Magmatic evolution of the differentiated ultramafic, alkaline and carbonatite intrusion of Vuoriyarvi (Kola Peninsula, Russia). A LA-ICP-MS study of apatite

The nature of the petrogenetic links between carbonatites and associated silicate rocks is still under discussion (i.e., [Gittins J., Harmer R.E., 2003. Myth and reality of the carbonatite–silicate rock “association”. Period di Mineral. 72, 19–26.]). In the Paleozoic Kola alkaline province (NW Russia), the carbonatites are spatially and temporally associated to ultramafic cumulates (clinopyroxenite, wehrlite and dunite) and alkaline silicate rocks of the ijolite–melteigite series [(Kogarko, 1987), (Kogarko et al., 1995), (Verhulst et al., 2000), (Dunworth and Bell, 2001) and (Woolley, 2003)]. In the small (≈ 20 km²) Vuoriyarvi massif, apatite is typically a liquidus phase during the magmatic evolution and so it can be used to test genetic relationships. Trace elements contents have been obtained for both whole rocks and apatite (by LA-ICP-MS). The apatites define a single continuous chemical evolution marked by an increase in REE and Na (belovite-type of substitution, i.e., 2Ca²⁺ = Na⁺ + REE³⁺). This evolution possibly reflects a fractional crystallisation process of a single batch of isotopically homogeneous, mantle-derived magma.The distribution of REE between apatite and their host carbonatite have been estimated from the apatite composition of a carbonatite vein, belonging to the Neskevara conical-ring-like vein system. This carbonatite vein is tentatively interpreted as a melt. So, the calculated distribution coefficients are close to partition coefficients. Rare earth elements are compatible in apatite (D > 1) with a higher compatibility for the middle REE (D_Sm : 6.1) than for the light (D_La : 4.1) and the heavy (D_Yb : 1) REE.     

The mineral isotope composition of two Precambrian carbonatite complexes from the Kola Alkaline Province – Alteration versus primary magmatic signatures

We investigated the isotope composition (O, C, Sr, Nd, Pb) in mineral separates of the two Precambrian carbonatite complexes Tiksheozero (1.98 Ga) and Siilinjärvi (2.61 Ga) from the Karelian–Kola region in order to obtain information on Precambrian mantle heterogeneity. All isotope systems yield a large range of variations. The combination of cathodoluminescence imaging with stable and radiogenic isotopes on the same samples and mineral separates indicates various processes that caused shifts in isotope systems. Primary isotope signatures are preserved in most calcites (O, C, Sr, Pb), apatites (O, Sr, Nd), amphiboles (O), magnetites (O), and whole rocks (Sr, Nd).

The primary igneous C and O isotope composition is different for both complexes (Tiksheozero: δ¹³C = − 5.0‰, δ¹⁸O = 6.9‰; Siilinjärvi: δ¹³C = − 3.7‰, δ¹⁸O = 7.4‰) but very uniform and requires homogenization of both carbon and oxygen in the carbonatite melt. The lowest Sr isotope ratios of our carbonates and apatites from the Archaean Siilinjärvi (0.70137) and the Palaeoproterozoic Tiksheozero (0.70228) complexes are in the range of bulk silicate earth (BSE). Positive ε_Nd values of the two carbonatites point to very early Archaean enrichment of Sm/Nd in the Fennoscandian mantle. No HIMU components could be detected in the two complexes, whereas Tiksheozero carbonatites give the first indication of Palaeoproterozoic U depletion for Fennoscandia.

Sub-solidus exchange processes with water during emplacement and cooling of carbonatites caused an increase in the oxygen isotope composition of some carbonates and probably also an increase of their ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio. A larger increase of initial Sr isotope ratios was found in carbonatized silicic rocks compared to carbonatite bodies. The Svecofennian metamorphic overprint (1.9–1.7 Ga) caused reset of Rb/Sr (mainly mica) and Pb/Pb (mainly apatite) isochron systems.     

