龙门山断裂带横断层成因类型及地质意义

目前,对龙门山冲断带内横断层研究较为薄弱.在综合分析区域地质和地球物理资料的基础上,利用野外考察和构造物理模拟等方法,对龙门山冲断带横断层成因类型及地质意义进行了探析.研究表明:(1) 龙门山断裂带中北段主要发育6条横向断层,其中虎牙横断层为中段与北段的分界,卧龙-怀远横断层为中段与南段的分界;(2) 横向断层主要有3种成因类型:先存北西向断裂或薄弱带再活化、主断裂带差异逆冲产生的撕裂(调节)断层、X共轭剪切断层和横张断裂;(3) 横断层调节了冲断带各段构造活动性、构造变形强度等多方面的差异,其可以独立发震、使龙门山主断裂带分段发震、与主逆冲断裂联合发震、在主震发生后控制余震分布、引发余震等.      

准噶尔盆地西北缘断裂带构造变形机制——基于物理实验模拟研究

准噶尔盆地西北缘发育以红车(红山嘴、车排子)、克白(克拉玛依、百口泉)和乌夏(乌尔河、夏子街)为代表的边缘断裂系统,是影响石炭纪—三叠纪地层发育特征和控制油气聚集的关键因素。准噶尔盆地西北缘断裂带属性及形成机制是地球科学界广泛讨论的问题,并一直存在争议。基于区域地质背景和前人研究成果,采用物理砂箱实验模拟准噶尔盆地西北缘断裂带构造变形机制。实验结果表明,乌夏、克白断裂带主要由一条西倾的主断裂控制,两侧断裂不对称分布,为不对称状花状断裂。红车断裂带主要由2条主断裂控制,呈雁列状分布,整体表现为近似对称的花状构造。通过物理模拟正演,认为准噶尔盆地西北缘早石炭世—晚三叠世演化过程可分为2个阶段,即残余洋盆俯冲阶段和右旋走滑阶段。准噶尔盆地西北缘构造石炭纪—三叠纪地层圈闭发育,可能是逆冲断裂和褶皱形成的断鼻、断块和排列背斜,这些伴生构造圈闭是准噶尔盆地西北缘油气成藏的关键因素。     

准噶尔盆地下侏罗统八道湾组震积岩的发现及其研究意义

准噶尔盆地是中—新生代陆内坳陷盆地与海西期前陆盆地相叠加的大型复合叠合盆地。自石炭纪以来的多次构造叠加作用形成了准噶尔盆地西北缘的前陆冲断带,盆地基底长期剧烈的构造活动控制和影响着下侏罗统八道湾组的沉积作用。笔者等通过岩芯分析,首次在该盆地下侏罗统八道湾组不同层位的地层中识别出微褶皱层、地裂缝、阶梯状正断层、液化砂岩构造和震积角砾岩等典型的震积地质记录,说明早侏罗世研究区有频繁而强烈的地震活动,这些地震活动与燕山运动有关。克乌断裂带在印支期以后仍处于频繁而强烈活动状态,具有同沉积活动性质,震积岩沿克乌断裂带发育,显然受克乌断裂同沉积活动控制,该断裂不断逆冲造成断层下盘的研究区基底持续沉降,是震积构造迅速被掩埋并得以大量保存在地层记录中的重要原因。     

深圳北西向断裂分布特征及其活动性研究

深圳地区断裂以北东向五华-深圳断裂带和北西向珠江口断裂带多条次级断裂相互切错的断裂空间分布特征为主,同时多组东西向断裂穿插其间组成复杂的"棋盘格子状"断裂系统。北东向和北西向断裂是现今活动的发震构造,自有地震记录以来在深圳市及其周边发生的多起微震事件表明北西向和北东向断裂活动仍在持续,尤其是近百年来珠江口断裂带发生的多起中强震更是佐证了这一观点。针对深圳南山区及周边北西向断裂的第四纪活动性研究,从露头区实地断层追索、断层特征的考察以及已有钻孔和地球物理资料收集等方法入手分析总结了深圳地区北西向主要断裂的分布特征和活动性:深圳地区北西向断裂在空间上控制了珠江口断陷,区域上切割北东向断裂,空间分布连续性较差;北西向断裂最新活动于晚、中更新世,部分断裂表现为老断裂新活动,最新活动时间存在明显分段特征。全新世以来活动性明显减弱,部分次级断裂属于弱活动或不活动断裂。      

