郯庐断裂带中段(沂沭断裂带)电性结构研究与孕震环境

穿过郯庐断裂带中段（沂沭断裂带,36°N）所做的大地电磁测深（MT）剖面长约150km.使用Robust技术和远参考道大地电磁方法处理观测数据.通过分析视电阻率、阻抗相位、Swift二维偏离度和区域走向,定性确定测区的电性结构.二维反演解释中选择非线性共轭梯度（NLCG）方法,使用TE、TM两种模式资料联合反演,沿剖面的二维电性结构显示：自西向东,鲁西隆起、郯庐断裂带、胶莱坳陷及鲁东隆起4个电性区块分别对应,鲁东和鲁西隆起区为高阻,郯庐断裂带电性结构复杂,高、低阻相间,胶莱坳陷为低阻（高导）区.沿MT剖面附近曾发生3个地震,其震源区处在电性变化剧烈部位,并在震源区附近存在高导体.     

电磁场定点连续观测在地震预测研究中的应用

文中利用"十.五"期间静海地震台布设的秒采样大地电磁网(N-MT)仪器系统和FHDZ-M15地磁组合系统的同步观测数据,实现了固定台站大地电磁测深(MT)观测。采用Robust技术对静海地震台2008年1—6月记录的天然电磁场观测数据进行了MT处理,得到了张量阻抗资料。经过对周期为6～600s范围的18个相同周期的视电阻率及阻抗相位随时间的变化进行分析,其中有多个周期的视电阻率及阻抗相位的时序曲线在2008年3月11日卢龙ML4.2地震前出现异常变化。研究使用的资料周期对应深度为5～50km,属华北地震震源深度范围,其结果反映了震源区地层地震前后震源深度的电性变化。MT方法比现行的地电观测方法具有更直接反映震源区地层的电性变化和更深的勘探深度的优势     

基于二次场电导率分块连续变化的三维可控源电磁有限元数值模拟

从电偶源三维地电断面可控源电磁法的二次电场边值问题及其变分问题出发,采用任意六面体单元对研究区域进行剖分,并且在单元分析中同时对电导率及二次电场进行三线性插值,实现电导率分块连续变化情况下,基于二次场的可控源电磁三维有限元数值模拟.这个新的可控源电磁三维正演方法可以模拟实际勘探中地下任意形状及电性参数连续变化的复杂模型.理论模型的计算结果表明,均匀大地计算的视电阻率误差和相位误差分别为0.002%和0.0005°.分层连续变化模型的有限元计算结果表明,其与对应的分层均匀模型解析结果有明显差异.三维异常体组合模型以及倾斜异常体等复杂模型的有限元计算结果也有效地反映了异常形态.     

电性源瞬变电磁发射源形变对观测结果影响分析

电性源瞬变电磁法的基本理论是建立在水平电偶极子的基础之上的,但是实际生产中发射源常为接地长导线,随着短偏移距观测方式的实现,一方面发射源的尺寸不能忽略,偶极子条件不再成立,需要新的方式计算电磁场响应;另一方面,受制于场地条件,发射源可能无法水平、笔直地铺设,这种源形态上的改变必然会对接收点处的响应带来影响,并最终影响到数据解释.本文从电性源一维正演理论出发,研究了发射源发生偏移和弯曲给电磁响应和视电阻率带来的影响,并以某金矿探测为实例做出了验证和说明.研究认为源形态的改变对电磁响应和视电阻率造成的影响随着偏移距的改变而改变,对于电磁响应,偏移距越大影响越小,而对于视电阻率,偏移距越大影响越大.因此在实际生产中应尽量保证源的正规铺设,详细记录实际源的坐标位置与形状,并尽量在偏移距较小的区域内观测.     