Chromium mineralization in the Khibiny alkaline massif (Kola Peninsula,Russia)

This paper presents new data on chromium mineralization in a fenitized xenolith in Mt. Kaskasnyunchorr in the Khibiny alkaline massif (Kola Peninsula, Russia) and summarizes data on Cr mineralogy in the Khibiny Mountains. Protolith silicates that contained Cr³⁺ admixture are believed to be the source of this element in the fenite. Cr-bearing (maximum Cr₂O₃ concentrations, wt %, are in parentheses) aegirine (5.8), crichtonite-group minerals (2.1), muscovite (1.3), zirconolite (1.1), titanite (1.0), fluorine-magnesioarfvedsonite (0.8), biotite (0.8), ilmenite (0.6), and aenigmatite (0.6) occur in the fenite. The late-stage spinellides of the FeTi-chromite-CrTi-magnetite series, which are very poor in Mg and Al and which formed after Crrich aegirine and ilmenite, are the richest in Cr (up to 42% Ct₂O₃). Cr concentrations grew with time during the fenitization process. Unlike minerals in the Khibiny ultramafic rocks where Cr is associated with Mg, Al (it is isomorphic with Cr), and with Ca, chromium in the fenites is associated with Fe, Ti, and V (with which Cr³⁺ is isomorphic) and with Na in silicate minerals. Cr³⁺ Mobility of Cr³⁺ and the unique character of chromium mineralization in the examined fenites were caused by high alkalinity of the fluid.     

Unusual rocks and mineralisation in a new carbonatite complex at Kandaguba, Kola Peninsula, Russia

The paper presents the results from a reconnaissance investigation of carbonatites in a newly discovered alkaline complex in the Kola peninsula, Russia. The Kandaguba complex differs from other carbonatite plutons of the Kola alkaline province by (a) the absence of ultrabasic rocks, (b) widespread occurrence of nepheline-, cancrinite- and nepheline–cancrinite syenites and carbonatites and (c) presence of apatite–calcite ijolites and feldspar ijolites as separate intrusive phase. The Kandaguba carbonatites are notable for the predominance of late ferromagnesian varieties together with quartz and numerous accessory mineral species. The association of phosphates (monazite, gorseixite, goyazite, apatite), sulphides and tellurides (pyrite, sphalerite, galena, hessite), ilmenorutile, barite with quartz and ankerite is a remarkable feature of these carbonatites. The Kandaguba carbonatites are inferred to have been generated as the products of liquid immiscibility followed by differentiation of the carbonatite melt.     

REE mineralogy and geochemistry of the Western Keivy peralkaline granite massif,Kola Peninsula,Russia

The authors have studied the geology, geochemistry, petrology and mineralogy of the rare earth elements (REE) occurring in the Western Keivy peralkaline granite massif (Kola Peninsula, NW Russia) aged 2674 ± 6 Ma. The massif hosts Zr- and REE-rich areas with economic potential (e.g. the Yumperuaiv and Large Pedestal Zr-REE deposits), where 25% of ΣREE are represented by heavy REE (HREE). The main REE minerals are: chevkinite-(Ce), britholite-(Y) and products of their metamict decay, bastnäsite-(Ce), allanite-(Ce), fergusonite-(Y), monazite-(Ce), and others. The areas contain also significant quantities of zircon reaching potentially economic levels. We have discovered that behavior of REE and Zr is controlled by alkalinity of melt/solution, which, in turn, is controlled by crystallization of alkaline pyroxenes (predominantly aegirine) and amphiboles (predominantly arfvedsonite) at a late magmatic stage. Crystallization of mafic minerals leads to a sharp increase of K₂O content and decrease of SiO₂ content that cause a decrease of melt viscosity and REE and Zr solubility in the liquid. Therefore, REE and zirconium immediately precipitate as zircon and REE-minerals. There are numerous pod- and lens-like granitic pegmatites within the massif. Pegmatites in the REE-rich areas are also enriched in REE, but HREE prevails over light REE (LREE), about 88% of REE sum.     

Fluid evolution in the nepheline syenites of the Ditrău Alkaline Massif, Transylvania, Romania

The Ditrău Alkaline Massif is an intrusion into the Bucovina nappe system that is part of the Mesozoic crystalline zone located in Transylvania, Romania, in the Eastern Carpathians. Nepheline syenites are the most abundant rocks in the central and eastern part of the Massif, and represent the last major intrusion of the complex. Fluid inclusions in nepheline, aegirine and albite were trapped at magmatic conditions on or below the H₂O-saturated nepheline syenite solidus at about 400–600 °C and 2.5–5 kbars. Early nepheline, and to a lesser extent albite, were altered by highly saline fluids to produce cancrinite, sodalite and analcime, during this process cancrinite also trapped fluid inclusions. The fluids, in most cases, can be modeled by the H₂O–NaCl system with varying salinity; however inclusions with more complex fluid composition (containing K, Ca, CO₃, etc., in addition to NaCl) are common. Raman spectroscopic analyses of daughter minerals confirm the presence of alkali-carbonate fluids in some of the earliest inclusions in nepheline, aegirine and albite.

