鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起奥陶系构造-热演化史恢复

鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起区构造位置独特,演化历史复杂.该区下古生界奥陶系碳酸盐岩有机质丰度较高,是寻找天然气的有利地区.奥陶系碳酸盐岩由于缺乏有效的古温标,热演化程度的确定及热演化历史的恢复一直是研究的难题.本文利用渭北隆起奥陶系碳酸盐岩大量的沥青反射率测试资料,结合上覆晚古生代、中生代地层的镜质组反射率资料及磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹等古温标,恢复了渭北隆起的构造热-演化史.研究结果表明古生界奥陶系热演化程度具有北高南低的特点.奥陶系等效镜质组反射率普遍大于2.00％,处于过成熟干气阶段.磷灰石裂变径迹资料表明渭北隆起抬升冷却具有南早北晚的特点.南部奥陶系-下二叠统抬升早,约为102～107 Ma,北部自65 Ma以来抬升,主要抬升时期为40 Ma以来.渭北隆起自早白垩世晚期(102～107 Ma)以来开始隆升,40 Ma以来具有整体快速隆升的特点.热演化史研究表明奥陶系经历的最大古地温是在早白垩世达到的,早白垩世发生过一期构造热事件,古地温梯度可达4.60℃/100 m,早白垩世是奥陶系烃源岩的主要生气期,生气期主要受构造热事件控制.奥陶系热演化程度及热演化史的研究对渭北隆起奥陶系天然气成藏条件研究及天然气勘探有重要意义.     

吐哈盆地西南部热演化史

根据镜质体反射率、抱粉色变指数、自生粘土矿物等地温指标的研究，表明从晚古生代至新生代吐哈盆地西南部的古地温梯度是逐渐降低的，地温场是逐渐变冷的。二叠纪至三叠纪时，托克逊凹陷的古地温梯度为6．18～6．58℃／100m，都南凹陷为4．07℃／100m。诛罗纪时前者仍高于后者，但其值不会高于3℃／100m，鲁酉凸起略低。今地温梯度具有东高西低的特点，且随深度的变化具不均一性，这可能与古地温及岩性有关。根据温度欠补偿原理计算出来的地层补偿厚度并不完全等同于地层剥蚀厚度。据分析，三叠纪末二者大致相当，地层剥蚀厚度可达千余米。     

海拉尔盆地热演化史研究

海拉尔盆地现今为中地温场,中低大地热流特征,镜质体反射率随埋深增大而逐渐增大.不同层位、不同凹陷烃源岩热演化程度不同,乌尔逊、贝尔凹陷镜质体反射率值最大,热演化程度高.应用镜质体反射率法恢复了古地温及古地温梯度.海拉尔盆地古地温高于今地温,南屯组沉积前具有较高的地温梯度,可达(4.0～5.8)×10-2℃/m.乌尔逊、贝尔凹陷古地温梯度高,生油门限浅,有利于油气的生成.而另外一些凹陷生油门限较深,不利于油气的生成.     

鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起烃源岩成熟度分布特征与热演化史恢复

渭北隆起发育多套烃源岩,是寻找油气的重要战略区。对渭北隆起不同层位烃源岩的热演化程度变化规律及热演化历史缺乏深入研究。本文利用大量反射率测试资料及裂变径迹分析资料,确定了研究区不同层位热演化程度及变化规律,在恢复剥蚀厚度及埋藏史的基础上,恢复了渭北隆起的构造热—演化史及生烃史。研究结果表明：渭北隆起上三叠统延长组处于生油阶段、石炭—二叠系、奥陶系处于生气阶段,不同层位热演化程度总体上具有北高南低、西高东低的特点。渭北隆起不同层位镜质体反射率与深度关系为似线型,镜质体反射率随深度增加而增加。渭北隆起自早白垩世末以来经历了大规模抬升冷却,具有南早北晚的特点,40 Ma以来,研究区整体快速抬升冷却。热演化史研究表明渭北隆起不同层位最高热演化程度是在早白垩世达到的,从寒武纪到侏罗纪,地温梯度总体较低;中生代晚期早白垩世,受构造热事件影响,古地温梯度最高可达46.0 ℃/km;晚白垩世以来,由于地温梯度降低及地层大规模抬升剥蚀,地层温度明显降低。渭北隆起奥陶系、石炭—二叠系烃源岩天然气生气高峰期、上三叠统延长组烃源岩生油高峰期均在早白垩世,生油、生气高峰期受中生代晚期高地温梯度、构造热事件的控制。新生代以来渭北隆起大规模抬升剥蚀,地层快速抬升冷却,地层温度明显降低,烃源岩生烃过程停止。     