内蒙古东部古生代块体碰撞区的大地电磁测深研究——Ⅰ.观测与资料分析

内蒙古东部地区是古生代古亚洲洋闭合、中朝和西伯利亚块体碰撞区的中东段.本文分析了赤峰—东乌旗长约400km的剖面上12个点的大地电磁(MT)资料,介绍了数据处理方法,讨论了研究区的电性特征.研究区是一个二维性占主要成分的三维结构,受此影响,大多数点的视电阻率曲线含有明显的静态移动和畸变效应,对此采取了静态校正和畸变校正.校正后的视电阻率和相位及感应函数显示出:1.巴林右旗以南和西乌旗以北是两个相对的高阻值区,剖面中部的大兴安岭地区是相对的低阻值区;2.视电阻率曲线在周期大于1000s时普遍呈下降趋势,相应的相位则呈上升趋势,反映了该区上地幔高导层的存在;3.西拉木伦河北侧的早古生代蛇绿混杂岩带和锡林浩特杂岩带表现出横向上强的电性梯级变化.结合地质资料,初步认为上述两个电性梯级带是两个可能的地质分界线,分别对应中朝块体和西伯利亚块体早古生代和晚古生代的缝合带;4.东乌旗—西乌旗之间中地壳有一发育较好的高导层,观测中没有发现贺根山地区具有较深的“根”;5.赤峰—翁牛特旗之间电性存在较大差异,有可能表征了一个较大的断裂或地质界限.     

内蒙古东部古生代块体碰撞区的大地电磁测深研究——Ⅰ.观测与资料分析

内蒙古东部地区是古生代古亚洲洋闭合、中朝和西伯利亚块体碰撞区的中东段.本文分析了赤峰-东乌旗长约400km的剖面上12个点的大地电磁（MT）资料,介绍了数据处理方法,讨论了研究区的电性特征.研究区是一个二维性占主要成分的三维结构,受此影响,大多数点的视电阻率曲线含有明显的静态移动和畸变效应,对此采取了静态校正和畸变校正.校正后的视电阻率和相位及感应函数显示出:1.巴林右旗以南和西乌旗以北是两个相对的高阻值区,剖面中部的大兴安岭地区是相对的低阻值区;2.视电阻率曲线在周期大于1000s时普遍呈下降趋势,相应的相位则呈上升趋势,反映了该区上地幔高导层的存在;3.西拉木伦河北侧的早古生代蛇绿混杂岩带和锡林浩特杂岩带表现出横向上强的电性梯级变化.结合地质资料,初步认为上述两个电性梯级带是两个可能的地质分界线,分别对应中朝块体和西伯利亚块体早古生代和晚古生代的缝合带;4.东乌旗-西乌旗之间中地壳有一发育较好的高导层,观测中没有发现贺根山地区具有较深的“根”;5.赤峰-翁牛特旗之间电性存在较大差异,有可能表征了一个较大的断裂或地质界限.     

线圈中心近区频率域电磁测深数值模拟研究

论述了一种在线圈中心测量磁场垂直分量的近区频率域电磁测深方法的原理及一维正演数值模拟研究结果.推导出线圈中心近区频域电磁法的视电阻率表达式,提出了在线圈中心测量磁场垂直分量频域电磁法的基本思路,利用MATLAB编程进行一维正演模拟,先后正演模拟了7种有代表性的地电模型.结果表明:此方法对层状地电构造的电性参数和厚度变化比较敏感,分辨力较高,对二层断面的上层厚度和基底电性分辨,对三层断面的中间层的电性和厚度变化分辨比较清楚,是一种有前景的近区频率域电磁测深方法.     

激电和电磁效应对三维复电阻率正演结果的影响研究

复电阻率法(CR)又称为频谱激电法(SIP),是一种重要的激电分支方法,在矿产勘查中应用非常广泛.然而,在实际的频谱激电野外观测资料中,总是会受到不同程度的电磁耦合效应的影响.因此,研究同时存在激发极化效应和电磁效应的复电阻率性质,对频谱激电法的实际数据处理具有一定的参考价值.本文首先在均匀半空间条件下,进行了复电阻率法的正演模拟.分析了频率、收发距的改变对视电阻率和视相位的影响.然后在有低阻异常体存在情况下,同时采用三维积分方程法和三维有限差分法,研究了不同条件下视电阻率和视相位的变化.最后,根据对正演模拟结果的分析,总结出不同程度的电磁耦合效应对视电阻率及视相位的影响规律,为准确分析异常提供了依据.     

