超低频波与带电粒子的非线性相互作用

超低频波在日地能量传输和磁层—电离层耦合过程中都扮演着十分重要的角色,其在调节整个太阳—地球系统的能量流方面的研究一直是空间物理领域最重要的研究方向之一.超低频波是带电粒子在内磁层辐射带中加速和扩散的主要原因之一,磁层中的带电粒子具有典型的垂直于磁场的漂移运动和平行于磁场的弹跳运动,超低频波的频率范围能够覆盖带电粒子的...     

波粒相互作用导致环电流质子沉降的卫星共轭观测

波粒相互作用是环电流损失的重要机制之一,但波粒相互作用导致的环电流离子沉降而损失迄今为止缺乏直接的观测证据.基于磁层及电离层卫星的协同观测,本文报道了发生在2015年9月7日,由电磁离子回旋波（EMIC波）导致环电流质子沉降的共轭观测事件.在等离子体层的内边界,Van Allen Probe B卫星观测到,存在EMIC波的区域和不存在EMIC波的区域相比,离子通量的投掷角分布的各向异性变弱.我们将Van Allen Probe B卫星沿着磁力线投影到电离层高度,同时在该投影区域内DMSP 16卫星在亚极光区域观测到环电流质子沉降.而且,通过从理论上计算质子弹跳平均扩散系数,我们进一步证实观测的EMIC波确实能将环电流质子散射到损失锥中.本文的研究工作为EMIC波导致环电流质子沉降提供了直接的观测证据,揭示了环电流衰减的重要物理机制：EMIC波将环电流质子散射到损失锥中,从而沉降到低高度大气层中而损失.

     

地球磁层中超低频波与低能粒子的相互作用

太阳风—磁层耦合过程会产生各种等离子体波,其中超低频波的频率最低(1 mHz～1 Hz)、波长最长(与内磁层磁力线长度相当)、能量密度最大.超低频波在磁层粒子加速、物质输运和能量转化中起着重要作用.以往的研究主要关注超低频波的全球性传播和分布特征以及这些波动与磁层能量粒子(辐射带电子和环电流离子)的相互作用过程.最近几...     

存在一种震前超低频密度-应力波的更多证据

笔者曾指出存在一种震前由孕震区发出的地下构造中的超低频密度-应力波,而且这种波的性质与国外学者提出的"热力学弹性回跳"理论符合得很好,并列举了天文时纬残差、地下深部物质视电阻率和震前地壳突变性形变3个方面的观测证据来证明这种波的存在.我们进一步发现,我国地震工作者在对地震的长期观测和监视工作中,实际上已经获得了支持存在这种震前超低频密度-应力波的很多实测结果.大量实测数据既是这种波存在的证据,又是研究这种波的性质的第一手资料.本文将与震前超低频密度-应力波的特征符合得较好的实测资料择要列出,并与该波的特征相比较.分析表明,这些测量所反映的很可能就是这种震前超低频密度-应力波,因此也就反映了这种波的波源-震前缓慢而剧烈的地下介质扰动.     

991型超低频测振仪

本文介绍了 991型超低频测振仪的原理和技术性能 ,它可用于大跨度桥梁和高层建筑的超低频(0 .0 5Hz)大位移 (± 4 0 0mm)的振动测量 ,亦可用于其它结构的低频振动测量     

中层大气Rossby波与惯性重力波的非线性相互作用 （Ⅰ）相互作用方程

从包含Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和惯性重力波的大气运动方程组出发,采用弱非线性相互作用近似,推导出耗散大气中这两种尺度相差很大的波动之间的非线性相互作用方程．以此为基础,得到了描述窄角谱Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包和惯性重力波包的非线性时空演变规律的三波相互作用方程．数值分析表明,当一个Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包与两个惯性重力波包发生相互作用时,两个惯性重力波包之间进行快速的能量交换,同时与Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包之间进行缓慢的能量传输．从时间尺度上讲,惯性重力波可以看作Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包运动的背景噪声,因此上述非线性相互作用过程可以理解为大尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包与背景噪声之间的能量交换过程．     