非洲G盆地南部凹陷热演化史恢复及成藏期次判断

非洲G盆地是受中非剪切带影响而发育形成的典型被动裂谷盆地,其南部凹陷带为盆地主要油源区。为进一步明确G盆地油气勘探方向,需开展盆地南部凹陷热演化史及油气成藏方面的研究。油层测温表明,南部凹陷现今平均地温梯度为3.9 ℃/100 m,属于中温型地温场。根据镜质体反射率、包裹体测温恢复了G盆地凹陷带古地温演化史,研究表明G盆地凹陷白垩纪古地温梯度为2.4～3.77 ℃/100 m,古地温梯度低于现今地温梯度。古地温恢复及热史模拟表明最高地温是在现今达到的,下白垩统烃源岩热演化程度主要受现今地温场控制。包裹体均一温度分析表明G盆地南部凹陷存在两次流体作用事件,分别发生在晚白垩世早期(96.0～87.0 Ma)及第四纪(3.0～0 Ma)。下白垩统油气的主要成藏期在晚白垩世早期。     

鄂尔多斯盆地热演化史及其对油气的控制作用

鄂尔多斯盆地为大型含油气盆地,是我国重要的能源基地。盆地现今地温梯度为2.8℃/100m,属于中温型盆地。根据现今地层测温及地温梯度,编制了盆地3个重要烃源岩发育层位延长组长7段、石炭二叠系、奥陶系顶面现今地温分布图,分析了3个界面现今地温分布特征。根据收集及实测的奥陶系沥青反射率资料,编制了奥陶系顶面镜质体反射率等值线平面分布图。盆地不同层位的镜质体反射率值随着深度增加或层位变老,镜质体反射率值逐渐增高,在各地层分界面处不存在镜质体反射率(Ro)明显的错断。各构造单元镜质体反射率(Ro)与深度关系曲线图差异主要表现为曲线斜率的差异及曲线接近地表起始值的差异,这两项差异反映了地温梯度及后期剥蚀厚度的差异。不同层位的镜质体反射率的高值区均位于盆地南部的庆阳—富县—延安—吴旗一带,盆地南部不同层位镜质体反射率高值区的存在表明盆地南部热演化程度高,存在热异常。盆地热演化史恢复表明早白垩世鄂尔多斯盆地发生过一期构造热事件,地层在早白垩世末达到最大古地温。早白垩世以后,鄂尔多斯盆地整体大幅度抬升剥蚀,地温梯度减小,地层冷却降温。现今地层温度远小于在早白垩世末达到的最大古地温,油气的生成主要受古地温控制。早白垩世的构造热事件控制了上、下古生界、中生界3套主要烃源岩油气的主要生成、成藏期。     

山西省宁武—静乐盆地早侏罗世永定庄组的确定及恐龙化石的发现

宁武—静乐盆地位于山西省中西部，处于芦芽山与云中山之间，呈北东—南西向展布，为一自北东向南西掀斜的复向斜。核部由侏罗系构成，两翼地层产状较陡，依次由三叠系、二叠系、石炭系、奥陶系、寒武系等组成，局部地段出露太古宙变质岩系。永定庄组是１９７９年山西省地层表编写组从大同煤田原怀仁群中划分出来的，为以灰、紫、黄等杂色的河湖相碎屑岩为主（不含煤）的地层，上覆大同组以底部砂岩为界，与其呈平行不整合接触，其下与古生界及中生界三叠系不同层位呈平行（或角度）不整合接触，时代属早侏罗世。前人均认为本区侏罗系仅为中…     