During crystallization, the melts exsolved a high salinity, carbonate-rich magmatic fluid that evolved to lower salinity as crystallization progressed. Phases that occur early in the paragenesis contain high-salinity inclusions while late phases contain low-salinity inclusions. The salinity trend is consistent with experimental data for the partitioning of chlorine between silicic melt and exsolved aqueous fluid at about 2.0 kbars. The activity of water (a_H2O) in the melt increases during crystallization, resulting in the formation of hydrous phases during late-stage crystallization of the nepheline syenites.     

Late Paleozoic alkaline magmatism in Western Transbaikalia,Russia:Implications for magma sources and tectonic settings

This paper presents the results of geochronological(~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar,U-Pb SHRIMP Ⅱ),petrological and geochemical studies of the Late Paleozoic complexes of alkaline rocks(Zimovechinsky,Tuchinsky and Koma) located within the Vitim Plateau(the western part of the Mongol-Okhotsk Orogenic Belt).The rocks were formed at 310-280 Ma.It is coeval with Late Paleozoic magmatism within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.The ε_(Nd)(T) values show large variations from-2.1 to +3.3 as well as the initial Sr(I) isotopic ratios from 0.7042 to 0.7138,that demonstrate strong isotopic heterogeneity of the magmatic source.The geochemical characteristics of the rocks show pronounced positive Pb and negative Ti,Zr-Hf anomalies that can be explained by involvement of the subducted component in primary melts.The rocks intruded in a setting of extension at the active continental margin of the Siberian Craton during subduction of Mongol-Okhotsk oceanic crust under the Siberian Craton.     

A review of the occurrence, form and origin of C-bearing species in the Khibiny Alkaline Igneous Complex, Kola Peninsula, NW Russia

The Khibiny Complex hosts a wide variety of carbon-bearing species that include both oxidized and reduced varieties. Oxidised varieties include carbonate minerals, especially in the carbonatite complex at the eastern end of the pluton, and Na-carbonate phases. Reduced varieties include abiogenic hydrocarbon gases, particularly methane and ethane, dispersed bitumens, solid organic substances and graphite. The majority of the carbon in the Khibiny Complex is hosted in either the carbonatite complex or within the so-called “Central Arch”. The Central Arch is a ring-shaped structure which separates khibinites (coarse-grained eudialite-bearing nepheline-syenites) in the outer part of the complex from lyavochorrites (medium-grained nepheline-syenites) and foyaites in the inner part. The Central Arch is petrologically diverse and hosts the major REE-enriched apatite–nepheline deposits for which the complex is best known. It also hosts zones with elevated hydrocarbon (dominantly methane) gas content and zones of hydrothermally deposited Na-carbonate mineralisation. The hydrocarbon gases are most likely the product of a series of post-magmatic abiogenic reactions. It is likely that the concentration of apatite-nepheline deposits, hydrocarbon gases and Na-carbonate mineralisation, is a function of long lived fluid percolation through the Central Arch. Fluid migration was facilitated by stress release during cooling and uplift of the Khibiny Complex. As a result, carbon with a mantle signature was concentrated into a narrow ring-shaped zone.     

Mafic and ultramafic magmatism and associated mineralization in the Dharwar craton,southern India

