利用FK扫描技术实现上海地震台阵资料的特殊震相识别

震相识别已经有很多方法,但对于弱震相识别的难题尚未根本解决。本文利用台阵技术能增强地震信号,压低噪声的特点,实现FK扫描技术结合台阵响应进行地震事件扫描,根据其所得的水平视慢度、方位角及其一致性实现震相识别,特别是特殊震相的识别,这些特殊震相的识别为研究地球内部结构提供了可靠的资料和有利的保障。     

阵列声波测井时差拾取的慢度距离相关-SDC法

对于阵列声波测井多个接收器声波波形数据,提出了时差拾取的慢度距离相关-SDC法.其核心思想是阵列声波信号在均质地层中,模式波到达时间和接收器到发射器距离成线性关系,原点到各个模式的距离是不变的,因此在拾取时差中引入Hough变换,而波形识别采用相关性算法.具体是首先选取阵列声波其中一个信号和其余信号做STC,其次把相关系数以时间轴叠加得到时差-距离曲线,最后采用二维Hough变换得到慢度距离相关-SDC图来拾取时差.给出了慢度在Hough空间的计算公式.将Hough空间按照纵波、横波、斯通利波特征分区和采用增强的变换处理办法后,测试了在一段阵列声波测井资料处理中的应用效果.对比分析了三维Hough变换和二维Hough变换、STC和SDC的在应用中的区别,证明了SDC是多个接收器STC方法的一种发展.     

那曲、和田台阵对汶川地震序列的定位误差校正

针对汶川地震序列,利用慢度-方位角台站校正( SASC)法来提高那曲、和田2 个台阵的定位精度。结果显示,那曲台阵对汶川地震序列定位后,其后方位角和慢度残差的标准偏差在校正后分别降低了32% 和58% ;和田台阵的分别降低了38% 和71% 。校正后,那曲台阵记录的汶川地震序列中100% 的地震都提高了定位精度;和田台阵记录的所有地震的后方位角精度均得到提高,78% 的地震其慢度精度得到了提高。     

次声波监测台阵及地震次声研究进展

通过文献调研,本文回顾了国际国内主要次声波观测台阵和地震次声波的最新研究进展,目的是寻找两者的差距与不足,为国内地震次声波监测台阵建设和地震次声研究提供有益的借鉴.文章首先对全球最大、分布最广泛的IMS次声观测台阵布设方式及降低风噪系统进行了详细归纳,与国内主要次声台阵在这两方面的进展对比后发现,国际次声台阵主要以小孔径多子台的方式布设,且大多配备有不同类型的降低风噪系统;国内次声台阵主要以广域台阵方式布设,仅有少部分实验性的小孔径次声台阵,且大多未布设降低风噪系统.随后文章对各类次声台阵在地震监测预报方面的研究成果进行了认真梳理,国内外对比可以发现,国内地震次声研究主要集中在震前次声方面,国际地震次声研究主要以同震次声研究为主,主要包括震中次声、衍射次声和本地次声的识别分析,以及应用相关次声信号开展次声源定位、地震动影响分析等工作.分析结果认为,今后国内地震次声监测台阵建设方面应该进一步加强小孔径多子台台阵建设及降低风噪系统布设,这更有利于次声互相关信号提取及提高数据信噪比;国内地震次声研究需要继续开拓思路,在关注震前次声波研究的同时,进一步加强同震次声波的分析,这更有利于追踪地震次...     

格尔木地震台阵勘址数据分析与台阵布局设计

为了增强西部地区的地震监测能力, 中国拟在格尔木地区建立一个小孔径地震台阵。 本文对台阵勘址数据进行了噪声与信号的相关性分析, 得到地震监测的最佳台间距。 结果表明, 对于近震和区域震的监测, 该台阵子台间距最好小于500 m, 对于远震的监测, 台站组合间距应为1500～2000 m。 最后将勘址布设的台阵作为初选台阵进行了台阵响应计算, 计算显示, 台阵响应的主瓣在NW-ES方向较窄, 表明对来自该方向事件的慢度分辨率较高; 由于呈“L”型分布, 该初选台阵确定某些方向地震的方位角较好, 但检测其他方向事件的方位角精度不高, 这可以通过台阵校正进行改善; 台阵响应中出现的多处侧瓣是由于子台间距较大造成的。     

