古构造应力场反演的理论与实践——基于断层滑动矢量分析

古构造应力场恢复是重建区域地质演化历史的重要手段之一。断层作为地壳浅表发育的脆性变形构造,为恢复古构造应力场提供了重要地质条件。关于利用断层滑动矢量反演古构造应力场,前人进行了长期探索。目前其相关理论基础、研究方法与实际应用均取得重要进展。在断层滑动矢量反演古构造应力场的理论方面,改进的安德森模式描述了在发育先存薄弱带的情况下断层形成与演化的规律,克服了安德森模式只适用于均匀变形域的理论局限性;在研究方法方面,突破了在沉积盆地内部变形相对单一的限制,在造山带前陆或者叠加褶皱区等复杂变形区有效地开展了相关研究,并通过断层相关褶皱与同褶皱变形的滑动矢量分析,厘定出同造山作用的古构造应力场。这一方法在大巴山造山带强变形区得到了有效应用,为探讨其构造演化提供了基础。     

库车坳陷克依构造带坎亚肯背斜变形序列及其ESR年代

基于对库车褶皱逆冲带坎亚肯褶皱发育的小尺度构造的特征和相互叠加、切割关系的分析,认为该构造形成于新生代,经历了三个阶段,即平行层面的挤压缩短作用阶段、弯滑与弯流褶皱作用阶段和逆冲断层改造作用阶段.断层滑动数据反演和古应力恢复的结果表明,控制整个变形过程的构造应力场最大主应力方向σ1(即构造缩短方向)集中分布在NNW-SSE向.断层面上薄层方解石晶体的ESR测年结果显示,断层活动时间不晚于2.1Ma.该区这一构造变形发生在上新世末以前,是在同一稳定应力场下同一次构造挤压产生的渐进式序列变形结果,对于克依构造带的构造圈闭最终定型起着决定性作用.     

利用断层滑动资料反演构造应力场的方法

本文综合介绍了近十多年来国际上利用断层滑动资料定量反演构造应力场的基本原理和基本方法,并以一种技术为用系统地阐明了定量反演构造应力方向和大小的全过程.这种方法对脆性变形地区的构造定量分析具有重要意义.     

断层滑动分析与古应力恢复研究综述

对遭受脆性变形（尤其是断裂作用）的岩层进行古构造应力恢复是进行地壳构造变形历史和动力学研究的重要手段之一。对带有擦痕线理的断层进行大量观测,不仅便于精确描述断层几何学,而且还可使地球上部脆性地壳的构造模式与应力状态相关联,从而再现构造应力场在时空上的演化特征。对脆性构造研究中的断层滑动分析与古应力恢复这一方法的研究历史与现状、原理假设、数学方法以及如何把反演结果与野外地质认识相结合进行构造变形期次的研究进行了介绍和评述,并指出这种方法不仅有利于认识盆地与造山带在构造应力场上的同一性,而且有利于从动力学上去探讨盆山之间的关系,在目前盆山耦合的构造研究中有其自身的优越性。     

基于断层滑动数据反演的燕山中西段晚中生代古构造应力场:对华北克拉通破坏峰期应力状态的启示

在燕山中西段晚中生代岩体中的116个观测点中共采集到2 321组断层和破裂面滑动数据,利用Tensor软件进行古构造应力状态反演。将反演结果与区域构造变形及构造演化过程研究结果相结合,发现研究区在侏罗纪末-白垩纪初以来存在5期可识别的构造应力场:(1)晚侏罗世末-早白垩世初近N-S向挤压应力场(D1,148~127 Ma);(2)早白垩世NW-SE向挤压应力场(D2,143~127 Ma);(3)垂向挤压主导的多向水平伸展应力场(D3,120~110 Ma);(4)NE-SW向挤压(D4);(5)E-W向挤压的应力场(D5)。D1和D2可能分别与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋消减关闭作用的远程构造效应,以及古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆板块下的俯冲作用有关,且这两大构造系统在该时期可能同时作用于燕山地区。D3期应力场可能反映源自壳下深部地幔活动引起的垂向挤压动力作用。D4、D5期应力场相对较弱,其动力学背景尚待今后研究进一步分析。本区古构造应力场研究结果表明,华北克拉通破坏峰期期间,主要的伸展作用并不完全符合西太平洋板块后撤主导的被动伸展裂谷模型,而是表现为深部地幔活动引起的垂向挤压作用主导的水平方向多向伸展。     