Evidence of mafic and ultramafic magmatism exists in many parts of the Dharwar craton which is divided into two blocks, the West Dharwar Craton (WDC) and the East Dharwar Craton (EDC). The mafic-ultramafic rocks occur in supracrustal/greenstone belts and in numerous enclaves and slivers in the WDC. The oldest recorded maficultramafic rocks, which are mainly komatiitic in nature, are preserved in the Sargur Group which is more than 3.3–3.4 Ga old, the youngest being manifested by 63–76 Ma old mafic dyke magmatism, possibly related to Deccan volcanism. In the Sargur Group, ultramafics rocks greatly dominate over mafic lithological units. Both extrusive and intrusive varieties, the latter in the form of differentiated layered complexes, occur. Mafic volcanics exists in all the greenstone belts of the eastern block and in the Bababudan and Western Ghats belts of the western block. In addition to the Sargur Group where stratigraphic sequences are unclear, mafic magmatism is recorded in three different formations of the Bababudan Group and two sub-divisions of the Shimoga and Chitradurga Groups where basaltic flows are conspicuous. In the well studied greenstone belts of Kolar and Hutti in the EDC, three to four different Formations of mafic volcanic rocks have been mapped. Isotopic dating has indicated that while mafic magmatism in the greenstone belts of the EDC covers only a short time span of between 2.65 to 2.75 Ga, those in the Dharwar Supergroup of the WDC cover a much longer time span from 3.35 to 2.5 Ga. Mafic dyke magmatism has taken place repeatedly from 2.45 Ga to about 1.0 Ga, but, the peak of emplacement was between 1.8 and 1.4 Ga when the densely developed swarms on the western and south western portions of the Cuddapah Basin and in the central part of Karnataka, were intruded. Emplacement of potassic ultramafic magma in the form of kimberlite-lamproite which is confined to the EDC, is a later magmatic event that took place between 1.4 Ga and 0.8 Ga. From a mineralization perspective, mafic magmatism of the supracrustal groups of the WDC and the greenstone belts of the EDC are the most important. V-Ti-magnetite bands constitute the most common deposit type recorded in the mafic-ultramafic complexes of the Sargur Group with commercially exploitable chromite deposits occurring in a number of belts. PGE mineralization of possible commercial value has so far been recorded in a single mafic-ultramafic complex, while copper-nickel mineralization occurs at certain localities in the Sargur and Chitradurga Groups. Gold mineralization hosted by mafic (occasionally ultramafic) rocks has been noted in many of the old workings located in supracrustal groups of rocks in the WDC and in the greenstone belts of EDC. Economically exploitable mineralization, however, occurs mainly in the greenstone belts of the Kolar, Ramagiri-Penkacherla and Hutti-Maski and along the eastern margin of the Chitradurga belt, where it is associated with a major N-S striking thrust zone separating the WDC from the EDC. Gold deposits of the eastern greenstone belts are comparable to those of the younger greenstone belts of Canada, Zimbabwe and Australia where the mineralization is associated with quartz carbonate veins often in iron-rich metabasic rocks. The gold was emplaced as hydrothermal fluids, derived from early komatiitic and tholeiitic magmas, and injected into suitable dilatent structures. The other common type of mineralization associated with the ultramafic rocks of the Sargur Group and supracrustal belts, particularly of the WDC, are asbestos and soapstone, related to autometamorphism/metasomatism. Ruby/sapphire deposits occur in places at the contacts of ultramafic rocks with the Peninsular Gneiss, and are related to contact metamorphism and metasomatism. Mineable magnesite deposits related to low-temperature hydrothermal/lateritic alteration exist in the zone of weathering, particularly in the more olivine-rich rocks. Recent spurt in diamond exploration is offering promise of discovering economically workable diamondiferous kimberlite/lamproite intrusions in the EDC.     

The petrology and geochemistry of intrusive alkaline rocks of Elchuru,Prakasam District,Andhra Pradesh,India

The Elchuru alkaline igneous intrusion is an arcuate-shaped ring complex, approximately 16 km² in area, cropping out in the Eastern Ghats high grade metamorphic series. It is part of an alkaline province composed of a number of intrusions which range from ijolite-melteigite to alkali gabbro (viz. malignite, melalusitanite, shonkinite) and then to hypersolvus nepheline syenite followed by subsolvus nepheline syenite. The complex is cut by late lamprophyric dykes. A nephelinized alkaline gneiss, within the investigated complex, is the only deformed rock type and is regarded as an older unit not related to the comagmatic series. The remainder of the complex was emplaced post-tectonically. Sovitic carbonatite is a conspicuous Iithologic unit associated with the complex. Chemical analyses of 19 selected samples for 13 major oxides and 5 trace elements (Rb, Ba, Sr, Zr and Nb) are presented to establish a geochemical model for the investigated complex. The mineralogy, petrography and geochemistry of the rocks of the Elchuru Alkaline Complex suggest that it was formed by differentiation of an initially alkali-rich ijolitic magma as reflected in the crystallization of nepheline, kaersutitic amphibole and alkali feldspar. With progressive increase in alkali feldspar content (volume percentage) the ijolite passes to malignite and then nepheline syenites. Amphibole shows sodic enrichment from a dominant calcic variety. Pyroxene, likewise, shows sodic enrichment following the scheme salite-ferrosalite to aegirine-augite. The igneous cycle closes with the intrusion of biotite lamprophyre. There is a systematic increase in total alkalies (Na₂O+K₂O) and decrease in CaO from the early mafic rocks to the syenitic rocks. The alkali-lime index of the complex is 48 indicating its strongly alkaline nature (Peacock 1931), and they are miaskitic in character (agpaicity index <1, Currie 1976). Such miaskitic complexes are associated with carbonatites (Heinrich 1966).     