兰州和海拉尔核查地震台阵慢度和方位角校正方法研究

介绍了一种地震台阵慢度和方位角格点校正方法,在预定义的格点空间调整校正慢度和方位角,从而消除系统偏差,提高地震台站慢度与方位角估计的精度。利用该方法对我国核查地震台阵海拉尔和兰州方位角和慢度进行了校正,离线和在线的测试显示了台站慢度和方位角估计性能的提高。     

慢度平方三角网格模型VTI介质二维QP波各向异性立体层析反演

基于慢度平方三角网格剖分模型下的各向异性射线扰动理论,建立了具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性(VTI)介质中二维QP波立体层析所需的FRECHET导数矩阵,实现了慢度平方三角网格模型的VTI介质二维QP波各向异性立体层析.考虑到各向异性参数是影响地震波运动学特征的次一级因素,制定了先反演慢度再反演各向异性参数的反演策略.由于慢度平方三角网格模型的稀疏性,使得数据空间对模型空间的FRECHET导数矩阵规模被大幅压缩,在降低了计算成本的同时也很好的保证了界面位置、背景慢度、各向异性等各个参数的反演精度.理论数据算例证实了 FRECHET导数的正确性和反演策略的合理性.     

地震台阵上信号方位角和慢度的时、频域估计方法比较

地震台阵常用频率-波数分析法来估计地震信号的后方位角和慢度。尽管有关的算法是众所周知的,但不同的实现在某些情况下可能导致不同的结果。如应用在宽频带的澳大利亚WRA台阵的记录时,标准的f-k分析方法往往给出不正确的结果。本文发现错误是由FFT的频谱泄漏效应引起的,如在进行FFT之前对原始数据进行高通滤波则可以有效地避免这样的错误。进一步对在时域中直接估算信号方位角和慢度的一种算法进行了分析,比较发现时域方法的计算速度和精度都不低于频域方法,且在某些低信噪比的情况下,前者可以给出更可靠的结果。     

一种基于射线追踪的鬼波衰减方法研究与应用

在海洋地震资料采集中,与海水面有关的地震鬼波与有效信号干涉会压缩地震有效频带、降低地震分辨率,降低地震资料对较厚地层及薄层的分辨能力.常规的鬼波衰减方法为通过一个鬼波衰减反褶积算法提取出检波点的上行波场,该方法有二个关键参数分别为鬼波与上行波场之间的延时时间、海水面反射系数,其可在参数空间内搜索得到.但由于参数空间较为...     

基于信号子空间分解的三维地震资料高分辨率处理方法

提出了一种新的基于信号子空间分解技术的3 D地震资料高分辨率处理方法.利用信号子空间分解技术,不仅可以分离3 D地震资料中的信号和噪声,而且可以进一步根据地震同相轴的倾角不同,将混合信号进行分解得到单个同相轴信号.通过丢弃噪声子空间,只对不同信号子空间重构的信号利用谱白化技术进行高分辨率处理,然后累加所有处理结果,从而达到既提高地震资料的分辨率,又提高地震资料信噪比的目的.对合成资料和实际地震资料的处理结果表明,此法具有好的应用前景.     

Detection of Impact Points of Fragments of Spent Launch Vehicle Stages Using Infrasound Direction-Finding Methods

The paper describes the principles and techniques used to detect signals propagating in the atmosphere in the infrasonic frequency range. Such signals can be generated by different sources: ground and atmospheric explosions, as well as objects moving in the atmosphere at supersonic speed (aircraft, rockets, bolides, fragments of spent stages of launch vehicles). Portable infrasound monitoring stations are described, each of which includes three spaced infrasonic microphones. Each such station makes it possible to determine three basic parameters of the detected infrasound signal, which are subsequently used to solve the direction- finding problem: the time of arrival of an infrasonic wave, the azimuth to the source in the horizontal plane, and the wave approach angle from the source of infrasonic waves to the Earth’s surface in the vertical plane. An acoustic detector used to extract useful signals against a noise background is described. The detector is based on an algorithm similar to the STA/LTA detection algorithm known in seismology. Examples of the operation of an acoustic detector with data obtained during real measurements are given. Passive infrasound direction-finding technology is described. It is based on mathematical modeling of the of infrasonic wave propagation in the atmosphere, which are generated by objects moving along possible trajectories; comparison of theoretical signals with real ones recorded by monitoring stations; and determination of the realized trajectories. The paper gives examples of experimental verification of the effectiveness of passive infrasound direction-finding technology for determining the impact points of the first and second stages of launch vehicles. It is shown that infrasound direction-finding systems makes it possible to reduce the estimated search area for launch vehicle fragments that fall to the Earth, significantly decrease the time and costs for their search and utilization, and mitigate the negative environmental impact of the rocket and space industry.     

