S-102规范中“BAG”数据结构分析

海底地形属性格网(BAG)是S-102规范定义的一个地理空间数据产品,其技术规范在不断发展和完善。为推进S-102规范及BAG应用与推广,详细分析了BAG元数据、高程、不确定度和跟踪列表4个强制数据集及认证模块的内容结构,阐述了BAG的起源、定义、发展和影响,讨论了BAG这一术语的翻译理解问题。根据BAG内容结构良好的扩展性、通用性以及海底地形信息表达能力强的特点,分析提出了BAG对生产作业模式可能造成的影响,对指导下一步工作具有一定的借鉴意义。     

S-100产品数据融合处理方法

基于S-100的产品规范为各类用途的海上产品和服务提供了生产和应用标准。然而,S-100产品规范在开发编制过程中未充分考虑产品之间的互操作问题,会导致终端应用在"S模式"下处理S-100数据时出现要素和图示的混乱。依据IHO互操作目录规则,从基于航行用途的产品预置模式和融合等级两方面,说明S-100产品数据的融合处理方法,为互操作问题的解决提供思路。     

水深表面产品规范S-102分析

S-102是基于通用海道数据模型S-100建立的关于水深表面数据产品的规范,对水深表面产品规范标准进行分析研究,阐述了S-102的总体结构及其在数据模式、数据编码和数据保护等方面的特征,进一步分析了其对该领域的相关影响,并提出了关于S-102的建议。     

海底地形格网数据精度指标要求分析

海底地形不易进行实地探测及核实,海底地形格网数据产品精度指标的确定不具备实地核实的条件,为了确定海底地形格网数据精度指标,通过大量的数据实验,分析得出单位面积内,一定比例的极值水深差值的平均值与海底地形之间有一定的线性关系,从而提出了通过单位面积水深插值来划分海底地形的一种量化方式,并依据实验数据,分析误差规律,给出了海底地形格网数据中误差的精度指标及方法。     

S-101电子航海图产品规范1.0.0版要点解析

S-101是基于S-100建立的新一代电子海图产品规范,相比于S-57自身的封闭性、复杂性,S-101设计上更加灵活,易于更新,将对新一代ENC数据生产及ECDIS发展产生深远影响.在查阅S-101最新1.0.0版及S-100、S-101相关研究文章的基础上,将S-101与S-57、S-101开发过程中的草案进行对比分...     

基于STO＿IEU2020的海底地形数据尺度提升方法比较

栅格小于1′的全球海底地形数据通常以卫星测高海洋重力数据构建的1′海底地形数据作为背景场模型,采用数据格网化方法得到。基于此,以STO＿IEU2020模型作为海底地形背景场数据,使用反距离加权法、改进Shepard拟合方法、径向基函数法、Kriging方法4种常规网格化方法以及“移去-恢复”方法,分别构建了试验区域栅格大小为30″和15″海底地形模型,并对试验结果开展了分析评估。试验结果表明,采用改进Shepard拟合方法构建的30″和15″栅格海底地形模型相较其他3种常规海底地形格网化方法检核精度高。进一步基于改进Shepard网格化方法,采用“移去-恢复”方法构建的30″和15″栅格海底地形模型结果显示,“移去-恢复”方法可进一步提升建模精度,据此建议制作多尺度海底地形数据,可重点考虑基于“移去-恢复”的改进Shepard拟合方法。     

IHO S-127海上交通管理要素数据模型分析及应用

为发布和应用国际通用的标准化海上交通管理数据,通过解析IHO S-127海上交通管理产品概念模型,以及在商业电子航海图生产软件基础上进行模型和模式扩展,实现了S-127数据的编辑和输出。结合汕头港实际航行规则,制作了S-127标准测试数据集,按照E航海技术服务规范的原则和方法,在E航海系统中将S-127数据封装为标准的E航海技术服务,开发了若干向应用端提供S-127数据和返回相关助航提示或预警信息的服务接口,并通过遵循E航海标准的船端导航系统调用服务接口进行了实际应用验证,结果给出了S-127数据模型在E航海框架下的应用模式和应用场景,验证了S-127数据在海上导航服务中的有效性和便捷性。可为国内相关部门开展S-100系列标准应用研究提供参考。     