中层大气Rossby波与惯性重力波的非线性相互作用 （Ⅰ）相互作用方程

从包含Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和惯性重力波的大气运动方程组出发，采用弱非线性相互作用近似，推导出耗散大气中这两种尺度相差很大的波动之间的非线性相互作用方程．以此为基础，得到了描述窄角谱Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包和惯性重力波包的非线性时空演变规律的三波相互作用方程．数值分析表明，当一个Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包与两个惯性重力波包发生相互作用时，两个惯性重力波包之间进行快速的能量交换，同时与Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包之间进行缓慢的能量传输．从时间尺度上讲，惯性重力波可以看作Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包运动的背景噪声，因此上述非线性相互作用过程可以理解为大尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包与背景噪声之间的能量交换过程．     

通量堆积和偶极化过程中的超低频波动

2004年9月17日TC-1卫星在近地磁尾夜侧观测到一次伴随有通量堆积和偶极化过程的典型亚暴事件.本文利用离散小波分析和FFT分析方法对本次事件中4 s精度的FGM和HIA数据进行分析,以了解通量堆积过程和偶极化过程中的低频波特性.分析结果表明,通量堆积过程和偶极化过程中场和粒子有明显的不规则低频波动,主要波动频率范围为4~15 mHz,和Pi-2脉动一致.通量堆积过程中磁场各个分量的低频波动和偶极化过程中的低频波动有明显不同,表明这两个物理过程可能存在不同的波动机制.在通量堆积过程和偶极化过程中,平行磁场方向上温度和速度的波动和垂直方向上温度和速度的波动有明显区别,平行磁场方向上温度和速度的波动有较好的相关性,且热离子密度的波动和平行磁场方向上的波动有较好的相关性,表明存在快模压缩波.TC-1卫星的观测显示通量堆积过程中磁场By分量有明显增长.我们的分析结果表明ULF波与By分量的增长有密切关系,从而可能对亚暴膨胀相的触发有重要影响.     

DEMETER卫星监测的极低频和超低频电磁场数据分析

分析了DEMETER卫星上测量的极低频(ELF, 3—30 Hz)和超低频(SLF, 30—300 Hz)水平磁场. 其统计变化规律与地面上实测的此频段大气噪声变化规律一致, 并且数值差异也符合电波传播规律, 说明卫星上监测的电磁场来源于地面. 同时对DEMETER卫星上测量的ELF和SLF归一化波阻抗进行了深入地分析, 由电子密度与离子密度计算出的归一化波阻抗与由实测电磁场计算出的归一化波阻抗均有差异. 现有观测资料并不完全“自洽”, 尚有问题需深入研究.     

低频前驱波传播机理的研究现状

本文从低频前驱波传播的理论与实验等方面对其传播机理的研究现状进行了简要概述。断裂预扩展、过热液体暴沸、粘滑地震前的预滑等均可能产生低频前驱波;微破裂集结、均匀和非均匀断层滑动失稳成核、声透射等实验均证实了岩石在大破裂前确实能够产生一种长周期、小振幅的低频事件;低速断层、壳内低速层、承压含水层、水体大连通性好的灰岩含水层、大气中的声波导层有利于低频前驱波传播。     

A quantitative model for cyclotron wave-particle interactions at the plasmapause

The formation of a zone of energetic electron precipitation by the plasmapause, a region of enhanced plasma density, following energetic particle injection during a magnetic storm, is analyzed. Such a region can also be formed by detached cold plasma clouds appearing in the outer magnetosphere by restructuring of the plasmasphere during a magnetic storm. As a mechanism of precipitation, wave-particle interactions by the cyclotron instability between whistler-mode waves and electrons are considered. In the framework of the self-consistent equations of quasi-linear plasma theory, the distribution function of trapped electrons and the electron precipitation pattern are found. The theoretical results are compared with experimental data obtained from NOAA satellites.     