Emplacement processes and cooling history of layered cyclic unit II-7 from the Lovozero alkaline massif (Kola Peninsula, Russia)

The Lovozero alkaline massif (Kola Peninsula, Russia) is composed of three major units. The central unit (80% of the volume) comprises numerous well developed layers composed, from bottom to roof, of an urtite–juvite–foyaite–lujavrite continuous lithological sequence (ijolite–foid-bearing alkali feldspar syenite in IUGS nomenclature). The mode of emplacement of the massif and the mechanism of formation of the layering are still under debate. Petrological, mineralogical (two stages of crystallisation) and structural evidence from the detailed analysis of one of these layers (unit II-7) is interpreted in terms of both mechanical (magmatic to sub-solidus, non-coaxial deformation) and thermal differentiation operating on a crystal-laden (alkali feldspar, high T nepheline, aegirine-augite) material of foyaitic composition. Textural and mineralogical data suggest that a sheet of foiditic magma intruded into solidified earlier units of the Lovozero layered sequence and acquired a sill-like structure on cooling.     

冀北雾灵山碱性花岗质杂岩的岩石学,成因类型及构造意义

河北雾灵山碱性花岗质杂岩主要由似斑状碱长正长岩、碱长正长斑岩、碱性石英正长岩和碱性石英正长班岩组成,是华北地区燕山晚期岩浆活动的代表。本文系统报道了它的地质学、岩相学、岩石化学和地球化学的特征,讨论了它的成因类型归属和所代表的大地构造环境问题。这些资料表明;该杂岩体形成于白垩纪早期,是一个剥蚀程度较小、定位于浅成环境的硅饱和碱性－过碱性岩杂岩体,属裂谷－类裂谷Ａ型花岗岩类,它的出现表明华北地区早白垩纪时期曾处于板内裂谷－类裂谷的引张环境。     

Geochronology and petrogenesis of the post-orogenic Cu–Ni sulfide-bearing mafic–ultramafic complexes in Jilin Province, NE China

Northeastern (NE) China is a well-documented example of a collisional zone characterized by widespread post-orogenic granites and mafic–ultramafic complexes. Based on a study of the Hongqiling and Piaohechuan Cu–Ni sulfide-bearing mafic–ultramafic complexes in central Jilin province, we present geological, petrological, geochemical and geochronological data which indicates their post-orogenic origin.The Hongqiling complex comprises pyroxenite, olivine websterite, lherzolite, gabbro and leucogabbro. Zircon U–Pb SHRIMP analyses on a leucogabbro of the Hongqiling complex yield a weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb–²³⁸U age of 216±5 Ma. The Piaohechuan complex is composed of gabbro, pyroxenite and dolerite, exposed as dikes. A plagioclase-bearing pyroxenite has a U–Pb zircon weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb–²³⁸U age of 217±3 Ma, identical to that of the Hongqiling complex. These ages are coeval with the emplacement of A-type granites in the area, but slightly younger than the regional metamorphism (240 Ma) and syn-orogenic granitic magmatism (246±4 Ma). This suggests that these mafic–ultramafic complexes are post-orogenic in origin. The age data also indicated a short period of lithospheric stabilization of about 30 Ma after cessation of orogenic activity.Geochemical investigation indicates that the primary mafic magma was a lithospheric mantle-derived basalt resulting from the upwelling of asthenosphere due to lithospheric delamination during post-orogenic processes. The magmatic source was contaminated by a small amount of crustal material, and subsequent crystal fractionation resulted in the Cu–Ni mineralization.The widespread occurrence of mafic–ultramafic complexes in the Xing'an–Mongolian Orogenic Belt of NE China and in the Altay–Tianshan–Junggar Orogenic Belt of Northern Xinjiang indicates that mafic intrusions are an important magmatic suite that evolved during post-orogenic processes. Portions of this mafic magma could have underplated the lower crust, and served as the heat source for associated late-stage granitic magmas.     