内蒙古海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷热演化史

乌尔逊凹陷是内蒙古海拉尔盆地内勘验程度较高的一个南部凹陷,该凹陷沉积厚度大,地层发育全,生油条件十分优越,是海拉尔盆地主要产油气凹陷。主要烃源岩层是南屯组,其次是铜钵庙组和大磨拐河组。根据磷灰石裂变径迹法恢复的乌尔逊凹陷早白垩世古地温梯度为3.44℃/hm,接近现今地温梯度3.3℃/hm。古地温恢复及热演化史模拟表明,乌尔逊凹陷中生代以来经历了一个升温过程,下白垩统烃源岩热演化程度主要受现今地温场控制。热演化史与油气关系研究结合伊利石测年结果表明,乌尔逊凹陷油气成藏期主要有两期,为早白垩世晚期及古近纪以来,且以早白垩世晚期为主要成藏期;古近纪以来为第二期成藏阶段,烃源岩进入第二次生油高峰期。第二次成藏时期对乌尔逊凹陷油气藏的形成起着重要作用,是制约油气富集的重要因素。     

海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷热演化史与油气关系研究

贝尔凹陷是是海拉尔盆地内勘探程度较高的一个南部凹陷,该凹陷沉积厚度大,地层发育全,生油条件十分优越,是海拉尔盆地主要产油气凹陷.主要烃源岩层是南屯组,其次是大磨拐河组和铜钵庙组.根据镜质组反射率、包裹体测温和磷灰石裂变径迹法恢复的贝尔凹陷古地温演化史表明贝尔凹陷早白垩世古地温梯度可达3.7～5.8℃/100m,高于现今...     

华北克拉通中部宁武-静乐盆地侏罗纪构造变形与燕山期造山事件的启动

燕山期造山事件广泛影响东亚地区的构造演化,其启动时间与构造变形样式还存在较多的争议。侏罗纪宁武-静乐盆地位于华北克拉通中北部吕梁山地区,处在华北平原盆地与鄂尔多斯盆地之间,是吕梁山-太行山内部NE-SW走向的向斜盆地,为燕山期陆内造山作用的研究提供了例证。本文通过构造变形分析、平衡剖面恢复与生长地层碎屑锆石年代学分析,厘定了侏罗纪宁武-静乐盆地构造变形样式、原型盆地性质与生长地层开始形成的时间,探讨了燕山期构造变形的盆山耦合效应。其中,盆地北段西侧发育断展褶皱与对冲构造;盆地中段西侧发育断展褶皱与背冲构造,中段东侧发育断展褶皱;盆地南段西侧发育断展褶皱与叠瓦状逆冲构造。中侏罗统云岗组(J_2y)与上侏罗统天池河组(J_3t)为生长地层,记录了侏罗纪宁武-静乐盆地的生长与变形过程,反映了该地区燕山期造山事件的作用过程。前生长地层构造变形反映的侏罗纪宁武-静乐盆地地壳缩短率在盆地中段为26.2%,南段为58.6%。碎屑锆石定年研究限定了该地区燕山造山作用的启动时间为～168 Ma。由此认为,华北克拉通中北部是中生代燕山期造山作用最显著的地区之一,燕山期造山事件是纵贯华北吕梁山-太行山造山带崛起的主因。     

黑龙江省鸡西—勃利含煤盆地层序地层学讨论

本文以层序地层学理论为依据,对鸡西—勃力盆地与龙爪沟盆地进行了层序划分,可分五个级别的层序,一至三低频层序主要受区域性断裂控制,四、五两个高频层序,主要受气候和局部构造控制。文中简要地叙述了一、二级层序的构造事件及相当的群、组,并以三级层序为主线较详细地论述了三、四级层序的控制因素,岩与岩相特征,古气候条件,层序形成时限以及四级层序的短期基准面旋回与分布。     