金湖凹陷隐性断裂带形成机制及分布

金湖凹陷基底存在北东、北西向两组断裂。北西向基底断裂活动较弱,对盖层变形影响较小,在盖层中多以隐性断裂带显现;北东向基底断裂活动强烈,对凹陷盖层变形影响较大,不仅形成了凹陷东部边界杨村断裂在内的多条显性断裂,而且形成了多条隐性断裂带。凹陷中部的北东向石港显性断裂带将凹陷分割成西部斜坡带和东部凹陷带。东部凹陷带受基底北西向断裂隐性活动的影响呈现南北分段特征。凹陷盖层中还发育了大量近东西走向的三、四级正断层,它们大致平行成带分布,形成了宝应平行雁列式断裂构造带、唐港雁列式断裂构造带、卞闵杨平行雁列式断裂构造带、西斜坡平行入字型断裂构造带、汊涧泥沛平行雁列式断裂构造带等一系列油气富集区带。上述构造带中的油气藏分布明显受到北东和北西向基底断裂活动影响,呈现北东、北西或近南北向成带、成串分布特征。应用区域地质、重磁等资料开展隐性断裂带预测,识别出10条北东向、5条北西向、6条南北向隐性断裂带。沉积盖层中形成的这些隐性断裂带控制了储集砂体分布、改善了储层物性、使隐性圈闭成带成串分布,是油气聚集成藏的有利区带。     

张扭性盆地隐性断裂带识别、演化及控藏作用——以苏北盆地金湖凹陷为例

隐性断裂带是由区域或局部应力场或基底断裂活动影响下, 在凹陷沉积盖层中产生的断裂趋势带。重磁、三维地震资料处理解释成果证实苏北盆地金湖凹陷存在北东、北西两组基底断裂。部分北东向的基底断裂活动强烈, 控制了凹陷形成和演化; 北西向和部分北东向的基底断裂活动性较弱, 沉积盖层中形成了隐性断裂带。它们表现为成带分布的雁列式小断层、断断续续沿固定方向分布的小断层、一系列沉积扇体或油气圈闭成带成串分布等线状构造。随机测线的剖面上表现为地震同相轴没有明显错断或呈现杂乱反射。除上述两组隐性断裂带, 区域右行应力场在凹陷内部产生的东西方向的挤压应力分量也形成了断续状、串状的南北向隐性断裂带。研究表明, 隐性断裂带由"隐性"逐渐向"显性"过渡。经历了早期弱雁列式隐性期、早中期强雁列式隐性期、中期断续状隐-显期、中后期串状显-隐期4个隐性阶段, 最终演化为"显性"张扭性走滑断裂。沉积盖层中形成的这些隐性断裂带控制了储集砂体分布、改善了储层物性、使隐性圈闭成带成串分布, 是油气聚集成藏的有利区带。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘克-乌断裂带油气分布控制因素分析

根据地化指标及测井资料分析了准噶尔盆地西北缘克－乌断裂带断理解活动以及断裂带岩性（火山岩、碎屑岩）对油气分布的影响。认为断裂活动及断裂带岩石物性对油气分布具有明显控制作用，在断裂活动期间，断裂带为油气运移提供良好通道，成熟度较低的油气通过断裂带运移至上覆地层；断裂活动平静期，断裂带碎屑岩对油气起封闭作用，火山岩断裂带仍是油气运移通道。成熟度较高的油气经过火山岩运移到断裂带内缘聚集成藏，在断裂带外缘，由于碎屑岩封闭作用及成熟度料高油气的排替作用，油气成熟度呈现“上低下高”的分布格局。     