冀东黄柏峪—羊崖山地区太古宙岩浆作用和变质作用——SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年

报道了冀东黄柏峪—羊崖山地区太古宙变质辉长岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、片麻状二长花岗岩、片麻状富钾花岗岩等不同类型变质岩浆岩(8个样品)的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果。首次发现3.1Ga二长花岗岩,黑云斜长片麻岩形成时代约为3.0Ga。变质辉长岩的侵入时代很可能为新太古代晚期,存在少量3.2~3.6Ga捕获锆石。几乎所有岩石样品都记录了约2.5Ga的变质锆石年龄。结合前人资料认为,(1)冀东地区新太古代晚期构造热事件十分发育,被认为与地幔软流圈上涌导致的岩浆板底垫托有关;(2)冀东地区中太古代以前的陆壳物质广泛分布,黄柏峪—羊崖山地区很可能存在一古老陆核。     

沂水杂岩中超镁铁质岩的岩石地球化学特征

主要以捕虏体形式存在于沂水岩浆杂岩和变质杂岩中的超镁铁质岩石不发育鬣刺结构,岩石化学组成以高MgO和低SiO2、TiO2、K2O含量为主要特征。按岩石中是否含有橄榄石大致可以分为橄榄辉石岩和尖晶角闪二辉石岩两种,前者以强烈发育蛇纹石化为特征,矿物组合以单斜(透)辉石+橄榄石为主(偶见斜方辉石),蚀变矿物组合为蛇纹石±铬铁矿+磁铁矿±角闪石±尖晶石等;后者以局部发育滑石化为特征,矿物组合以斜方(古铜)辉石+单斜(透)辉石+尖晶石为主,其次是角闪石+磁铁矿±滑石等。岩石总体以稀土元素总量(∑REE)相对较低、LREE/HREE=1.64~4.40为特征,稀土元素的球粒陨石标准化配分图解显示所有样品均具Eu和Ce的负异常,除3个橄榄辉石岩样品外,多数样品无明显的轻稀土元素、轻重稀土元素和重稀土元素分异。岩石的微量元素组成以不相容元素Rb、Ba、U、Nb、Sr、Zr等具有明显不同的异常为特征:Ba、Nb呈现负异常,而Rb、U呈现正异常,Sr部分呈正异常,Zr和Ti负异常出现在橄榄辉石岩中,其他样品无Zr异常。样品YS0631的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果显示其变质锆石年龄值为2 560~2 605 Ma;另有一颗结晶锆石的年龄值为2 719 Ma,εHf(t)值为8.2,亏损地幔模式年龄为2 680 Ma。综上所述,该超镁铁质岩石源于地幔,形成于新太古代早期,随后遭受深熔及岩浆作用影响,经历了变质作用的改造。     

Geochemistry of the mafic dykes in the Prakasam Alkaline Province of Eastern Ghats Belt, India: Implications for the genesis of continental rift-zone magmatism

Mesoproterozoic rift-zone magmatism in the Prakasam Alkaline Province of Eastern Ghats Belt, India is represented by three geochemically distinct primary mafic magmas and their plutonic differentiates. The three mafic magmas correspond to the alkali basaltic dykes, gabbroic dykes and lamprophyric dykes. The dyke activity is synchronous with the host plutons and belongs to the 1350–1250 Ma period Mesoproterozoic magmatism. Geochemical signatures suggest that the alkali basaltic dykes have a source in the thermal boundary layer, which has a history of prior melt extraction followed by enrichment. Both the gabbroic and lamprophyric dykes are derived from lithospheric sources and their geochemical variation can be explained by “vein-plus-wall-rock melting model”. Vein/wall-rock ratio is low for the sources of gabbroic dykes, whereas it is high for the lamprophyric dykes. Geochemistry of the gabbro dykes further indicates preservation of previous arc-signals by the lithosphere beneath the Prakasam Alkaline Province during the Mesoproterozoic. Geochemical signatures of lamproite, which could be a cratonic expression of the rift-triggered magmatism in the Prakasam Province, suggest a general increase in the metasomatic imprint with increasing lithosphere thickness from cratonic margin towards interior. It is found that geochemistry of continental rift-zone magmatism of the Prakasam rift is remarkably similar to that of the Gardar rift of South Greenland. It appears that the geodynamic conditions under which melting occurred in the Prakasam Alkaline Province are similar to that of a propagating rift with variable contributions from the convective mantle and subcontinental lithosphere mantle to the rift-zone magmas. The present study illustrates how fertility and chemical heterogeneity of the lithosphere play significant roles in the creation of enormous geochemical diversity characteristic of continental rift-zone magmatism.     