Identification of blasting sources in the Dobrogea seismogenic region,Romania using seismo-acoustic signals

In order to discriminate between quarry blasts and earthquakes observed in the Dobrogea seismogenic region, a seismo-acoustic analysis was performed on 520 events listed in the updated Romanian seismic catalogue from January 2011 to December 2012. During this time interval, 104 seismo-acoustic events observed from a distance between 110 and 230 km and backazimuth interval of 110–160° from the IPLOR infrasound array were identified as explosions by associating with infrasonic signals. WinPMCC software for interactive analysis was applied to detect and characterize infrasonic signals in terms of backazimuth, speed and frequency content. The measured and expected values of both backazimuths and arrival times for the study events were compared in order to identify the sources of infrasound. Two predominant directions for seismo-acoustic sources’ aligning were observed, corresponding to the northern and central parts of Dobrogea, and these directions are further considered as references in the process of discriminating explosions from earthquakes. A predominance of high-frequency detections (above 1 Hz) is also observed in the infrasound data. The strong influence of seasonally dependent stratospheric winds on the IPLOR detection capability limits the efficiency of the discrimination procedure, as proposed by this study.     

云计算环境下震前震源异常次声波自动识别方法

云计算下采用三点阵次声源定位方法,在自动识别震前震源次声波过程中不能自动筛选识别大量的异常次声波数据,导致震前监测准确度不高且效率低下。因此提出一种云计算环境下震前震源异常次声波自动识别方法,构建JNS异常次声波数据采集筛查模组,全天候实时扫描访问端口,快速反馈异常次声波数据,采用NDS异常次声波数据序列异常检测算法快速识别错误序阵,准确回查、定位和锁定异常次声波数据;利用震前震源异常次声波自动识别方法分类识别异常次声波信号,判断该信号是否是地震可疑信号。实验结果表明,所提方法可有效自动识别震前震源异常次声波信号类型,信号分类准确率最大值达到99.99%;多次识别耗时最大均值仅为1.3min,具有准确率高和效率快的优势。     

北京地震前的异常次声波

观测并研究了2011年10月12日发生在北京海淀区的一次小地震前4天,五个次声监测站点接收到的异常次声波信号.这五路信号的波形一致,均为"N"形脉冲波,且持续时间基本一致,约在一个小时左右.基于Wigner-Ville分布方法对信号进行时频分析发现次声波能量主要集中在0.025 Hz的频率以下.五路信号间的相关系数均高达0.8左右.采用波束形成方法对信号源进行成像定位研究,其结果表明:该地震前异常次声波源的位置与地震发生时震中的位置相差约5 km.本文的分析结果说明了地震前可能有低频大气次声波的产生,研究这类次声波可能为地震的预测提供一种有价值的信息.     

Recent Advances and Difficulties of Infrasonic Wave Investigation in the Ionosphere

Acoustic waves have a remarkable ability to transfer energy from the ground up to the uppermost layers of the atmosphere. On the ground, there are many permanent sources of infrasound, and also pulsed and/or sporadic sources (e.g., sea waves, infrasonic and sonic noise of cities, lightning, earthquakes, explosions, etc.). The infrasonic waves carry away the major part of their energy upwards through the atmosphere. What are the consequences of the upward energy transfer? What heights of the atmosphere are supplied by energy from various sources of an infrasonic wave? In most cases, the answers to these questions are not well known at present. The only opportunity to monitor the propagation of an infrasonic wave to high altitudes is to watch for its influence on the ionospheric plasma. Unfortunately, most of standard equipment for ionospheric sounding, as a rule, cannot detect plasma fluctuations in the infrasonic range. Besides, the form of an infrasonic wave strongly varies during propagation due to nonlinear effects. However, the development of the Doppler method of radiosounding of the ionosphere has enabled progress to be made. Simultaneously, the ionospheric method for sensing aboveground and underground explosions has been developed. Its main advantage is the remote observation of an explosion in the near field zone by means of short radio waves, i.e., the radio sounding of the ionosphere directly above the explosion. The theory of propagation of an acoustic pulse produced by an explosion on the ground up to ionospheric heights has been developed better than the theory for other sources, and has been quantitatively confirmed by experiments. A review of some advances in the area of infrasound investigations at ionospheric heights is given and some current problems are presented.     

