨滴粒子呈双峰型分布。层状云系降水雨滴粒径峰值出现在0.4 mm,粒径范围较窄,雨滴数密度最大;对流云系降水雨滴粒径峰值出现在0.8 mm,粒径分布范围较宽,雨滴数密度最小;混合云系降水雨滴粒径峰值和粒径分布范围介于两者之间。雨滴各微物理参量(平均直径、均方根直径、平均体积直径、中值直径和体积中值直径)由大到小排序依次为对流云降水、混合云降水和层状云降水。降雨强度和雨滴数密度变化趋势一致,对流云和混合云降水强度和雨滴粒子数浓度有较好的相关性。通过雨滴谱特征的研究,有利于认识该地区降水微物理特性及成雨机制,为实施科学人工增雨提供一定的科学依据。     

梅雨锋上中尺度涡旋与高低层流型演变的关系

利用MODIS卫星、多普勒天气雷达和地面观测资料,对2013年6月30日四川遂宁一次特大暴雨天气过程中涡旋暴雨云团的演变特征进行了详细分析。主要结论是：(1)涡旋暴雨云团与其北侧的积云云团呈前倾结构,说明暴雨云团经历了先由弱积云发展为深对流云、再到云毡的逐步发展成熟过程;(2)涡旋暴雨云团从南到北围绕低涡中心东侧最多时有6条降水云带,其中南部的降水云带碰并增长带(-1~-10 ℃层)厚度大于凝结增长带(3~-1 ℃层)厚度,北部降水云带刚好相反,表明南部以碰并增长过程为优势物理过程,利于较快拓宽云滴谱,使得云滴迅速长大形成雨滴降落下来;(3)涡旋暴雨云团中最强降水云带位于其南部的资阳至遂宁一带,分析雷达回波垂直剖面图发现有8个对流单体分布在云带中,且不断有新生单体移向遂宁,并从南至北依次增强,形成“列车效应”,其成熟阶段-10 ℃高度以下碰并增长很充分,厚度为6 km左右,-10 ℃高度以上存在一个深厚的冰相增长带,厚度5~8 km,发展到成熟阶段碰并增长和冰相过程均为优势微物理过程,云中碰并增长和冰化增长过程向下传递明显,这些特点利于快速形成降水,导致当日10—17时遂宁站连续出现强降水。

     

一次特大暴雨过程中涡旋暴雨云团的演变特征分析

利用MODIS卫星、多普勒天气雷达和地面观测资料,对2013年6月30日四川遂宁一次特大暴雨天气过程中涡旋暴雨云团的演变特征进行了详细分析。主要结论是:(1)涡旋暴雨云团与其北侧的积云云团呈前倾结构,说明暴雨云团经历了先由弱积云发展为深对流云、再到云毡的逐步发展成熟过程;(2)涡旋暴雨云团从南到北围绕低涡中心东侧最多时有6条降水云带,其中南部的降水云带碰并增长带(-1~-10℃层)厚度大于凝结增长带(3~-1℃层)厚度,北部降水云带刚好相反,表明南部以碰并增长过程为优势物理过程,利于较快拓宽云滴谱,使得云滴迅速长大形成雨滴降落下来;(3)涡旋暴雨云团中最强降水云带位于其南部的资阳至遂宁一带,分析雷达回波垂直剖面图发现有8个对流单体分布在云带中,且不断有新生单体移向遂宁,并从南至北依次增强,形成"列车效应",其成熟阶段-10℃高度以下碰并增长很充分,厚度为6 km左右,-10℃高度以上存在一个深厚的冰相增长带,厚度5~8 km,发展到成熟阶段碰并增长和冰相过程均为优势微物理过程,云中碰并增长和冰化增长过程向下传递明显,这些特点利于快速形成降水,导致当日10—17时遂宁站连续出现强降水。     

山东三类降水云雨滴谱分布特征的观测研究

利用激光雨滴谱仪2009年8月—2010年10月观测获取的滴谱资料,分析了山东省三类云降水雨滴微结构参量特征及滴谱随降水过程的演变特征。按照降水云系不同分别对各微物理参量进行比较,结果表明,各值由大到小排序依次均为积雨云、混合云和层状云。三类云降水过程中雨强与雨滴数浓度和最大直径间存在较好的相关关系;层状云和混合云降水以直径小于2 mm的雨滴为主,而积雨云降水以1~3 mm的雨滴对雨强贡献最大。层状云降水雨滴谱很窄,呈单峰或双峰型;积雨云降水雨滴谱宽,在大滴端呈多峰结构;混合云降水谱宽介于前两者之间。另外,统计得到该地区三类云降水的Z-I关系式,为雷达定量测量降水提供了一定的参考。     

辽宁地区不同降水云系雨滴谱参数及其特征量研究

根据2013—2014年5—10月西安地区观测得到的雨滴谱数据,结合C波段新一代多普勒天气雷达的观测资料,对西安地区43次积层混合云降水的平均雨滴谱分布、微物理特征量及雷达反射率因子Z和雨强R的关系进行统计分析。结果表明：积层混合云降水的平均雨滴谱呈单峰型,Gamma分布对降水大粒子的拟合明显优于M-P分布;积层混合云中雨滴数浓度最大值及对雨强贡献最大值均出现在雨滴直径小于1 mm的范围内;利用最小二乘法建立了西安地区积层混合云的Z-R关系Z=168R^1.43;当雨滴谱数据计算的回波强度小于（大于）30 dBz,雷达对回波强度有明显高估（低估）现象,针对此现象提出了积层混合云雷达回波的5档修正方案;利用Z=168R^1.43估算西安积层混合云降水个例的降雨量更接近实测降雨量,估算降雨量的相对误差从51.3%减小到25.4%。

     

2003年春季陕西省层状云降水的雨滴谱特征

文章给出了陕西省春季（2003年）层状云降水雨滴谱部分特征,这些特征与降水天气系统密切相关。降水产生于混合云,各层系统配置适当,有较厚冷层云和相接的暖层云,雨滴数浓度大可达10³m^-3,雨滴谱较宽可达0.32 cm。反之数浓度较小(10²m^-3,谱较窄（0.22 cm）。其中直径0.1 cm以下雨滴谱约占总浓度的80%以上,而对雨强的贡献小于20%。0.1～0.2 cm雨滴是雨强的主要分量,它平均占48%～77%。雨滴谱多数呈非单调下降分布,三参数分布n（D_i）=n₀D^αe^-λD明显优于指数分布n（D_i）=n₀e^-λD。     

强台风“妮妲”降水过程惠州雨滴谱特征分析

利用惠州市惠阳观测站雨滴谱数据,分析了强台风“妮妲”过程期间台风降水的雨滴谱特征。强台风“妮妲”过程期间最大雨滴浓度为28 662 m^-3,最大瞬时降雨强度为96 mm/h,以小雨滴居多,直径小于1 mm的雨滴占总浓度的91.08%,平均雨滴直径D_m在0.5mm左右,众数直径D_d最多为0.437 mm,平均体积直径D_v的平均值为0.723 mm,优势直径中最多的为1.375 mm的雨滴,中数体积直径集中在1.062～1.375 mm之间,强台风“妮妲”惠州的降水以非对流性降水为主。随着强台风“妮妲”登陆靠近,大小雨滴的浓度均急剧增加,出现少量大于6.5 mm的大滴,接近台风中心后呈下降趋势,随后又增加并保持较高浓度小雨滴。应用指数分布和Г分布模型对雨滴谱进行拟合,结果表明指数分布拟合效果略优。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.