Geochemical characteristics of mafic and ultramafic rocks from the Naga Hills Ophiolite,India:Implications for petrogenesis

The Naga Hills Ophiolite(NHO) represents one of the fragments of Tethyan oceanic crust in the Himalayan Orogenic system which is exposed in the Phek and Kiphire districts of Nagaland, India. The NHO is composed of partially serpentinized dunite, peridotite, gabbro, basalt, minor plagiogranite,diorite dyke and marine sediments. The basalts are mainly composed of fine grained plagioclase feldspar, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene and show quenching and variolitic textures. The gabbros are characterized by medium to coarse grained plagioclase, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene with ophitic to sub-ophitic textures. The ultramafic cumulates are represented by olivine, Cpx and Opx.Geochemically, the basalts and gabbros are sub-alkaline to alkaline and show tholeiitic features.The basalts are characterized by 44.1-45.6 wt.% of SiO_2 with 28-38 of Mg#, and the gabbros by38.7-43.7 wt.% of SiO_2, and 26-79 of Mg#. The ultramafic rocks are characterized by 37.4-52.2 wt.% of SiO_2, and 80-88 of Mg#. In multi-element diagrams(spidergrams) both basalts and gabbros show fractionated trends with strong negative anomalies of Zr. Nb. Sr and a gentle negative anomaly of P.However, the rare earth element(REE) plots of the basalts and gabbros show two distinct patterns. The first pattern, represented by light REE(LREE) depletion, suggests N-MORB features and can be interpreted as a signature of Paleo-Tethyan oceanic crust. The second pattern, represented by LREE enrichment with negligible negative Eu anomaly, conforms to E-MORB, and may be related to an arc tectonic setting. In V vs. Ti/1000, Cr vs. Y and AFM diagrams, the basalts and gabbros plot within Island Arc Tholeiite(IAT) and MORB fields suggesting both ridge and arc related settings. The ultramafic rocks exhibit two distinct patterns both in spidergrams and in REE plots. In the spidergram, one group displays highly enriched pattern, whereas the other group shows near flat pattern compared to primordial mantle. In the REE plot, one group displays steeper slopes [(La/Yb)N = 4.340-4.341], whereas the other displays moderate to flat slopes [(La/Yb)N = 0.97-1.67] and negative Eu-anomalies. Our study suggests that the ultramafic rocks represent two possible mantle sources(fertile and refractory).     

黑龙江东安-汤旺河地区中生代岩浆作用有关钼铁金矿找矿方向

位于黑龙江省东安-汤旺河地区的东安式、团结沟式浅成低温热液型金成矿作用与早白垩世次流纹岩(隐爆角砾岩)-花岗斑岩(碱长花岗岩)构成的火山-侵入杂岩体密切相关。区内翠宏山矽卡岩-热液充填型铁铅锌多金属矿和霍吉河斑岩型钼矿床的成矿二长花岗(斑)岩体的精准年龄(186~199Ma),与小兴安岭东南鹿鸣斑岩型钼矿、小西林矽卡岩-热液充填型铅锌矿的成矿二长花岗(斑)岩体年龄(180~207Ma)之间具很好的耦合性,成矿时代为燕山早期-印支晚期。结合近期逊克翠中铁矿、高松山金矿和高岗山钼矿等的勘查进展,初步梳理了区域中生代岩浆作用与金钼铁等多金属矿成矿作用,以及制约找矿突破的一些地质问题,提出了钼铁铅锌矿勘查以印支晚期-燕山期二长花岗岩岩基体成矿,金矿勘查以燕山晚期火山-侵入杂岩体及火山机构成矿的找矿思路和今后的找矿方向建议。     