Detection and Analysis of Near-Surface Explosions on the Kola Peninsula

Seismic and infrasonic observations of signals from a sequence of near-surface explosions at a site on the Kola Peninsula have been analyzed. NORSAR’s automatic network processing of these events shows a significant scatter in the location estimates and, to improve the automatic classification of the events, we have performed full waveform cross-correlation on the data set. Although the signals from the different events share many characteristics, the waveforms do not exhibit a ripple-for-ripple correspondence and cross-correlation does not result in the classic delta-function indicative of repeating signals. Using recordings from the ARCES seismic array (250 km W of the events), we find that a correlation detector on a single channel or three-component station would not be able to detect subsequent events from this source without an unacceptable false alarm rate. However, performing the correlation on each channel of the full ARCES array, and stacking the resulting traces, generates a correlation detection statistic with a suppressed background level which is exceeded by many times its standard deviation on only very few occasions. Performing f-k analysis on the individual correlation coefficient traces, and rejecting detections indicating a non-zero slowness vector, results in a detection list with essentially no false alarms. Applying the algorithm to 8 years of continuous ARCES data identified over 350 events which we confidently assign to this sequence. The large event population provides additional confidence in relative travel-time estimates and this, together with the occurrence of many events between 2002 and 2004 when a temporary network was deployed in the region, reduces the variability in location estimates. The best seismic location estimate, incorporating phase information for many hundreds of events, is consistent with backazimuth measurements for infrasound arrivals at several stations at regional distances. At Lycksele, 800 km SW of the events, as well as at ARCES, infrasound is detected for most of the events in the summer and for few in the winter. At Apatity, some 230 km S of the estimated source location, infrasound is detected for most events. As a first step to providing a Ground Truth database for this useful source of infrasound, we provide the times of explosions for over 50 events spanning 1 year.     

基于最近邻支撑向量特征线融合算法的核爆地震识别

为增强核爆地震模式分类器的泛化能力以提高对核爆炸事件的准确识别能力,论文提出了一种选择支撑向量样本集来表征训练样本集的最近邻支撑向量特征线分类算法,用以训练时扩展核爆地震的训练样本库,提高分类器的泛化能力.该算法用于核爆炸和地震的识别结果发现,和最近邻特征线分类器相比,提出的算法降低了计算复杂度,但识别能力却有些许降低.对新算法的分析发现,纯粹的支撑向量集不能完全代表原始样本空间集,支撑向量比例在其中有重要作用,为发挥支撑向量比例的作用以提高核爆分类器的识别能力,提出了最近邻支撑向量特征线融合算法.最后以核爆地震数据库对上述算法进行了检验和分析,理论分析和识别结果证实,在相同的训练样本选择条件下,最近邻支撑向量特征线融合算法对于核爆炸的识别来说具有较好的泛化能力,正确识别率达到90.3%,且优于支持向量机算法和最近邻特征线算法.     

地震与核爆识别的小波包分量比方法

频谱分析法在核爆与地震识别中具有广泛的应用．但是频谱分析方法是稳态方法,即使采用Gabor变换,也因时-频窗口形状不变而分辨串较低．为提高时-频分辨率,本文将小波变换理论用于乌鲁木齐台记录的地震与核爆事件的分析,并提出了识别核爆和天然地震的小波包分量比判据．通过对加拿大黄刀地震台记录的印度地下核爆的分析,进一步验证了小波包分量比判据对核爆和地震的识别具有较高的识别效率．结果表明：对于地震信号,其小波包分量比U03/U1一般都大于1.0,而对于核爆信号,比值U03／U13一般都小于1.0.