库车坳陷第三纪断层滑动分析与古构造应力恢复

研究构造应力场的时空变化对于认识和理解褶皱冲断带的构造变形过程和油气构造圈闭的最终定型具有重要意义.基于对库车坳陷内第三系和同时卷入变形的白垩系中发育断层的野外观测,采用断层滑动数据反演方法,对库车坳陷的第三纪构造古应力进行恢复.结果表明:库车坳陷第三纪的构造应力方向在空间位置上变化不大,在时间上经历了从NNW-SSE向到NWW-SEE的转变,构造挤压变形经历了两个阶段:即NNW-SSE向逆冲挤压变形和相对较晚的NWW-SEE向逆冲挤压变形.结合库车坳陷油气成藏期,第二阶段的构造挤压变形发生在库车组沉积期间,为坳陷内油气的聚集提供了良好的圈闭条件.文中还探讨了造成库车坳陷内挤压应力场的两种可能动力成因.     

基于断层擦痕侧伏角公式的构造应力张量反演

利用Aleksandrowski推导的断层擦痕侧伏角公式,提出了一种改进的构造应力张量反演法。根据不同应力比值下构造应力与断层擦痕侧伏角的关系,利用最小二乘法,详细推导了构造应力张量的反演方法,最后利用Matlab软件编制程序实现了该计算过程。在此基础上,现场调查了江西武山铜矿北矿带的断层滑动数据,利用上述改进方法反演了该地区的构造应力张量方向特征。将上述反演结果与由震源机制解获得的最新构造应力场结果进行对比分析,并结合研究区断层的展布特征及所在的地质构造背景,获得了该地区自晚侏罗世以来的构造应力场特征,表明该地区构造应力场具有一定的稳定性。改进后的构造应力张量求解过程及工程应用表明,将Aleksandrowski的图示法和Etchecopar等的反演法结合起来反演构造应力张量,是对已有方法的改进,具有更加简单、实现容易等特点,计算结果比较符合实际。     

鄂尔多斯盆地沿河湾探区低渗储层长61构造裂缝主要形成期应力环境判识

开展储层裂缝预测研究,首先必须认识构造裂缝形成的期次及其古应力状态。通过上三叠统延长组长61储层岩石声发射实验得出的古构造历史有效最大主应力记忆出现率,厘定鄂尔多斯盆地沿河湾探区长61储层构造裂缝形成时最大主应力介于79.12~89.99 MPa之间。通过岩石古应力分期、裂缝充填物包裹体测温和期次测定,结合区域构造应力场演化分析,确定延长组储层构造裂缝主要形成期为燕山期。通过露头区地层和覆盖区定向岩心共轭裂缝或节理应变测量,恢复了沿河湾地区燕山期构造运动三轴应力状态,即最大主应力(δ1)方向为NW-SE向,优势方位129°∠10°,最小主应力(δ3)优势方位36°∠7°,中间主应力(δ2)近于垂直。裂缝主要形成期及其古应力状态研究成果为沿河湾探区长61低渗储层构造裂缝分布和发育规律定量预测研究提供了地质依据。     

鄂西地区燕山期古构造应力场初步定量研究

鄂西地区主要的构造变形为一系列NNE向褶皱,该区域主要构造形迹已经得到比较系统的研究,但对于发生褶皱时期的古构造应力场则至今尚无较深入的研究,前人仅根据褶皱构造形态特征和断层滑动方向进行过一些古构造应力场的定向研究,导致对齐岳山、利川等燕山期构造演化有了一些不同的观点。本文对燕山期古构造应力场的应力作用方向和作用力大小进行了比较系统的研究。根据研究区地层接触关系,侏罗系与三叠系为同一构造层,而白垩系与该构造层的角度不整合接触关系指示发生构造事件的时间为侏罗纪之后、早白垩世之前;根据野外测量的共轭剪切节理的产状、褶皱两翼地层产状等数据,结合区域整体构造形变特征来判断压缩区,确定了当时最大主压应力轴方向,总体上均为NW SE向;依据野外采集侏罗系、三叠系的石英砂岩标本进行实验测试,在透射电子显微镜下对采集标本进行晶内位错构造的观测统计,使用晶体内自由位错密度与差应力值的经验关系公式,计算出古差应力值的大小,为定量研究该区古构造应力场打下了扎实的基础。     