新疆克拉玛依乌尔禾张扭性走滑断裂特征及其控藏作用研究

乌尔禾沥青矿断裂带位于准噶尔盆地西北缘乌夏断裂带乌尔禾鼻隆之上,是一个小型左旋走滑断裂带。断裂带形成后未发生强烈改造,断裂带内发育沥青矿脉,露头地质条件好,且有三维地震覆盖,是研究走滑断裂特征和控藏作用的天然实验室。本文采用无人机三维立体建模技术,结合野外剖面实测,对乌尔禾沥青矿走滑断裂带野外剖面露头进行定量分析和解剖。结果表明,沥青矿断裂带共发育17条断层,主断层西北侧断层呈雁列状分布,东南侧断层呈马尾状,断裂带纵向呈负花状。研究表明,断层形成于燕山期左旋剪切应力场,受拉张应力影响,整体处于张扭环境,形成张扭性走滑断裂带。断层发育空腔和诱导裂缝,尤其主动盘裂缝更为发育,空腔的开度与油气侵染宽度呈正相关。结合塔里木盆地张扭性走滑断裂与油气藏关系分析,本文认为张扭性走滑断裂是良好的垂向油气运移通道,主动盘具有侧向输导作用,被动盘具有封堵作用,走滑断裂主动盘一侧圈闭是良好的油气聚集区域。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘走滑断层特征及油气地质意义

准噶尔盆地西北缘前陆冲断带构造样式复杂多样,除规模较大的逆断层外,还发育一系列北西向的走滑断层。以高分辨率三维地震资料为基础,对断裂体系分析表明克拉玛依—百口泉地区的走滑断层可分为花状走滑断层和简单走滑断层两类,二者在成因、剖面特征等方面具有明显差别。研究结果认为走滑断层对油气的运聚成藏具有重要的双重控制作用,即能作为有效的运移通道,又能够起遮挡作用而形成圈闭。     

柴达木盆地北缘北西(西)向断裂及其油气地质意义

柴达木盆地的重力、地震等资料显示,柴达木盆地北缘发育众多的北西(西)向断裂构造带.平面上,这些断裂带自北向南成排成带展布,与重力异常反映的构造格局具有很好的对应关系,控制着褶皱带的走向和发育;剖面上,这些断裂表现为上、下"两层楼"式结构,分别控制着上、下第三系的沉积与演化.研究表明,北西(西)向断裂带对区内油气的聚集与成藏具有重要的控制作用:①烃源岩的展布明显受北西(西)向断裂的控制;②形成多种与断层有关的构造样式,圈闭类型以与逆断层有关的断背斜和断块型构造圈闭为主;③既可作为油气运移的通道,也可作为油气     

库车前陆冲断带横断层发育特征及其形成机制

横断层是指走向与主构造走向线直交或大角度相交的伴生断层,在冲断带中普遍存在且具有一定的研究意义。库车前陆逆冲带是中亚地区典型的逆冲褶皱带,是经历多期构造形成的再生前陆盆地,具备发育横断层的构造基础。结合前人资料,通过对地貌遥感影像、深部物理资料以及地震勘探等资料的分析解译,对库车前陆冲断带的横断层构造特征、形成机制以及地质意义进行了探讨。通过研究发现:(1)库车前陆冲断带存在16条主要横断层(组),其中9条横断层结构及性质确定,总体来看主要分布在北部单斜带、克拉苏构造带以及秋里塔格构造带;(2)依照形成机制,研究区横断层可以分为基底断裂活化型走滑横断层、盖层撕裂型走滑横断层以及盐上张性横断层三大类;(3)横断层在调节冲断带不同段逆冲差异、横向河流发育、丰富构造样式以及控制油气运移等方面具有一定的地质意义。     