新一代电子航海图标准S-101的研究进展

S-101是基于通用海道测量数据模型建立的新一代电子航海图产品规范,遵循了S-100规定的产品规范建立原则和方法,实现了对电子海图特定应用的准确技术描述。在与S-57标准兼容性、数据内容和结构、数据编码和数据分发/保护等四个方面有了新的发展。该规范仍处于开发阶段,探讨研究S-101的开发进展将有利于我国电子航海图技术的发展。     

IHO《S-121海洋界限和边界产品规范》研究

S-121标准是基于IHO S-100标准建立的关于海洋界限和边界的产品规范,发布官方S-121产品是维护国家海洋权益的有效手段。为促进我国官方S-121产品的生产,从数据结构、几何模型、应用模式、要素目录、编码等方面分析了S-121的数据模型,介绍了S-121产品国际生产试验的主要内容和数据处理流程,论证了在我国开展官方S-121产品生产的必要性和可行性。通过分析S-121标准的局限性和国内能力建设情况,总结出了在我国开展S-121产品生产会遇到的主要问题,并提出了相关建议。该研究成果可为我国开展官方S-121产品生产提供重要参考。     

一体化专题海图制图生产研究

为有效解决需求驱动的一体化专题海图制图生产工作,在一体化海图制图生产系统的基础上,本文通过研究IHO S-100系列标准及其产品形式,分析一体化海图生产系统的数据库构成、数据融合方法、数据流组织,提出了专题海图数据模板的设计方案,以期实现专题海图制图生产与服务从“数据驱动”向“需求驱动”的模式转变,满足用户对专题海图产品及服务的多样化需求的目的。     

海洋测深网质量的检核与评估模型

基于实测数据,构建了海洋测深网检核指标的计算模型,结合海道测量规范要求,对测深网某些定性指标实现了定量计算,构建了海洋测深网数据质量评估指标.实际算例表明,检核指标的计算模型能够有效地反映数据的质量,有助于实现数据评估的标准化与规范化.     

在疏浚工程检测中的多波束数据后处理方法研究

在对多波束测深系统实际测量数据进行数据后处理时,由于采用不同的网格化处理方法,可能会使测量结果产生较大差异。通过对不同的网格化处理方法测量结果的影响分析,介绍了一种全新的网格化处理思路,在疏浚工程检测中,面对大量、密集的多波束测深数据,能更好地满足检测目的,使其能有效的指导疏浚工程施工或为工程竣工验收提供有力依据。     

A new bathymetric model for the central Fram Strait

Based on data from R/V Polarstern multibeam sonar surveys between 1984 and 1997 high resolution bathymetry has been generated for the central Fram Strait. The area insonified covers approx. 36,500 km² between 78–80°N and 0–7.5°E allowing the creation of a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) with 100 m grid spacing. The DTM was utilized for contouring and generation of a new series of bathymetric charts (AWI Bathymetric Charts of the Fram Strait, AWI BCFS) at a scale of 1:100,000. The paper starts with a brief introduction to the regional setting of the study area comprising information on the local links between bathymetry, sea ice transport and water mass exchange. The bathymetric feature names used in this article and how they were chosen is outlined. Next, the input data and processing applied are described. Thereafter the newly created grid and contour data are put into context with existing data sets. Finally the main bathymetric features of the area are characterized and the generated data products available for public disposal are specified.     

Robust Automatic Reduction of Multibeam Bathymetric Data Based on M-estimators

Multibeam echosounders have commonly been employed for a wide range of applications including offshore survey, navigation, hydrogeology, and oceanography. Because the tremendous volume of the bathymetric data is demanding for some purposes and requires significant storage space, the data reduction plays a prominent role in practice. Additionally, the multibeam soundings are inevitably contaminated with sporadic outliers, and as such, the data cleaning can be challenging especially in shallow waters. We present a speedily robust method for reliably reducing the volume of the bathymetric data within grid cells. In this respect, robust M-estimators are recursively applied to the data in a patch-wise manner to alleviate the undesirable effects of the outlying observations. Accordingly, the reduced bathymetry is automatically made unaffected by the possible outliers once their equivalent weights have been downweighted. The performance of the presented method has been demonstrated by synthetic datasets and an experimental dataset collected by an ATLAS FS 20/100 kHz shallow-water multibeam echosounder in the offshore waters of Kish wharf. The reliability, efficiency, and capability of the proposed method have been verified, which makes it quite possible to meet the IHO requirements for special-order seafloor mapping.     