大地电磁测深和电偶源频率电磁测深资料反演

在研究大地电磁响应函数频散关系的基础上,构制了一套滤波系数算法,以用于由一套视电阻率资料估算相应的阻抗相位.理论模型和实际大地电磁观测资料的数字试验表明,该法是行之有效的.由频散关系估算的相位值与观测的相位资料的比较,可用于检验观测资料是否满足频散关系.利用经频散关系校正的阻抗相位值,进行大地电磁阻抗的联合反演则可望获得更为可靠的结果.研究了观测频带相互衔接的电偶源频率电磁测深和大地电磁测深视电阻率的一维联合反演问题.对两个实测点两种电磁法的观测资料进行了联合反演试验,与钻井资料对比表明,所获得的电性分层参数是较为可信的.在补充了由频散关系获取的电偶源频率电磁相位资料后,对于两种电磁法的视电阻率————阻抗相位、阻抗实部视电阻率-阻抗虚部视电阻率进行了拟大地电磁反演,获得了相近的反演结果.      

电性源瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径成像

电性源地空瞬变电磁法具有工作效率高、勘探深度大、采集信号信噪比高、适用于地形地质条件复杂地区等优点.但是,到目前为止,由于尚未建立起该方法的解释系统,大大制约了该方法的发展.本文旨在建立起完整的地空电磁探测系统,丰富整个探测系统的理论.本文围绕地空瞬变电磁法全域视电阻率定义、瞬变电磁虚拟波场的克希霍夫偏移成像、逆合成孔径成像方法三个科学问题进行了系统研究.提出了用磁场强度定义全域视电阻率的迭代算法,理论模型试验结果表明计算出的视电阻率曲线首支趋于第一层电阻率,尾支趋于最后一层电阻率,实现了全空域、全时域视电阻率的计算;在先前研究的基础上,实现了适合电性源地空装置的瞬变电磁虚拟波场的克希霍夫偏移成像;采用相关迭加技术,实现孔径内多测点数据合成,将传统的单点处理方式发展成为逐点推移多次覆盖的逆合成孔径处理方法.层状模型试验表明:(1)全域视电阻率能够光滑、完整、渐变地反映出模型的电性信息变化;(2)当改变三层模型中间层电阻率时,全域视电阻率曲线随着参数的改变分异明显,对电性层的识别容易且直观;(3)由于在电阻率计算中同时考虑了接收机高度、偏移距、时间等各参数的影响,全域视电阻率可实现全空域、全时域的视电阻率计算.含水采空区的复杂模型算例表明:(1)根据不同测线的全域视电阻率结果可以看出,在靠近采空区的位置,全域视电阻率断面可以清晰地反映出采空区的空间位置,随着测线离采空区越来越远,采空区异常越来越弱直至消失;(2)波场变换和偏移成像的结果显示存在两个电性差异较大的界面,上界面指示地表,由于空气和大地之间的电性差异较大,故该界面波场信号反映强烈,遍布整个区域,下界面异常信号则主要集中在中部,向外逐渐减弱,指示采空区;(3)逆合成孔径成像结果表明地表界面在合成前后没有变化,而采空区异常合成后范围明显变小,且异常边界清晰,指示的采空区位置与模型吻合很好.本文借助于逆合成孔径雷达成像的基本思想,建立了一套电性源瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径成像方法.基于反函数思想结合迭代算法提出的电性源地空瞬变电磁法的全域视电阻率定义方法,实现了全空域、全时域的视电阻率计算;借鉴瞬变电磁拟地震偏移成像算法,实现了瞬变场的三维成像;借鉴逆合成孔径雷达的思想,提出电性源瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径算法,进一步提高了成像的分辨率.采空区模型算例表明相关叠加合成确实具有增强有用信号、提高信噪比、提高分辨率的诸多优点,证实了瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径成像方法的有效性.     