Tectonic evolution of a crustal-scale oblique ramp,Hellenides thrust belt,Greece

This study investigates the tectonic evolution of the Omalos transverse zone, which served as a crustal-scale oblique ramp in the External Hellenides thrust belt on Crete island. The Omalos oblique ramp developed above an inherited Mesozoic fault zone that strikes NE–SW, oblique to the regional SSW-directed tectonic transport. During the Early Miocene–Pleistocene evolution of the thrust belt, the oblique ramp was repeatedly reactivated localizing deformation above the inherited structure. Geological and structural mapping combined with kinematic analysis of ductile and brittle structures suggest that the Omalos oblique ramp generated a local kinematic field, which deviated significantly from the regional kinematic pattern in the thrust belt. The most conspicuous feature in the tectonic evolution of the oblique ramp is a change from a ductile wrench-dominated to a brittle, primarily reverse faulting regime across the brittle–ductile transition, followed by brittle wrench deformation after the final exhumation of high-pressure (HP) rocks. Deflections of transport and compression orientations from the regional pattern are attributed to buttressing against basement-cover offsets produced by the pre-existing fault zone, to oblique ramping, and to transfer faulting, respectively. Our findings are potentially applicable to other examples of crustal-scale oblique thrust ramps in various tectonic settings.     

准噶尔西北缘斜向挤压构造与走滑断裂

古板块构造研究表明古生代以来,准噶尔地块以斜向方式拼合到阿尔泰（Altaids）造山带构造域内,导致准噶尔西北缘一直处在斜向挤压构造背景之下,并发育高角度逆冲推覆构造带以及横向走滑断裂。地面地质调查、遥感卫星影像解译、大地电磁测深剖面和地震剖面构造解释资料综合研究表明,准噶尔西北缘边界断裂为达拉布特左行走滑断裂,西北缘逆冲推覆构造带为基底卷入的高角度逆冲断裂褶皱带; 在与逆冲带走向相垂直方向,发育有北西向横向走滑断裂,这些断裂为同一斜向挤压构造背景下形成的同期构造,形成时间约在晚二叠到侏罗纪之间。大地电磁测深和地震剖面解释表明,达拉布特走滑断裂控制了西北缘高角度逆冲断裂的分布与性质。西北缘二维和三维地震剖面解释表明,横向走滑断裂样式为正花状构造或者负花状构造,同时具有向南东或北西方向逆冲和拉伸的特征。横向走滑断裂为西北缘逆冲构造南北方向分段的主要断裂,并控制了西北缘中生代地层的沉积。西北缘构造是形成于主边界断裂的斜向挤压作用,而基底卷入逆冲断裂则属非纯挤压形成的逆冲构造。     

Syn-thrust deformation across a transverse zone: the Grem–Vedra fault system (central Southern Alps, N Italy)

The lateral continuity of the E?CW trending thrust sheets developed within the Lower to Middle Triassic cover of the central Southern Alps (Orobic belt) is disturbed by the occurrence of several N?CS trending transverse zones, such as the poorly known Grem?CVedra Transverse Zone (GVTZ). The GVTZ developed during the emplacement of the up to six S-verging thrust sheets consisting of Lower to Middle Triassic units, occurring immediately south of the Orobic Anticlines. The transverse zone, active during thrust emplacement related to the early Alpine compressions which pre-date the Adamello intrusion, includes three major vertical shear zones, the Grem, Pezzel and Zuccone faults. The major structure of the transverse zone is the dextral Grem fault, forming a deep lateral ramp between thrust sheets 3 and 5. A similar evolution also occurred along the Zuccone and Pezzel faults, which show a left-lateral displacement of syn-thrust folds. The Grem fault was later reactivated as an oblique tear fault during the emplacement of the Orobic Anticlines, due to back-thrusting along out-of-sequence thrust surfaces (Clusone fault). Transpressional deformations along the fault zone are recorded by the rotation of major syn-thrust folds, which also suggest a horizontal offset close to 0.5?km. Records of the first stage of evolution of the Grem fault are better preserved along its northern segment, and structural relationships suggest that it propagated southward and downward in the growing thrust stack. The study of the meso and megascopic structures developed along the GVTZ constrains the evolution of the transverse zone, illustrating the complex deformational phenomena occurring in a transpressional regime. The GVTZ probably reflects the existence of pre-existing tectonic lineaments with a similar orientation. Evidence of pre-existing structures are not preserved in the exposed units, nevertheless the N?CS extensional fault systems that characterize the Norian to Jurassic rifting history of the Lombardian basin are valid candidates.     