Heat flow and thermal modeling of the Yinggehai Basin, South China Sea

Geothermal gradients are estimated to vary from 31 to 43 °C/km in the Yinggehai Basin based on 99 temperature data sets compiled from oil well data. Thirty-seven thermal conductivity measurements on core samples were made and the effects of porosity and water saturation were corrected. Thermal conductivities of mudstone and sandstone range from 1.2 to 2.7 W/m K, with a mean of 2.0±0.5 W/m K after approximate correction. Heat flow at six sites in the Yinggehai Basin range from 69 to 86 mW/m², with a mean value of 79±7 mW/m². Thick sediments and high sedimentation rates resulted in a considerable radiogenic contribution, but also depressed the heat flow. Measurements indicate the radiogenic heat production in the sediment is 1.28 μW/m³, which contributes 20% to the surface heat flow. After subtracting radiogenic heat contribution of the sediment, and sedimentation correction, the average basal heat flow from basement is about 86 mW/m².Three stages of extension are recognized in the subsidence history, and a kinematic model is used to study the thermal evolution of the basin since the Cenozoic era. Model results show that the peak value of basal heat flow was getting higher and higher through the Cenozoic. The maximum basal heat flow increased from 65 mW/m² in the first stage to 75 mW/m² in the second stage, and then 90 mW/m² in the third stage. The present temperature field of the lithosphere of the Yinggehai Basin, which is still transient, is the result of the multistage extension, but was primarily associated with the Pliocene extension.     

三塘湖盆地侏罗纪煤系烃源岩的热演化研究

采用有机岩石学全岩分析方法,结合有机地球化学分析资料,以新疆三塘湖盆地侏罗纪煤系烃源岩的热演化进行了研究。三塘湖盆地侏罗纪煤系烃源岩的热演化既有共性,又有其特殊性,前者主要表现在镜质组反射率R、孢子体荧光参数（λ_max、Q、I₅₄₆）和分子地球化学参数上,它们均显示重要的热演化指示意义;后者主要表现在,热演化指标与现今埋深关系不大、热演化程度“同层相近”不同有机显微组分差异演化和有机质热演化具有阶段性等方面。在此基础上,初步建立了三塘湖盆地侏罗纪煤系烃源岩的成烃模式。      

Thermal history of Canadian Williston basin from apatite fission-track thermochronology—implications for petroleum systems and geodynamic history

Apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology has been applied to a composite depth profile of Precambrian basement rocks underlying the Phanerozoic Canadian Williston Basin. Thermal histories derived from the AFT data record cycles of heating and cooling which follow the pattern of regional burial history, but which also indicate major temporal and geographic variations in the timing and degree of maximum Phanerozoic temperatures. These variations in the thermal history were not previously recognised from organic maturity indicators and subsidence models. Specifically, our study suggests a late Paleozoic heat flow anomaly with a geographic extent closer to that of Middle Devonian–Carboniferous Kaskaskia subsidence patterns than to that of the Williston Basin proper. This thermal anomaly has both economic and geodynamic significance. The recognition that potential Upper Cambrian–Lower Ordovician petroleum source rocks became fully mature during the late Paleozoic distinguishes that petroleum system from others that entered the main hydrocarbon generation stage in latest Cretaceous and Paleogene time. The late Paleozoic heat flow anomaly suggested from the AFT data implies a geodynamic coupling between inelastic Kaskaskia subsidence and previously inferred late Paleozoic lithospheric weakening. While the temporally varying heat flow model is preferred, the lack of independent constraints on the maximum thickness of upper Paleozoic strata precludes the outright rejection of the previous constant heat flow model. The AFT data provide important new constraints on the evolution of the epicratonic Williston Basin and its geodynamic models.     

Linked sequence stratigraphy and tectonics in the Sichuan continental foreland basin,Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation,southwest China