电磁阵列剖面-大地电磁联合测量及其资料处理

电磁阵列剖面（ＥＭＡＰ）与大地电磁（ＭＴ）联合测量是在作ＥＭＡＰ测量的同时获得一个大地电磁测深点的测量结果。其优点是：（１）测量剖面不仅获得ＥＭＡＰ资料,而且还获取完整的ＭＴ资料,增加了测量的信息量;（２）弥补了单纯ＥＭＡＰ测量时深部信息可能不足的缺陷;（３）提供了ＥＭＡＰ与ＭＴ综合研究的最佳资料     

EDA各向异性层状介质MT正演模拟

推导了ＥＤＡ型层状各向异性介质大地电磁测深正演计算公式,对多种模型从不同的频率,测量方向计算了地表视电阻率曲线。结果表明,一般的各向异性介质的地表视电阻率值不仅与测量频率有关,而且与测量方向相对电性主轴的交角有关。     

A few case histories of subsurface imaging with EMAP as an aid to seismic processing and interpretation1

The electromagnetic array profiling (EMAP) exploration method can be combined with a direct one-dimensional inversion process for conversion to depth to produce a subsurface resistivity cross-section. This cross-section may then be interpreted in parallel with a seismic cross-section to enhance the prediction of rock type and structure. In complex thrust environments and areas of shallow carbonate rocks, the EMAP method is often used to provide additional data either to help the seismic processor and/or to aid the seismic interpretation. In particular, the electromagnetic (EM) data can be used to build an independent seismic velocity file for depth migration. Three EMAP test areas in the western United States are used to demonstrate such a use of EMAP as an expioration tool. The first shows how a velocity file is estimated from resistivity data for seismic depth migration processing in a complex thrust environment. In the second example, the method is applied in layer-cake geology with high seismic velocity rocks at the earth's surface. The third example is another complex thrust environment, but in this case the velocity file derived from the resistivity data is used for stacking the seismic data.     

大地电磁全张量响应的一维各向异性反演

目前大地电磁(MT)测深资料反演主要基于各向同性介质,但随着MT实际应用的需要,各向异性研究已逐渐引起关注.我们采用广泛应用的广义逆法对一维MT水平层状各向异性介质模型反演进行了探索性研究,并实现了MT全张量响应(即所有的阻抗张量的视电阻率和相位)的一维各向异性反演.理论模型试验表明,无论理论观测值中是否含有噪声,这种方法都能够较好地恢复真实模型,验证了其正确性和有效性.将此方法用于MT实测资料时,能够同时拟合4对视电阻率和阻抗相位曲线,说明本方法可以用于实测资料的处理解释,具有一定的实用价值.     

Integrated interpretation of the magnetotelluric and magnetic data from Mahallat geothermal field,Iran

Magnetotelluric (MT) and ground magnetic surveys were conducted on the Mahallat geothermal field situated in Markazi province, central Iran, as a primary part of the explorations and developments of a geothermal energy investigation program in the region. Mahallat region has the greatest geothermal fields in Iran. MT survey was performed in November 2011 on an 8 km profile crossing the hot springs with a total of 17 stations. The 2D inversion of the determinant MT data was performed using a 2D inversion routine based on the Occam approach. The 2D resistivity model obtained from the determinant data shows a low resistivity zone at 800-2000 m depth and a higher resistivity zone above the low resistivity zone, interpreted as geothermal reservoir and cap rock, respectively. It also revealed two major concealed faults which are acting as preferential paths for the circulation of hydrothermal fluids. To obtain more geophysical evidence, a ground magnetic survey with 5000 stations was also performed over an area of 200 km² around the MT profile. Magnetic measurements show a main positive anomaly of about +1000 nT over the study area, which could be interpreted as an intrusive body with the high magnetic susceptibility (i.e. mafic and ultramafic rocks) into the sedimentary host rocks. We interpret the body as the heat source of the geothermal system. Structural index and depth estimation of the anomaly indicate that the intrusive body is similar to a cylinder extending from about one kilometer depth down to greater depths. The results of MT and magnetic investigations indicate a geothermal reservoir which proves the preliminary geological observations to a great extent.     