柴北缘大柴旦地区山前带构造建模及演化研究

针对柴北缘大柴旦地区北东、北西向两组逆冲推覆断裂交汇,构造变形极其复杂,构造解析困难的问题,充分利用野外地质调查、地震、重磁电、钻井(孔)等资料,理清了研究区主要断裂体系及其组合特征与展布规律。采用地表和地下构造、浅部和深部构造、地震和非震资料相结合的方法,开展了山前带构造建模研究与构造解析。通过研究,确定了研究区发育NW和近WE向两组断层和盆缘逆冲、盆内逆冲、盆内挤压走滑等3类断裂体系,平面上具有分区、分带性;建立了盆缘、盆内不同构造变形机制的构造解释模型;共识别出了挤压、伸展和走滑等3大类8种构造样式,明确了构造样式组合模式及其分布规律,理清了研究区“南北分带、东西分区”的构造变形特征;南西北东向构造演化剖面分析明确了盆缘、盆内推覆构造与盆内反冲构造后展式演化时序及其对中生界残留分布的控制作用。     

塔里木地块北部横向构造及断条模式

提要:塔里木盆地北部与西南天山毗邻区域发育的浅部构造系统是喀什坳陷—柯坪塔格逆冲推覆构造带—库车前陆坳陷冲断带,它们在山前以1～3排方式平行造山带展布,是一套由底板滑脱断坪和断坡构成的逆冲推覆系统,具有明显的横向分段性;该区深部构造系统却是一组以北西向为主展布的断条构造,并可以划分出4个一级断条构造。笔者从构造层变形、重力、航磁异常场及天然地震平面分布密度等几个角度,对区内深部横向构造系统进行了研究,并利用天然地震深度/频次统计结果,识别出圈层拆离解耦面的深度分布,进而探讨了深部横向构造运动的岩石圈地壳圈层归属,对区域北西向横向构造系统做了详细的论述。本文选择喀拉玉尔滚断裂带和库尔勒断裂带进行重点解剖,研究了横向构造与浅部构造的转换关系,最终提出了塔里木地块北部断条构造几何学运动学模式,即塔里木地块深部向北西方向运动受到古西南天山的阻挡性约束而“被迫”俯冲,岩石圈地壳发生拆离解耦,原有的横向构造——北西向构造带(断裂带)被激活,使得俯冲系统以断条为单位进行俯冲;在俯冲过程中,岩石圈地壳的拆离及横向构造被激活的方向是从约束体(南天山)附近开始,向塔里木盆地(北部)的腹地方向推进,因此,越是接近造山带区域,断条俯冲状态的差异越明显,横向分段性越突出;而正因为塔里木地块以断条形式向南天山的俯冲行为,使得山前坳陷冲断带(及天山)发生分段。     

Seafloor spreading, obduction and triple junction tectonics of the Mineoka Ophiolite, Central Japan