A review of the 2500 Ma span of alkaline-ultramafic, potassic and carbonatitic magmatism in West Greenland

Kimberlites, carbonatites and ultramafic, mafic and potassic lamprophyres have been produced in West Greenland in recurrent events since the Archaean. Five distinct age groups are recognised: Archaean (>2500 Ma). Early Proterozoic (1700–1900 Ma), Middle Proterozoic (Gardar, c. 1100–1300 Ma), Late Proterozoic (600 Ma) and Mesozoic-Tertiary (200-30 Ma) The rocks comprise two large and four small carbonatite occurrences, four kimberlite dyke swarms, one lamproite dyke swarm and one lamproite pipe, one dyke swarm of potassic lamprophyre (shonkinite) and some ten dyke swarms of ultramafic lamprophyre and monchiquite. Geochemical data for the various rock groups are presented. Some of the carbonatites may represent relatively unmodified mantle-derived melts. The kimberlites range from primitive to differentiated compositions, and there are regional differences between kimberlites within Archaean and Proterozoic basement. The ultrapotassic lamproites and shonkinites have strong negative Nb spikes in their trace element spectra. The ultramafic and monchiquitic lamprophyres encompass a large compositional variation; however, several of the dyke swarms have individual chemical characters.

The rocks are very unevenly distributed in West Greenland, indicating a lithospheric control, probably by old weakness zones providing access to the surface. The kimberlites are considered to be mainly of asthenospheric derivation. The regional differences are interpreted in terms of melting with phlogopite as a residual phase, with smaller degrees of melting at deeper levels beneath the Archaean lithosphere than beneath the Proterozoic. The ultrapotassic lamproites and shonkinites occur almost exclusively within a continental collision zone with possible two-way subduction and they are interpreted as mainly of lithospheric derivation, with a contribution from a subducted slab. Data for the other rock types are equivocal.

Except for the Archaean rocks, the age groups can be related to major geotectonic events. The Early Proterozoic group is related to continental collision at 1850 Ma and subsequent rifting; the Middle Proterozoic group is related to continental rifting (Gardar) and the Mesozoic group is likewise related to continental rifting prior to continental break-up in the Tertiary. The 600 Ma kimberlites and carbonatite are envisaged as cratonic, extra-rift activity in relation to continental break-up and formation of the Iapetus ocean further south, perhaps with a common cause in a broad, impinging mantle plume.     

Petrology and geochemistry of Zijinshan alkaline intrusive complex in Shanxi Province, western North China Craton: Implication for magma mixing of different sources in an extensional regime

In situ zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic compositions and whole rock geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data are presented for the Zijinshan alkaline intrusive complex from the Shanxi Province, western North China Craton. Salic rocks dominate the complex with the monzonite occurring in the outermost and pseudoleucite phonolitic breccia in the center. The intrusion took place 127 Ma ago with the earliest emplacement of monzonite and the termination of cryptoexplosive pseudoleucite phonolitic breccia. All rocks from this complex show LREE enrichment and HFSE depletion and exhibit enriched to depleted Sr–Nd isotopic features. The presence of inherited zircons and enriched Hf isotopic compositions in zircon rims, along with the enriched whole rock Sr–Nd isotopic compositions, indicate that the monzonite was formed through the mixing of lithospheric mantle-derived magma with lower crust-derived melts. The diopside syenite and nepheline-bearing diopside syenite are more depleted than the monzonite in terms of the Sr and Nd isotopes, together with their very high concentrations of LILE, we proposed that they originated from a mixed mantle source of enriched lithospheric mantle and depleted asthenosphere. The nepheline syenite has very low concentrations of MgO, Ni, Cr, suggesting that the magma underwent significant crystal fractionation. The most depleted Sr and Nd isotopic compositions ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.7036–0.7042, ε_Nd(t) = − 0.2–0.3) among all rock types indicate a great contribution of asthenosphere to the nepheline syenite. The Zijinshan complex and its related crust-mantle interaction occurred in an extensional environment which resulted in continuously asthenospheric upwelling. Such an extensional environment might have been developed during the post-orogenic stage of the Late Paleozoic amalgamation of North China Craton with Mongolian continents and subsequent Mongol–Okhotsk ocean closure.