THE DISPERSION RELATION, OF EARTH''S ELECTROMAGNETIC RESPONSE FUNCTIONS AND THE JOINT INVERSION OF DATA

On the basis of the dispersion relations of MT field, the necessity and applied prospects of the joint inversions using a pair of MT response functions which are correlative with the dispersion relations, are infered. A filter coefficient algorithm is made, with which the corresponding impedance phase data can be estimated using a set of apparent resistivities. The tests for the observed MT data show that when comparing the impedance phase estimated using the dispersion relation with the ob served phase, it can be checked whether the dispersion relation between observed apparent resistivity and phase data is satisfied or not, and that the use of the phase data corrected using the dispersion relation in the joint inversion is advantageous to obtain more confident results. It is shown that joint inversions are more advantageous than single parameter inversions, and that in the most case the joint inversion using the apparent resistivities of impedance real and imaginary parts is more advantageous than the jointinversion using the normal apparent resistivity and impedance phase. The existence of the dipersion relations between the ratio apparent resistivity and corresponding impedance phase of the orthogonal electric and magnetic field horizontal Components in the frequency EM sounding with horizontal electric dipole(FEMS) are discussed, the better effect of the joint inversion using the pair of EM response functions is obtained. The problems on the one-dimensional joint inversion for the MT and FEMS apparent resistivities, for which the observed frequency bands partly overlape each other, are studied. It is shown that this joint inversion is applicable and effective:the joint inversions of the practical data for two kinds of EM methods at two sites give the results well corresponding to the drilling data. The simulated MT inversions for the data of two kinds of EM methods are made, and more confident results also are obtained.     

利用大地电磁资料对玄武岩成像的可行性

The magnetotelluric （MT） method has been among the favorite supporting tools for seismic imaging of sub-salt and sub-basalt targets. In this paper we present an example from Kachchh, India （where basaltic rocks overlie Mesozoic sedimentary rocks）, and discuss the feasibility of using MT method as an exploration tool in this geological setting. Our results highlight the difference in magnetotelluric response caused by the thin intrabasalt layering. The key issue addressed in this paper is what MT can and cannot provide in such geological settings. First, we compute apparent resistivity and phase response curves using representative resistivity-depth models and borehole data from the study area. Later, we compare these results to assess the plausibility of using MT to image the sub-volcanic sediments at Kachchh. Finally, we substantiate our discussion through one-dimensional inversion of the field observed MT data from this region that exhibits poor sensitivity of MT for thin basalt layers.     

三河-平谷8级大震区地壳上地幔电性结构特征研究

用电磁阵列剖面法 (EMAP)、大地电磁测深方法 (MT) ,沿三河 -平谷 8级大震震源区 ,作了 31 8km长的EMAP探测和两条总长 150 0 5km共 36个点的MT探测。获得了研究范围内的地壳上地幔电性结构、高导层特征和陡变带、高导异常体、断裂展布、岩石圈结构等结果 ,为搞清地震危险区的深浅构造关系、从电性结构特征推测发震模式和预测未来强震的可能地点提供了介质电性的多种参数     

Electromagnetic mapping of electrical conductivity beneath the Columbia basalts1

Sedimentary rocks beneath the Columbia River Basalt Group are recognized as having potential for oil and gas production, but the overlying layered basalts effectively mask seismic reflections from the underlying sediments. Four electromagnetic (EM) methods have been applied on profiles crossing Boylston Ridge, a typical east–west trending anticline of the Yakima Fold Belt, in an attempt to map the resistivity interface between the basalts and the sediments and to map variations in structure and resistivity within the sediments. The EM surveys detected strong variations in resistivity within the basalts, and in particular the continuous magnetotelluric array profiling (EMAP) revealed resistivity lows beneath the surface anticlines. These low resistivity zones probably coincide with fracturing in the core of the anticlines and they appear to correlate well with similar zones of low seismic velocity observed on a nearby seismic profile. The controlled-source EM surveys (in-loop transient, long-offset transient, and variable-offset frequency-domain) were designed in anticipation of relatively uniform high resistivity basalts, and were found to have been seriously distorted by the intrabasalt conductors discovered in the field. In particular, the resistivity sections derived from 1D inversions were found to be inconsistent and misleading. The EMAP survey provided the most information about the subsurface resistivity distribution, and was certainly the most cost-effective. However, both controlled-source and EMAP surveys call for accurate 2D or 3D inversion to accommodate the geological objectives of this project.