用共轭剪节理计算及绘制主应力图解的BASIC语言程序

一个区域某一构造运动时期的应力分布状态,一般是用测量到的同一应力场作用所形成的共轭剪节理的产状求解出三个主应力轴的空间方位来表示,这是反演古构造应力场时经常应用的方法.目前利用极射赤平投影的方法来分析古构造应力场仍是一种行之有效的手段.本程序即按极射赤平投影原理,根据共轭剪节理的产状用PC-1500随机BASIC语言来求解三个主应力轴的产状及绘制主应力图解的.     

Geomechanical paleostress inversion using fracture data

We describe a fast geomechanically-based paleostress inversion technique that uses observed fracture data to constrain stress through multiple simulations. The method assumes that the local stress field around individual fractures is heterogeneous and derives the far field tectonic stress, that we also call the far field boundary conditions. We show how such far field tectonic stress can be recovered through a mechanical stress inversion technique using local observations of natural fractures (i.e. mechanical type, orientation and location). We test the paleostress inversion against outcrop analogues of fractured carbonates from both Nash Point, U.K., where there are well exposed faults and joints and the Matelles, France, where there are well exposed faults, veins and stylolites. We demonstrate through these case studies how the method can be efficiently applied to natural examples and we highlight its advantages and limitations. We discuss how such method could be applied to subsurface problems and how it can provide complementary constraints to drive discrete fracture models for better fractured reservoir characterization and modelling.     

库车坳陷脆性构造序列及其对构造古应力的指示

在对野外脆性构造(主要是节理和断层) 大量观测的基础上, 根据它们与应力的关系, 讨论了库车坳陷白垩纪末期以来的古构造应力时空变化.结果表明, 在库车坳陷脆性构造中, 早期隆升作用形成的主要发育在中生界的NEE-SWW向系统节理被晚期同构造期的在中生界与上第三系均发育的NNW-SSE向和NW-SE向节理切割并改造, 这是对区域上构造应力场在进入新近纪时从弱伸展变化到强烈挤压这一过程的响应.基于断层滑动分析的古应力反演结果显示, 此时盆山边界处以近N-S向伸展应力状态占主导, 而坳陷内部则表现为近N-S向和NW-SE向挤压应力状态.说明在进入新近纪后, 最大主应力(σ₁) 方向从垂向变成水平, 应力场发生了转变.此后的天山快速垂向隆升是库车坳陷北缘和内部应力状态存在差异的原因.      

Geometry and tectonic significance of Albian sedimentary dykes in the Sisteron area,SE France

Sedimentary dykes in the Sisteron area have penetrated pre-existing fracture sets in late Aptian and early Albian strata. Dynamic characteristics of such fractures are revealed by the bifurcation and the branching of dykes. Three-dimensional statistical analysis of the initial orientation of two vertical conjugate sets of dykes indicates their mechanics of formation, as well as the principal compressional stress direction during the development of the sill-dyke regime in the Sisteron area. Another set of sandstone dykes present in the area suggests syn-sedimentary and extensional faulting tectonic activity before the area became involved in compressional tectonics. Several significant dyke-forms clearly show the sense of shear along fractures filled with sand, and enable the stress pattern during dyke formation in the area to be recognized.     