On the equatorward phase propagation of high-m ULF pulsations observed by radars

An often observed and still unexplained feature of the high-m Alfvén waves in the terrestrial magnetosphere is their equatorward phase motion, in contrast with low-m waves. We suggest an explanation of this fact in terms of a model of wave excitation by an azimuthally drifting particle inhomogeneity injected during substorm activity. The azimuthal direction of the phase velocity coincides with that of the cloud. If the drift velocity increases with the radial coordinate, the particle cloud is stretched into spiral in the equatorial plane which leads to a radial component of the phase velocity directed toward Earth, that is, an equatorward phase propagation.     

多频段EMIC波共振散射辐射带相对论电子的损失时间尺度研究

作为地球磁层中一种分布广泛的电磁波,电磁离子回旋波（Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves,简称EMIC波）是地球辐射带相对论电子的重要损失机制.EMIC波通常呈现H⁺、He⁺和O⁺三种不同频段,不同频段对相对论电子的散射效应和损失时间尺度大不相同.准线性理论是定量分析不同频段EMIC波对地球辐射带相对论电子散射效应的重要工具,我们利用基于准线性理论开发的Full Diffusion Code（FDC）,分别计算了H⁺、He⁺、O⁺三种频段EMIC波在不同空间范围、背景等离子体条件以及不同传播角模型下对辐射带相对论电子的弹跳平均投掷角散射系数,建立了L=1.5~7,背景等离子体参数α^*（=f_pe/f_ce）＝6~30范围内的多频段EMIC波电子散射系数矩阵库.进而,我们计算了辐射带相对论电子在不同频段EMIC波散射作用下的损失时间尺度,获得了在不同磁层条件下EMIC波损失沉降相对论电子的定量信息.这些结果对于提升地球辐射带动力学过程建模水平、开展辐射带空间天气预报具有重要价值.

     

等离子体湍动对准垂直激波中粒子加速的影响

本文利用试验粒子方法研究了在考虑等离子体湍动的情况下带电粒子在准垂直激波中的加速, 在计算中, 我们采用组合模型来拟合等离子体湍动. 计算结果表明, 在存在等离子体湍动的情况下, 粒子可横越背景磁场运动, 从而被激波反射的上游粒子在到达下游后可被等离子体湍动散射回到上游, 并再次被激波反射并加速, 这样的过程可重复很多次, 因而粒子可被加速到很高的能量. 我们还研究了激波角, 粒子的初始能量和等离子体湍动的强度, 以及相干长度和两种湍动组分强度比与加速粒子的能谱之间的关系.     

Structural response for stochastic kinematic interaction

The influence of stochastic kinematic interaction (SKI) on structural response is investigated in this paper. The SKI is evaluated through a computational model based on the boundary element method (BEM) formulated in the frequency domain. The singular integrals required in the computation of BEM are evaluated in a closed form. It is assumed that the foundation input motion (FIM) is the result of the superposition of many plane, stationary, correlated stochastic SH‐, P‐ and SV‐waves travelling within a homogeneous viscoelastic soil at different angles. The results obtained indicate that the effect of SKI on the foundation response is qualitatively similar to that of wave passage. Both effects involve a reduction of translational components of the response at intermediate and high frequencies and creation of a rotational response component at intermediate frequencies, which decreases at high frequencies. While, it is found that the SKI decreases the maximum response of structures built on embedded rigid strip foundations excited by SH‐ and P‐waves, it increases the maximum response for SV‐waves, except when the natural frequency of the structure is less than 0.5 Hz and for short structures excited by shallowly incident SV‐waves. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