Intracontinental subduction of the South China Block below the North China Block in the Late Triassic resulted in formation of the transpressional Sichuan foreland basin on the South China Block. The Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation was deposited in this basin and consists of an eastward-tapering wedge of predominantly continental siliciclastic sedimentary rocks that are up to 3.5 km thick in the western foredeep depocenter and thin onto the forebulge and into backbulge depocenters.Five facies associations (A–E) make up the Xujiahe Formation and these are interpreted, respectively, as alluvial fan, transverse and longitudinal braided river, meandering river, overbank or shallow lacustrine, and deltaic deposits. This study establishes a sequence stratigraphic framework for the Xujiahe Formation which is subdivided into four sequences (SQ1, 2, 3 and 4). Sequence boundaries are recognized on the basis of facies-tract dislocations and associated fluvial rejuvenation and incision, and systems tracts are identified based on their constituent facies associations and changes in architectural style and sediment body geometries. Typical sequences consist of early to late transgressive systems tract deposits related to a progressive increase in accommodation and represented by Facies Associations A, B and C that grade upwards into Facies Association D. Regionally extensive and vertically stacked coal seams define maximum accommodation and are overlain by early highstand systems tract deposits represented by Facies Associations D, E and C. Late highstand systems tract deposits are rare because of erosion below sequence boundaries. Sequence development in the Xujiahe Formation is attributed to active and quiescent phases of thrust-loading events and is closely related to the tectonic evolution of the basin. The Sichuan Basin experienced three periods of thrust loading and lithospheric flexure (SQ1, lower SQ2 and SQ3), two periods of stress relaxation and basin widening (upper SQ 2 and SQ3) and one phase of isostatic rebound (SQ4). Paleogeographic reconstruction of the Sichuan Basin in the Late Triassic indicates that the Longmen Mountains to the west, consisting of metamorphic, sedimentary and pre-Neoproterozoic basement granitoid rocks, was the major source of sediment to the foredeep depocenter. Subordinate sediment sources were the Xuefeng Mountains to the east to backbulge depocenters, and the Micang Mountains to the northwest during the late history of the basin. This study has demonstrated the viability of sequence stratigraphic analysis in continental successions in a foreland basin, and the influence of thrust loading on sequence development.     

四川盆地及邻区二叠纪梁山-栖霞组沉积盆地原型及其演化

中二叠世的上扬子地区开始经历大规模的海侵作用,形成了较为稳定的碳酸盐岩沉积建造。探究该时期四川盆地及邻区沉积充填规律与构造演化特征,是揭示原型盆地成因机制的关键,又是认识四川盆地多旋回叠加过程的重要一环。在前人研究成果的基础之上,综合利用钻井、野外剖面等地质资料,重建了梁山组、栖霞组沉积时期原型盆地构造-古地理格局,并分析其构造-沉积演化过程。主要受继承自晚石炭世以来的中部隆升,东西两侧下沉的的古地貌和初期大规模海侵作用的影响,中二叠世梁山组沉积时期,本地区以滨岸-潮坪沉积体系为特征;栖霞组沉积早期,逐渐过渡到碳酸盐岩台地沉积环境,受区域性伸展作用的影响,海平面相对上升,以开阔台地沉积环境为特征;栖霞组沉积晚期,海平面相对下降,以局限台地和台缘滩沉积环境为特征。因此,反映出四川盆地及邻区在该时期主要受伸展裂解作用的影响,可被认为是一个典型的克拉通内坳陷和边缘裂陷盆地。海平面升降的旋回性变化和盆地的差异性沉降对该时期原型盆地的沉积充填样式和古地理格局的演变产生了重要影响。     

二龙山含煤盆地中新世富锦组沉积相及层序地层特征

黑龙江东部二龙山盆地是一新生代陆相聚煤盆地,中新世富锦组是其含煤地层。通过对富锦组沉积相、层序地层和聚煤作用特征的研究,可以看出：富锦组主要由凝灰质粉砂岩及中细砂岩、凝灰质砾岩及褐煤组成,发育滨浅湖相、深-半深湖相、冲积扇扇根相、扇中相及沼泽相,分别属于湖泊沉积体系和冲积扇沉积体系;富锦组是一个以区域不整合面为上下界的三级层序,其低位体系域对应底部砾岩段,湖侵体系域对应下部砂岩段和中部含煤段,高位体系域对应上部砂岩段;研究区煤层形成于湖侵体系域末期,且以盆地中部煤层厚度最大,向西北和西南方向煤层均变薄;聚煤作用明显受基底沉降作用影响,在湖侵体系域末期基底稳定沉降阶段,可容空间增加速率与泥炭堆积速率相平衡,从而形成了区内巨厚煤层。