The Tertiary Mineoka ophiolite occurs in a fault zone at the intersection of the Honshu and Izu forearcs in central Japan and displays structural evidence for three major phases of deformation: normal and oblique-slip faults and hydrothermal veins formed during the seafloor spreading evolution of the ophiolite at a ridge-transform fault intersection. These structures may represent repeated changes in differential stress and pore-fluid pressures during their formation. The second series of deformation is characterized by oblique thrust faults with Riedel shears and no significant mineral veining, and is interpreted to have resulted from transpressional dextral faulting during the obduction of the ophiolite through oblique convergence and tectonic accretion. This deformation occurred at the NW corner of a TTT-type (trench–trench–trench) triple junction in the NW Pacific rim before the middle Miocene. The third series of deformation of the ophiolite is marked by contractional and oblique shear zones, Riedel shears, and thrust faults that crosscut and offset earlier structures, and that give the Mineoka fault zone its lenticular (phacoidal) fabric at all scales. This deformation phase was associated with the establishment and the southward migration of the TTT Boso triple junction and with the kinematics of oblique subduction and forearc sliver fault development. The composite Mineoka ophiolite hence displays rocks and structures that evolved during its complex geodynamic history involving seafloor spreading, tectonic accretion, and triple junction evolution in the NW Pacific Rim.     

Miocene Tectonic Evolution from Dextral-Slip Thrusting to Extension in the Nyainqentanglha Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Dextral-slip in the Nyainqentangiha region of Tibet resulted in oblique underthrusting and granite generation in the Early to Middle Miocene, but by the end of the epoch uplift and extensional faulting dominated. The east-west dextral-slip Gangdise fault system merges eastward into the northeast-trending, southeast-dipping Nyainqentangiha thrust system that swings eastward farther north into the dextral-slip North Damxung shear zone and Jiali faults. These faults were took shape by the Early Miocene, and the large Nyainqentangiha granitic batholith formed along the thrust system in 18.3-11.0 Ma as the western block drove under the eastern one. The dextral-slip movement ended at -11 Ma and the batholith rose, as marked by gravitational shearing at 8.6-8.3 Ma, and a new fault system developed. Northwest-trending dextral-slip faults formed to the northwest of the raisen batholith, whereas the northeast-trending South Damxung thrust faults with some sinistral-slip formed to the southeast. The latter are replaced farther to the east by the west-northwest-trending Lhunzhub thrust faults with dextral-slip. This relatively local uplift that left adjacent Eocene and Miocene deposits preserved was followed by a regional uplift and the initiation of a system of generally north-south grabens in the Late Miocene at -6.5 Ma. The regional uplift of the southern Tibetan Plateau thus appears to have occurred between 8.3 Ma and 6.5 Ma. The Gulu, Damxung-Yangbajain and Angan graben systems that pass east of the Nyainqentangiha Mountains are locally controlled by the earlier northeast-trending faults. These grabens dominate the subsequent tectonic movement and are still very active as northwest-trending dextral-slip faults northwest of the mountains. The Miocene is a time of great tectonic change that ushered in the modern tectonic regime.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘横山堡地区构造特征与油气勘探目标优选

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北区横山堡地区是重要的油气接替区域。本文利用构造解析、地震勘探等技术方法,对研究区构造特征与油气勘探目标进行了研究。结果表明,晚侏罗纪末期,研究区为银川复背斜东翼,喜山期构造调整后转为前缘反冲带,由一系列西冲东倾逆冲断层与断背斜组成;该区可分为西部逆冲断褶带、中部逆冲断阶带和东部过渡构造带3个构造单元。断层可分为4级;以燕山期近南北—北北东向逆断层为主,其次为喜山期近东西向走滑断层,并错断了燕山期逆断层。构造样式为一系列东倾单向叠瓦状冲断组合,由近南北向逆断层及加持于其中的断块组成,断块往往为一些小型断背斜,其轴迹走向以近南北—北北东向为主。地质结构为深层滑脱型单向东倾冲断构造。根据上述研究,在沙亥庙断裂上盘断背斜构造高部位优选出一个钻探目标。