智利地震前DEMETER卫星对空间高能粒子的观测

在地震的孕育或发生期间,地球内部岩石圈的活动可能会发出电磁辐射,引起空间电磁扰动,并通过波粒相互作用引起高能电子的投掷角散射,导致高能电子的沉降.本文基于法国DEMETER卫星的观测数据,研究了智利周围区域在智利地震期间空间高能电子的通量、能谱的分布及演化,发现在智利地震发生前第11天和12天,在以震中为中心,经度跨度10°,在DEMETER卫星轨道高度上L跨度0.1的区域内,有超出背景4到6倍的高能带电粒子暴的出现,期间在其北半球磁镜像区域也观测到了显著的电子通量涨高.粒子暴对应的能谱与2010年前三个月的平均能谱存在较大差异.同时观测到在出现粒子暴的两条轨道上VLF(Very Low Frequency,甚低频)电场频谱分别在300 Hz以下以及13~20 kHz的频段存在显著增强,此扰动在时间和地理位置上与高能粒子暴是一致的.基于回旋共振耦合作用的准线性扩散理论,本文对所观测事例的电子能量与电磁场扰动频率做了分析计算.观测数据和理论计算有较好的一致性,表明该粒子暴源自ICE(Instrument Champ Electrique,电磁探测器)观测到的空间电磁扰动,这是典型的空间波粒耦合事例.进一步分析排除了可能引起粒子暴和VLF电场扰动的环境因素,本文认为本次粒子暴和电场扰动的观测可能与智利地震的震前地壳活动存在一定关联.     

Ion upflow and downflow at the topside ionosphere observed by the EISCAT VHF radar

We have determined the MLT distribution and KpK_P dependence of the ion upflow and downflow of the thermal bulk oxygen ion population based on a data analysis using the EISCAT VHF radar CP-7 data obtained at Tromsø during the period between 1990 and 1996: (1) both ion upflow and downflow events can be observed at any local time (MLT), irrespective of dayside and nightside, and under any magnetic disturbance level, irrespective of quiet and disturbed levels; (2) these upflow and downflow events are more frequently observed in the nightside than in the dayside; (3) the upflow events are more frequently observed than the downflow events at any local time except midnight and at any K_P level and the difference of the occurrence frequencies between the upflow and downflow events is smaller around midnight; and (4) the occurrence frequencies of both the ion upflow and downflow events appear to increase with increasing KP level, while the occurrence frequency of the downflow appears to stop increasing at some KP level     

A hybrid time frequency domain formulation for non-linear soil–structure interaction

Methods that combine frequency and time domain techniques offer an attractive alternative for solving Soil–Structure-interaction problems where the structure exhibits non-linear behaviour. In the hybrid-frequency-time-domain procedure a reference linear system is solved in the frequency domain and the difference between the actual restoring forces and those in the linear model are treated as pseudo-forces. In the solution scheme explored in this paper, designated as the hybrid-time-frequency-domain (HTFD) procedure, the equations of motion are solved in the time domain with due consideration for non-linearities and with the unbounded medium represented by frequency-independent springs and dampers. The frequency dependency of the impedance coefficients is introduced by means of pseudo-forces evaluated in the frequency domain at the end of each iteration. A criterion of stability for the HTFD approach is derived analytically and its validity is sustained numerically. As is often the case, the criterion takes the form of a limit of unity on the spectral radius of an appropriately defined matrix. Inspection of the terms in this matrix shows that convergence can be guaranteed by suitable selection of the reference impedance. The CPU times required to obtain converged solutions with the HTFD are found, in a number of numerical simulations, to be up to one order of magnitude less than those required by the alternative hybrid-frequency-time-domain approach. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil-structure interaction on shallow rigid circular foundation: plane SH waves from far-field earthquakes

A closed-form wave function analytic solution of two-dimensional scattering and diffraction of incident plane SH-waves by a fl exible wall on a rigid shallow circular foundation embedded in an elastic half-space is presented. This research generalizes the previous solution by Trifunac in 1972, which tackled only the semi-circular foundation, to arbitrary shallow circular-arc foundation cases, and is thus comparatively more realistic. Ground surface displacement spectra at higher frequencies are also obtained. As an analytical series solution, the accuracy and error analysis of the numerical results are also discussed. It was observed from the results that the rise-to-span ratio of the foundation profi le, frequency of incident waves, and mass ratios of different media(foundation-structure-soil) are the three primary factors that may affect the surface ground motion amplitudes near the structure.