Physical Meaning of Stress Difference for Fault-Slip Analysis

Recent stress tensor inversion methods for fault-slip analysis are used to distinguish between multiple stress states to elucidate spatiotemporal change of the earth’s crustal tectonics. An estimator named the stress difference has been a practicable tool to measure the difference between stress solutions of inversion analysis. This measure corresponds to the expected difference in shear stress direction on a randomly oriented fault plane, which is, however, an approximation including several degrees of deviation. This study investigated the formula of stress difference and found the exact physical meaning, specifically the expected difference in shear stress vector which carries information on magnitude as well as direction. The present discovery is based on the analytical proportionality between the second invariant of stress tensor and the root mean square magnitude of shear stress for all orientation of fault planes. The meaningless difference in non-dimensional shear stress magnitude was found to be incorporated into the value of stress difference. This fact is not convenient for fault-slip analysis dealing only with orientations.     

关于海城地震震源模式的讨论

地震震源模式是对地震形成条件、孕育和暴发过程的认识,它是与地震预报密切相关的一个重要理论课题。讨论一个地震的震源模式应该解决震源应力场、发震构造和震源物理、化学过程等问题,解决这些问题的根本依据来源于震前、震时和震后所暴露出的各种实际材料。地震地质特征是认识这些问题的背景,模拟实验则为我们认识这些问题提供对比研究的线索。     

Identification of fracture development period and stress field analysis based on fracture fabrics in tectonic superposition areas

As a direct consequence of multiple periods of stress applied on areas with tectonic superposition, the multiple-periods fractures have complex abutting relationships, and the field study of fractures is usually restricted by outcrop conditions, such as section direction. Therefore, previous studies of superposed stress fields based on fractures have been generally performed in areas with proper observation conditions and clear abutting relationships. In contrast, in many other areas, the identification of fracture development period based on field observation is often infeasible. Compared to abutting relationships, fracture fabrics obtained from field measurement are not affected by the restriction of outcrops and consequently are more representative of the fractures. According to the analysis of fracture fabrics and fracture features, this paper has separated and extracted the superposed fracture sets and identified the fracture development period in the area without available abutting relationships. Taking the southern segment of the Longmen Mountain thrust belt as an example, fractures of two development periods are identified and timed in the tectonic superposition area between two adjacent fold belts. The analysis of stress direction in each period suggests that the structural boundaries, consisting of such pre-existing structures as faults and anticlines, could have induced directional rotation in the subsequent stress. An equivalent result was achieved using a finite element simulation of the stress field. Based on the stress analysis of the field sites and the stress field simulation, the stress variation in the tectonic superposition area is well modeled.     

略论破裂构造的形成机制

“破裂”一词比之“断裂”有着更为广泛的涵义,其论述必然牵涉到破裂构造的许多问题。本文试图在前人工作基础上,通过实验观察,着重讨论剪切破裂的形成机制和模式。 岩石破裂是由于本身存在着弹性应变能的缘故。本世纪六十年代初,罗贝尔思(J.C. Roberts)等人,已将其原理应用到节理裂隙力学机制的分析上。     

Inversion of calcite twin data,paleostress reconstruction and multiphase weak deformation in cratonic interior – Evidence from the Proterozoic Cuddapah basin,India

Paleostress orientations from mechanically twinned calcite in carbonate rocks and veins in the neighborhood of large faults were investigated to comment on the nature of weak upper crustal stresses affecting sedimentary successions within the Proterozoic Cuddapah basin, India. Application of Turner's P–B–T method and Spang's Numerical dynamic analysis on Cuddapah samples provided paleostress orientations comparable to those derived from fault-slip inversion. Results from the neighborhood of E–W faults cutting through the Paleoproterozoic Papaghni and Chitravati groups and the Neoproterozoic Kurnool Group in the western Cuddapah basin, reveal existence of multiple deformation events − (1) NE–SW σ₃ in strike-slip to extensional regime along with an additional event having NW–SE σ_3, for lower Cuddapah samples; (2) compressional/transpressional event with ESE–WNW or NNE–SSW σ₁ mainly from younger Kurnool samples.Integrating results from calcite twin data inversion, fault-slip analysis and regional geology we propose that late Mesoproterozoic crustal extension led to initial opening of the Kurnool sub-basin, subsequently influenced by weak compressional deformation. The dynamic analysis of calcite twins thus constrains the stress regimes influencing basin initiation in the southern Indian cratonic interior and subsequent basin inversion in relation to craton margin mobile belts and plausible global tectonic events in the Proterozoic.