Gridding heterogeneous bathymetric data sets with stacked continuous curvature splines in tension

Gridding heterogeneous bathymetric data sets for the compilation of Digital bathymetric models (DBMs), poses specific problems when there are extreme variations in source data density. This requires gridding routines capable of subsampling high-resolution source data while preserving as much as possible of the small details, at the same time as interpolating in areas with sparse data without generating gridding artifacts. A frequently used gridding method generalizes bicubic spline interpolation and is known as continuous curvature splines in tension. This method is further enhanced in this article in order to specifically handle heterogeneous bathymetric source data. Our method constructs the final grid through stacking several surfaces of different resolutions, each generated using the splines in tension algorithm. With this approach, the gridding resolution is locally adjusted to the density of the source data set: Areas with high-resolution data are gridded at higher resolution than areas with sparse source data. In comparison with some of the most widely used gridding methods, our approach yields superior DBMs based on heterogeneous bathymetric data sets with regard to preserving small bathymetric details in the high-resolution source data, while minimizing interpolation artifacts in the sparsely data constrained regions. Common problems such as artifacts from ship tracklines are suppressed. Even if our stacked continuous curvature splines in tension gridding algorithm has been specifically designed to construct DBMs from heterogeneous bathymetric source data, it may be used to compile regular grids from other geoscientific measurements.     

The renavigation of Sea Beam bathymetric data between 9° N and 10° N on the East Pacific Rise

We present a gridded Sea Beam bathymetric map of a 5100 km² area between 9° and 10° N on the East Pacific Rise (included as a color separate accompanying this issue). The raw bathymetric data are renavigated using a technique for calculating smooth adjustments to navigation that incorporates absolute constraints from satellite fixes and acoustically-located explosive shots, and relative constraints from the misfit of bathymetric data at ship track crossovers. We describe a back-projection technique for gridding the bathymetric data that incorporates an approximation for the power distribution within a narrow-beam echo sounding system and accounts for the variable uncertainties associated with multi-beam data. The nodal separation of the resulting map is ~ 80 m in both latitude and longitude, and the sampling of grid points within a 60 × 85 km² region is in excess of 99%. A formal analysis of variance is applied to the gridded bathymetric data. For each grid point, the difference between the variance of data from within a track versus data from between tracks provides an upper bound on the magnitude of bathymetric misfits arising from navigational errors. The renavigation results in an 88% reduction in this quantity. We also examine the effects of renavigation on the misfit of magnetic and gravity data at crossovers and compare our results with other bathymetric surveys. A striking feature of the final bathymetric map is the sinuous regional shape of the rise axis. In plan view, the local trend of morphology sometimes varies by up to 15° and the distances separating changes in morphological trend are about 10–20 km. In cross section the slopes of the rise flanks are notably asymmetric and show some correlation with the offset of the axial magmatic system as detected by seismic methods.     

海洋测深数据绘图接口装置研究

所研制的海洋测深数据绘图接口装置（以下简称接口装置），采用ＭＣＳ８０３１单片微电脑管理本机的运行。它能把测量仪器测到的数据取出送往打印机打印出曲线；或把所测的数据输入接口装置的内存区，待具备打印条件时，再依次取出绘成曲线、该接口装置在研制成功后，曾用于连接ＣＳ－６０回声测深仪及九针打印机，并在一次海上测量海底地形的测深作业中使用，得到满意的效果。文章还讨论了该测深数据绘图方法结合其他类型的测量仪器和其他打印机应用的问题。     

数字海图三维可视化应用技术研究

结合目前数字海图的三维可视化应用需求,对不同类型的数字海图从数据获取、处理、三维表达、可视化管理和应用等方面进行了分析。主要介绍了栅格海图的可视化显示,shp矢量海图图层的自动加载和三维符号化显示,基于海图控件的S-57的SENC海图的动态、多要素海图信息影像化三维表达和管理等方面的内容,为海洋测绘成果应用、测绘信息保障提供新的技术手段和应用平台。